Agro-Ecological Regions of Australia · Agro-Ecological Regions of Australia Methodologies for...

Agro-Ecological Regions of Australia

Methodologies for their derivation and key issues in

resource management John Williams, Rosemary A. Hook and Ann Hamblin

CSIRO Land and Water February 2002

Published by CSIRO Land and Water December 2001 ISBN: 0 643 06097 9. Copyright © 2002 CSIRO Land and Water To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO Land and Water. Important Disclaimer To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO Land and Water (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. Produced by the Communication Group, CSIRO Land and Water Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to:

Communication Group CSIRO Land and Water GPO Box 1666 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Email: [email protected]

Agro-Ecological Regions of Australia Page 1

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. 2 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Background — why the agro-ecological regions were developed................................ 3 1.1.1 Development of regions for the Australian Agricultural Council...................... 3 1.1.2 Development of regions for the National Strategy on Ecologically

Sustainable Development — Agriculture .......................................................... 3 1.2 Report objectives.......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Concepts

2 AUSTRALIAN AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS..................................................... 5

2.1 Derivation of regions.................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Theoretical considerations ................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 The Provisional Environmental Regions of Australia Project —

background and methods................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Derivation of agro-ecological regions from the provisional

environmental regions........................................................................................ 7 2.1.4 Derivation of a simplified version of the agro-ecological regions................... 11

2.2. Descriptions of the eleven agro-ecological regions ................................................... 11 2.2.1 Wet Temperate Coast....................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Wet Subtropical Coast ..................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Wet Tropical Coast and Tableland .................................................................. 13 2.2.4 Wet/Dry Northeastern Tropics......................................................................... 13 2.2.5 Subhumid, Subtropical Slopes and Plains ....................................................... 13 2.2.6 Subhumid, Subtropical Highlands ................................................................... 13 2.2.7 Temperate Seasonally Dry Slopes and Plains.................................................. 14 2.2.8 Semi-Arid Tropical and Subtropical Plains ..................................................... 14 2.2.9 Wet/Dry Northwest Tropics............................................................................. 14 2.2.10 Wet Temperate Highlands ............................................................................... 14 2.2.11 Temperate Semi-Arid Plains and Arid Interior................................................ 15

3 THE KEY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN EACH

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGION ............................................................................... 16 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 24 APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: Attributes used to describe the LGAs for classification ....................... 25 Appendix 2: State and Territory agro-climatic regions and farming systems ........... 32

ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 1: A listing of the agro-ecological regions and their component LGAs ... 59 Attachment 2: Map of the forty-six agro-ecological regions of Australia

and their component LGAs ................................................................... 85


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 46 agro-ecological regions of Australia were developed, and the key resource management issues within them were determined, using information provided by the States and Territories and with the assistance of the State and Territory representatives involved in the SCA Working Group on Sustainable Agriculture. The information and help provided by these representatives, who are listed below, is very gratefully acknowledged. Queensland: Mr Don McNee, Department of Primary Industries New South Wales: Dr Don Saville, NSW Agriculture and Fisheries Mr Geoff Cunningham, Soil Conservation Service of NSW Australian Capital Territory: Mr John Gunthorpe, ACT Parks and Conservation Service Victoria: Mr Peter Sutherland, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Mr Neil McFarlane, Department of Environment and Conservatoin Tasmania: Mr Peter Williams, Department of Primary Industry South Australia: Mr Roger Wickes, Department of Agriculture Western Australia: Dr David Chatel, Department of Agriculture Northern Territory: Mr Peter Plummer, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries The Natural Resources Information Centre within the Bureau of Rural Resources provided information on the SLAs and LGAs for Australia, and the digital data listing the SLAs and LGAs comprising both the 46 agro-ecological regions and the eleven simplified regions. They also produced the original maps of both sets of agro-ecological regions. We also thank Bob Schuster of the CSIRO Land and Water Communication Group for the magnificent job he has done in producing the digital version of the map of Australia showing LGAs and the 46 agro-ecological regions. Bob also drafted the other maps within the report and was responsible for report layout. Leanne Dempsey, who is also with the CSIRO Land and Water Communication Group, co-ordinated production of the report.


1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background — why the agro-ecological regions were developed 1.1.1 Development of regions for the Australian Agricultural Council In 1990, the Australian Agricultural Council agreed to focus its attention on the issue of sustainable development in agriculture. The council decided to give particular attention to identifying problems associated with the use of natural resources for agriculture and finding solutions to these problems. The aim was to foster development of recommendations for appropriate courses of action. To facilitate the council’s objectives, a working group of the Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA) was established, to report to the Australian Agricultural Council on the issues listed below (Standing Committee on Agriculture, 1991).

• Changes that may need to be made to agricultural systems, by regions, to ensure their sustainability.

• Research, analysis and extension activity needed to promote such changes.

• Any changes in government policies which might be considered to improve the sustainability of Australian agriculture.

In order to achieve the first requirement, the SCA Working Group decided that there was a need to determine the major farming systems and environmental regions in Australia where:

• each farming system is characterised by a combination of major variables such as management practices, marketing systems, infrastructure (e.g. transport) and services provided by government agencies (e.g. research, water supply); and

• each region is relatively homogeneous with respect to climate, landscape, geology, soil type and vegetation.

In response to this need, the working group delineated 46 agro-ecological regions and defined the major issues in natural resource management within those regions. 1.1.2 Development of regions for the National Strategy on Ecologically Sustainable Development

— Agriculture During 1990, the Commonwealth Government announced its intention to establish a national strategy on ecologically sustainable development. Nine national working groups were formed to cover the main industry sectors that use, or have a significant impact on, Australia’s natural resources. One of these working groups was specific to agriculture.


The report of the SCA provided considerable base data for this national working group. For example, the national working group in agriculture decided to adopt the use of agro-ecological regions as a framework for discussing the major agricultural systems and resource management issues. However, the national working group required a smaller number of regions and therefore the 46 regions were amalgamated to form 11 agro-ecological regions. Dr John Williams (within the then Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [CSIRO] Division of Soils) and Dr Ann Hamblin (Bureau of Rural Resources) undertook much of the work to delineate the 46 and 11 agro-ecological regions, and to identify key resource management issues. The work was carried out in conjunction with State and Territory agricultural and soil conservation agencies through their members who were involved in the SCA Working Group. 1.2 Report objectives This report has two principal aims, which are to:

• document the methods used to delineate the agro-ecological regions, both the 46 regions identified in the SCA report and the 11 broader regions used by the working group established by the Commonwealth Government to report on ecologically sustainable development in agriculture; and

• list the major natural resource management issues identified by the States and Territories

for each agro-ecological region. 1.3 Concepts It is useful to first define some of the concepts used in this report. Agro-climatic region An agro-climatic region is one with a characteristic inter-relationship between agronomy/farming systems and climate. Agro-ecological region An agro-ecological region is one with a characteristic inter-relationship between agronomy/farming system and various environmental features, not just climate. It is regarded as less specific than an agro-ecosystem (see below). Agro-ecosystem An agro-ecosystem has been defined as an ecosystem manipulated by frequent, marked anthropogenic modifications of its biotic and abiotic environments (Coleman and Hendrix 1988). Four main types of modification have been recognised, which are (briefly) inputs of energy, reduction in biotic diversity to maximise yield of economic products, artificial selection, and goal-orientated external control (Odum 1969).


2 AUSTRALIAN AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS 2.1 Derivation of regions 2.1.1 Theoretical considerations The aim of a land classification is to impose ‘a framework of generalisation about land which enables common character to be defined and described and likes to be related although topographically separate’ (Mabbutt 1968). The degree to which land within the classification is similar depends on the scale of the classification — the larger the area covered by the classificatory units, the greater the heterogeneity. Classification of the Australian continent into biophysical regions at a scale useful for discussing sustainable agriculture in an Australia-wide context is complicated by the diversity of climates and major geologic and geomorphic variation within the different climatic zones. Variation in soils and vegetation within these climatic–geological–geomorphic environments adds further to the diversity. In addition, transition from one set of land features to another is sometimes gradual rather than abrupt; setting boundaries in this situation is often subjective. Consequently, at a national scale of land classification, regions will often contain a large range of land types and land at the boundary of a region may have considerable affinity with land in an adjoining region. At the time the agro-ecological regions were delineated, Australia-wide maps and classifications were generally based on single land attributes (e.g. climate, geology, landform, soils and native vegetation). Most classifications of land based on several land attributes (e.g. land system maps) related only to local and regional areas. In the late 1970s, however, CSIRO scientists had classified the Australian continent into environmental regions (which they called the Provisional Environmental Regions of Australia) using a scheme that considered a number of land attributes and land cover (Laut et al. 1980a and b). Local government areas (LGAs), or slightly modified versions of them, formed the basic unit of the classification in that the LGAs were characterised in terms of their land attributes and then grouped by computer analysis in a hierarchical fashion, according to the similarities and differences within these attributes. The SCA Working Group considered that the ‘provisional environmental regions’ defined by Laut et al. (1980a and b) provided a useful base from which to derive biophysical regions, as the provisional environmental regions were based on several land characteristics. Also, the use of LGAs as the basic classificatory unit was thought to be particularly advantageous because LGAs are the primary units for collecting many statistical data that are relevant to the sustainability of agriculture. On the negative side, however, the working group recognised that a limitation in using LGAs as the basic classificatory unit was that regional boundaries would not always have environmental significance.


2.1.2 The Provisional Environmental Regions of Australia Project – background and methods In August 1977, the Australian Environmental Statistics Project (AESOP) was initiated. The objectives of the project are given in McKenry (1979). The objectives were to:

• establish, in cooperation with the States and interested Commonwealth agencies, a practical framework for the organisation of environmental statistics in Australia;

• provide, through this framework, a means for integrating assessments of the economic and

social impact of environmental policies with assessments of the environmental impact of economic policies; and

• produce a report giving the first national perspective of the state of the Australian

environment. Part of the AESOP project was to define a set of environmental regions based on aggregations of LGAs with similar environmental characteristics. The CSIRO Division of Land Use Research was requested to develop a suitable objective methodology and to provide such a set of environmental regions. Rationale for using LGAs as the basic classificatory unit The main advantage of using LGAs as the basic classificatory unit is that the Australian Bureau of Statistics collects many data that can be regarded as providing environmental statistics, on the basis of LGAs. An environmental statistic was defined by AESOP as: ‘a statistic which contributes to an understanding of either the nature and extent of pressures on the environment arising from human activity, or of environmental conditions themselves’ (McKenry 1979). In addition, as LGAs are administrative units, their boundaries have legal status and are defined. In comparison, on most maps of land attributes, the boundaries between mapping units are usually not clearly defined and difficult to locate accurately. Characterisation of LGAs The project to classify Australia into environmental regions placed emphasis on the major environmental patterns. Consequently, it aimed to determine environmental similarities between LGAs rather than local differences. In order to describe LGAs adequately and then group them on the basis of similarity, it was necessary to subdivide LGAs larger than 40 000 square kilometres (approximately a 2 degree × 2 degree grid cell). If the particular LGA occurred within a single Australian Water Resources Council Basin, then subdivision was according to basin catchments. If it were not, LGAs were subdivided on a grid based on parallels and meridians (Laut et al. 1980a). This procedure resulted in a total of 1188 LGAs (or, more accurately, 1075 LGAs and 113 subLGAs). The Division of National Mapping provided the base-map delineating the LGAs as defined at the time of the project. The LGA environments were characterised by allocating appropriate classes for each environmental attribute used in the classification (i.e. climate, geology, landform, soil and vegetation) to each LGA. A class was recorded as present if it covered more than 40% of the area of the LGA involved. The sources and type of data for each environmental attribute, and the component classes into which attributes were divided, are given in Appendix 1.


Classification of LGAs LGAs were split into urban and rural subgroups, with those having a built-up area of greater than 40% classified as urban. The rural LGAs were then classified further using a computer based, numerical taxonomic system — Indicator Species Analysis (ISA, Hill 1973, Hill et al. 1974). The original intention was to incorporate all rural LGAs and part-LGAs in the classification procedure at one time. However, a classification using this approach resulted in numerous small regions in the south and east of the continent, with most of the north and centre left in one large region, reflecting the disproportionate range of environments over the continent. Consequently, the continent was divided into five broad climatic zones (Figure 2.1) derived from an aggregation of the 18 zones used in describing the climate of the LGAs. Each LGA was assigned to one of the five broad climatic zones and the numerical classification procedure was run for the population of LGAs within each zone. Each group of LGAs identified as belonging to the same ‘class’ by this procedure was given the status of a ‘provisional environmental region’. Minor changes were made to the provisional environmental regions as established by the numerical classification procedure. First, where the class consisted of only a single LGA, that LGA was assigned to a larger region, significantly reducing the number of provisional environmental regions. Second, provisional environmental regions were subdivided at State borders in order to retain State integrity. In total, 102 provisional environmental regions were delineated. 2.1.3 Derivation of agro-ecological regions from the provisional environmental regions While recognising the utility of the provisional environmental regions, the SCA Working Group regarded 102 regions as too numerous for a convenient Australia-wide framework in which to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems. As a result, the provisional environmental regions were amalgamated. Amalgamation was a subjective process. Initially, it was to be achieved by each State and Territory agency identifying the major farming systems and agro-climatic regions within their State and Territory. It was envisaged that this would be based on the map of provisional environmental regions. However, since most States and Territories had already defined agricultural regions, nearly all agencies identified agro-climatic and farming regions independently of the provisional environmental regions. These State and Territory agro-climatic regions then had to be correlated with the provisional environmental regions. Correlations were made in conjunction with the relevant State and Territory agency. This process resulted in the delineation of 46 regions that were designated ‘agro-ecological regions’ as they were based on the interrelationship of agricultural systems with a range of environmental features, not just climate. Table 2.1 lists the final agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group, while their distribution is shown in Figure 2.2. The map of Australia provided in Attachment 2, outlines the boundaries of the 46 agro-ecological regions in relation to the LGAs. (Note: The LGAs used to define boundaries for the agro-ecological regions on this map are those of 1986. They may differ in some places from the LGAs used in the classification by Laut et al. (1980a and b) which were based on 1980 data.) Appendix 2 gives the agro-climatic and farming regions delineated by each State/Territory, and their relationship with the 102 provisional environmental regions and the final 46 agro-ecological regions. Attachment 1 lists the 46 agro-ecological regions and their component LGAs.


Figure 2.1 The climatic zones used to stratify the Local Government Areas (LGAs) for classification


Table 2.1 The 46 agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group

Agro-ecological region

Region number

Region name Region number

Region name

1 Hobart 24 Wet Tropic Coast

2 Jordan/Coal/Tasman 25 Northern Queensland Tableland

3 Tasmanian Forests 26 Central West and Gulf

4 Burnie 27 Cape York

5 North Central 28 Barkly Tablelands

6 Melbourne Region 29 Marrakai/Arnhem Land

7 Central and South West Slopes and Plains

30 Elsey and Gulf Land

8 South Riverina and Wimmera 31 Timor Coast and Douglas/Daly Basin

9 Far South and East Victorian Coast 32 Sturt Plateau

10 Southern Highlands, Tablelands and Gippsland

33 Kimberley/Victoria River

11 South Coast and Illawarra 34 North West Australia

12 Sydney Basin 35 Gascoyne

13 Central, Northern Tablelands and Granite Belt

36 Western Wheatbelt

14 Northern Rivers and Mid-north Coast 37 South West

15 Western Downs and North West Slopes and Plains

38 Lower South West

16 Brisbane/Moreton 39 Goldfields/Nullabor/Flinders and Darling

17 Darling Downs 40 Maranoa/Warrego

18 South Burnett 41 Mallee/Murray and Central North South Australia

19 Wide Bay/Burnett 42 Southern Coastal South Australia

20 Dawson/Callide 43 Channel Country

21 Central Queensland Coast 44 Central Australian Ranges

22 Central Highlands Queensland 45 Tanami, Petermann, Simpson and Western Deserts

23 Burdekin 46 Adelaide Region


Figure 2.2 The forty-six agro-ecological regions identified by the Working Group for the Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA)


2.1.4 Derivation of a simplified version of the agro-ecological regions The working group for the National Strategy on Ecologically Sustainable Development — Agriculture, set up by the Commonwealth Government, requested a simplification of the agro-ecological regions. As for the SCA Working Group, their purpose was to ‘provide a simple but soundly based description of Australia's major ecological regions, together with the agricultural systems associated with them’ (Commonwealth of Australia, 1991). These regions were used to provide a basis for the description of the main agricultural resource management issues. Climate was the main factor used to aggregate the 46 agro-ecological regions because of its importance in determining the potential agricultural systems within a region as well as ecosystem structure in non-agricultural areas. Secondary consideration was given to major landform type. The 46 agro-ecological regions were amalgamated on a subjective basis rather than on computer classification, with input from the same State and Territory agencies that were involved with the SCA Working Group. Eleven agro-ecological regions were recognised and these are shown in Figure 2.3. The 11 regions necessarily cover a wide diversity of land types, each of which will impose local modifications to the general agricultural potential of a region as determined by its broad climate and landscape. 2.2 Descriptions of the eleven agro-ecological regions The names and descriptions of the 11 agro-ecological regions used by the working group for the agriculture section of the National Strategy on Ecologically Sustainable Development, are given below. 2.2.1 Wet Temperate Coast The Wet Temperate Coast incorporates the southern coastal region of New South Wales along with the Southwest coast of Western Australia and all of Tasmania. The climate is predominantly wet and cool to warm, with strongly winter dominant rainfall; parts of Tasmania experience a cold climate, while rainfall tends to be more uniform in southern Tasmania and along the east coast. The region is primarily coastal and coastal hinterland, encompassing plains, hills and mountainous terrain. Natural vegetation varies from tussock grassland to low shrubland and heathland to eucalypt woodlands and forests. The primary agriculture is dairying, intensive cropping, beef grazing and horticulture. The region has important conservation areas, and extensive forestry (based on managed forests) and water industries. 2.2.2 Wet Subtropical Coast The Wet Subtropical Coast region, with a warm and wet climate and uniform to summer-dominant rainfall, consists of coastal lowlands, plains and bordering ranges stretching from the Hunter River to the Fitzroy River. Cleared alluvial plains backed by forested hills and boarded by extensive beaches broken by rocky headlands characterise the landscapes. The natural vegetation is primarily tall eucalypt forest with areas of subtropical rainforest. Principal agricultural activities are dairying, beef grazing, intensive cropping (including sugarcane) and horticulture. Forestry and, increasingly, tourism are also important land uses.


Figure 2.3 The eleven agro-ecological regions adopted for the National Strategy on Ecologically Sustainable Development in agriculture in relation to the forty-six regions identified by the SCA Working Group


2.2.3 Wet Tropical Coast and Tableland The Wet Tropical Coast and Tableland region is characterised by a hot, wet climate with non-seasonal temperature regimes and a rainfall regime that is uniform or has a short summer dry. The northern section of this region runs from the Daintree River to the Herbert River. The narrow alluvial plains and hills have been cleared of native vegetation and are intensively used for sugarcane production whilst the mountains to the west remain under eucalypt forest and mixed rainforest. The southern section extends from the Fitzroy River to the Proserpine River and inland to the headwaters of the Isaacs River. Alluvial plains and rolling hills are extensive with small mountain areas. Sugarcane and other intensive crops occupy the alluvial plains and hills, while beef cattle grazing occurs over most of the region. Tourism has increasingly become an important land use. 2.2.4 Wet/Dry Northeastern Tropics The climate of the Wet/Dry Northeastern Tropics is hot and is characterised by marked seasonal rainfall distribution with significant wet (summer) and dry (winter) seasons. In addition to the gulf river catchments, the region includes most of the Burdekin and Don River catchments and the upper Herbert and Barron River catchments. Although plains predominate, there are also extensive rolling and hilly lands and some mountains. The plains of Cape York are frequently inundated. The native vegetation includes eucalypt forest but eucalypt, melaleuca and acacia woodlands are the most extensive vegetation types. The whole region is used for extensive beef cattle production with intensive cropping of sugarcane, rice and a range of horticultural produce in the Burdekin Irrigation Area. Extensive aboriginal reserves have been established on Cape York. 2.2.5 Subhumid, Subtropical Slopes and Plains The Subhumid, Subtropical Slopes and Plains region has hot summers and mild winters, with rainfall intermediate between the Wet Subtropical Coast region and the semi-arid subtropical plains further inland. Rainfall distribution tends to summer dominance, particularly in the north. The northern part of the region includes the upper catchments of the east-flowing Suttor, Mackenzie and Dawson Rivers and parts of the western flowing Condamine, Moonie and Archer Rivers. The region stretches south to include the northern section of the Darling riverine plain and the lower reaches of the Barwon, Gwydir, Castlereagh and Macquarie Rivers. Plains are characteristic; they are divided by low but frequently rugged ranges in the north and are boarded on the south by slopes, and by upland areas in the east. Cracking clay soils are extensive throughout the region. The natural vegetation, dominated by eucalypt open forests and woodlands, and by acacia (brigalow) open forest, has largely been cleared for agriculture. The eastern, more elevated area is noted for mixed wheat/sheep/cattle farming with specialist irrigation farming of cotton. Oilseed and summer cropping increases to the north while grazing is the main land use in the west. Wheat is an important crop throughout the region and is noted for its high-quality. 2.2.6 Subhumid, Subtropical Highlands The Subhumid, Subtropical Highlands region consists of rolling, undulating and hilly uplands between the coastal ranges and the inland slopes and plains of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. The eastern boundary with the coastal ranges, and the southern areas, are often strongly dissected. The climate is warm although winters are mostly cool. Rainfall is generally uniformly distributed in the south tending to summer dominance in the north. The native eucalypt forests and woodlands have been extensively cleared and replaced with exotic pasture species for intensive livestock grazing of both sheep and cattle. In the Hunter and Peel River valleys, irrigated agriculture and horticulture are important although coal mining is a competing land use in the Hunter Valley. Extensive wilderness areas remain in the more highly dissected parts of the region.


2.2.7 Temperate Seasonally Dry Slopes and Plains The Temperate Seasonally Dry Slopes and Plains is a diverse region which encompasses the heartland of Australian agriculture. It is the southern wheat/sheep/cattle belt which extends from the Eastern Highlands to the Riverina plains of the Murray–Darling, across the Mallee to the Eyre Peninsula, and to Southwest Western Australia. In the western part of Australia, the flat to undulating topography typically has extensive areas of saline ephemeral lakes. The climate is characterised by hot summers, cool winters and a winter-dominant rainfall. The natural vegetation of eucalypt, casuarina and acacia woodland and forest along with chenopod, mixed and acacia shrubland, has been widely cleared for cereal cultivation and temperate pastures. Throughout the eastern region, irrigation farming and horticulture is very important, particularly along the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Goulburn Rivers. 2.2.8 Semi-arid Tropical and Subtropical Plains The Semi-arid Tropical and Subtropical Plains forms a huge region that is characterised by plains, considerable areas of which are alluvial and, along the gulf, estuarine. The region stretches from the Barkly Tableland southward through to the catchments of the Flinders, Leichhardt and Nicholson Rivers, into the headwaters of the Thompson and Diamantina Rivers, to north of the Darling River in New South Wales. The climate is transitional between hot, seasonally wet/dry in the north and warm to hot, very dry in the centre. The native vegetation includes eucalypt, acacia, melaleuca and casuarina woodlands but tussock grasslands dominate the region, usually growing in association with the cracking clay soils. Extensive sheep and cattle grazing are the predominant land uses. 2.2.9 Wet/Dry Northwest Tropics The Wet/Dry Northwest Tropics region has hot, wet summers followed by very dry, warm winters. The region is characterised by the often spectacular rugged escarpments, gorges and plateaux of Arnhem Land and the Kimberley, extensive plains and undulating terrain. In the south, sand ridges often overlie the plains. Along the northern coastal margin in the Northern Territory, the plains are often estuarine or associated with the floodplains of the Roper, McArthur and Alligator Rivers. The natural vegetation ranges from eucalypt forest and low, open eucalypt woodland to acacia shrubland and hummock grassland. Extensive beef cattle grazing is the dominant agricultural use. Dryland cropping is limited and restricted to the Douglas/Daly area, while intensive cropping and horticulture under irrigation is of growing importance on the Ord, Katherine and Daly Rivers. Other major land uses are aboriginal reserves and national parks. 2.2.10 Wet Temperate Highlands The Wet Temperate Highlands region consists mainly of the high rainfall tableland and mountainous areas of New South Wales and Victoria, with much of the area 1500 metres above sea level and with peaks rising to above 2000 metres. The region also encompasses some coastal land, and lower hills and slopes on its inland margin. The climate is predominantly cool and wet, with summers becoming drier and hotter towards the inland. In the mountainous regions there is a general gradation in vegetation with elevation, with eucalypt forests giving way to eucalypt (snow gum) woodlands in the subalpine tract, and herbfields and grasslands in the alpine zone. On the tablelands and lower, less steep hills and slopes, eucalypt woodlands and forests have largely been cleared and replaced with temperate pasture species. The coastal environments feature low beaches and beach ridges backed by shallow swampland and small estuaries. The considerable diversity of environments in this region is due to the large variation in altitude and proximity to coastal influences. The grazing of sheep and cattle on improved temperate pastures for wool, lamb, beef


and dairy products dominates the agriculture, which is the major land use on the tablelands and lower hills and slopes. Forestry, water catchment and tourism are very important land uses, particularly in the steeper more mountainous areas. 2.2.11 Temperate Semi-Arid Plains and Arid Interior The area of the continent with a warm to hot, semi-arid to arid climate is extremely large and encompasses considerable diversity in soil, geomorphology and vegetation. Generally, relief is low but important and well-known mountain ranges characterise parts of this region. Landforms include riverine floodplains, plains, dunefields, undulating upland and stony hills. With the exception of dunefields and gibber plains, much of the area has been used for extensive livestock grazing utilising native vegetation and this remains the major agriculture. Consequently, grazing has often modified the natural vegetation, which is predominantly low woodlands of acacia, eucalypt and casuarina; chenopod shrubland; and hummock grassland. There are, however, very large areas that are devoted to conservation, and aboriginal land comprises approximately one third of the region. Mining and, increasingly, tourism are important land uses.


3 THE KEY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES WITHIN

EACH AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGION State and Territory agencies identified the issues related to land degradation and resource sustainability for each agro-climatic region/farming system they delineated. From these data, the major resource management issues for each agro-ecological region were determined and provided in tabular form in the report of the SCA Working Group (1991). This summary information is provided here in Table 3.1.


Table 3.1 Key resource management issues within each agro-ecological region


Hob

art

Jord

an/C

oal/

Tas

man

Tas

man

ian

Fore

sts

Bur

nie

Nor

th C

entr

al

Mel

bour

ne

Reg

ion

Cen

tral

& S

W

Slop

es &

Pla

ins

Resource management issue

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Soil degradation a. Decline in soil nutrients and biological activity b. Surface soil structural decline, crusting, loss of organic matter,

surface waterlogging, subsoil compaction

c. Soil acidification d. Water repellence

2. Soil erosion a. Wind b. Water c. Bare soil farming practices, lack of erosion control measures

3. Water quality a. Animal effluents and industrial wastes b. Agricultural chemical pollution c. Nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication d. Siltation and turbidity pollution

4. Soil salinity and waterlogging in irrigation areas a. Waterlogging and other effects of poor irrigation practices b. Soil salinity resulting from irrigation

5. Dryland salinity and waterlogging a. Waterlogging as a result of clearing perennial vegetation b. Secondary salinity from rising ground-waters

6. Pesticide residues and resistance a. Persistent use of pesticides without other management practices b. Contamination of soil from chemical use

7. Vegetation degradation a. Overgrazed vegetation, lack of ground cover, scalds b. Persistent, extensive weed problems; woody weed incursion c. Inadequate stock management, inappropriate fencing and stock

movements

d. Poor siting of watering points 8. Remnant vegetation decline

a. Loss of species diversity b. Loss of deep-rooted native perennials, poor water use

9. Fire management a. Insufficient or excessive use of fire to maintain native grasses

and preserve species composition

10. Feral and native animals a. Grazing competition from rabbits, goats, buffalos, wild pigs,

grey and red kangaroos, donkeys, horses or camels

b. Pressure on, or extinction threat to, native fauna and flora c. Predation of crops and domestic animals

11. Consequences of crop monocultures a. Sugar yield decline, environmental off-site damage b. Cereals with no forage/alternate crop; declining soil nitrogen;

increasing soil pathogen

c. Difficulties of maintaining grass/legume pastures 12. Land-use competition

a. Urban expansion into horticultural and dairy zones b. Pressure from tourism



Sout

h R

iver

ina

&

Wim

mer

a

Far

Sout

h &

Eas

t V

icto

rian

Coa

st

Sthn H

ighln

ds, T

able

- la

nds &

Gip

psla

nd

Sout

h C

oast

&

Illa

war

ra

Sydn

ey B

asin

Cen

tral

, Nor

ther

n T

able

land

s &

Gra

nite

Bel

t

Nor

ther

n R

iver

s &

Mid

-nor

th C

oast


8 9 10

11

12

13

14








6. Pesticide residues and resistance a. Persistent use of pesticides without other management

practices

b. Contamination of soil from chemical use 7. Vegetation degradation

a. Overgrazed vegetation, lack of ground cover, scalds b. Persistent, extensive weed problems; woody weed incursion c. Inadequate stock management, inappropriate fencing and

stock movements














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REFERENCES Anon. (1976). Geology of Australia. (1: 2 500 000 scale). (Bureau of Mineral Resources: Canberra). Carnahan, J.A. (1976). Natural vegetation. Atlas of Australian Resources, 3rd Series. (Division of National Mapping: Canberra). Coleman, D.C. and Hendrix, P.F. (1988). Agro-ecosystems processes. In ‘Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology — a Comparative View’, Eds. Pomeroy, L.R. and Alberts, J.J., pp. 149–170. (Springer–Verlag: New York). Commonwealth of Australia. (1991). ‘Ecologically Sustainable Development Working Group Final Report – Agriculture’. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra). Hill, M.O. (1973). Reciprocal averaging: an eigenvector method of ordination. Journal of Ecology, 61:237–49. Hill, M.O., Bunce, R.G.H. and Shaw, M.W. (1974). Indicator species analysis: a divisive polythetic method of classification and its application to a survey of native pines in Scotland. Journal of Ecology, 62:597–613. Laut, P., Firth, D. and Paine, T.A. (1980a). ‘Provisional Environmental Regions of Australia: A Working Document towards a Framework for Australian Environmental Statistics’. Volume 1: The Regions. (CSIRO: Melbourne). Laut, P., Firth, D. and Paine, T.A. (1980b). ‘Provisional Environmental Regions of Australia: A Working Document towards a Framework for Australian Environmental Statistics’. Volume 2: Attributes of Local Government Areas. (CSIRO: Melbourne). Löffler, E. and Ruxton, B.P. (1969). Relief and landform map of Australia. (1:5 000 000 scale). (Australian Water Resources Council: Canberra). Mabbutt, J.A. (1968). Review of concepts of land classification. In ‘Land Evaluation’. Papers of a CSIRO Symposium organised in cooperation with UNESCO, August 1968, Ed. Stewart, G.A. (The Macmillan Company of Australia: South Melbourne). McKenry, K. (1979). The Australian Environmental Statistics Project (AESOP): A Project Specification. Environmental Studies Paper AESOP–4. (Commonwealth Department of Science and the Environment: Canberra). Northcote, K.H. (1978). Soil Resources Based on Properties that Affect Land Management. Atlas of Australian Resources, 3rd Series. (Division of National Mapping: Canberra). Odum, E.P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164: 262–70. Standing Committee on Agriculture. (1991). ‘Sustainable Agriculture’. Report of the Working Group on Sustainable Agriculture, SCA Technical Report No. 36. (Published for the Australian Agricultural Council by CSIRO: Melbourne).


Appendix 1: Attributes used to describe the LGAs for classification A1.1 Environmental attributes described for each LGA and sources of data Each LGA was described in terms of climate, landform, lithology, soil, natural vegetation and land cover. Only limited information on each environmental attribute could be provided because of the paucity of uniform data available for the whole continent. The particular features described for each attribute and the source of data are listed below. Climate Although there were many continent-wide maps of various climatic attributes available, the climate classification selected was the (then) recent climate classification of Nix (unpublished). This classification was based on 31 climatic attributes directly relevant to plant growth. These 31 attributes, derived from an analysis of climatic data from 500 locations in Australia, define the responses of three broad plant groups (microtherms, mesotherms and megatherms). A MULCLAS numerical classification of the attributes resulted in 50 climatic classes which, when mapped, provided 54 separate climatic regions. This particular classification, however, was found to be too complex for describing the climate within LGAs. In the east and south of the continent in particular, many LGAs contained more than two climatic classes and this would have complicated the final classification of the LGAs into similar environmental regions. As a result, the original MULCLAS classification was used to reduce the number of climatic classes from 50 to 18. The distribution of these classes is shown in Figure A1.1. Landform Five broad terrain classifications of terrain (plainslands, undulating, rolling, hills and mountains) were recognised, based predominantly on relief (Table A1.1). Data for each LGA was derived from the ‘Relief and Landform Map of Australia’ (Löffler and Ruxton 1969) which is published at 1:5 000 000 scale. Additional information was sometimes also obtained from the 1:100 000 topographic maps. Lithology Lithology was simplified into the eight classes given in Table A1.2. Each LGA was characterised in terms of lithological units which could contain a maximum of two lithological classes. The units occurring in each LGA were determined from the 1: 2 500 000 scale geological map of Australia (Anon 1976). In some instances, 1: 250 000 geology maps were used to provide additional information about the distribution of recent alluvial deposits, coastal formations and sand dunes.


Figure A1.1 Distribution of the eighteen climatic classes used in the classification of Local Government Areas (LGAs)


Table A1.1 Landform classes used in the classification of LGAs*

1. Plainslands — alluvial tracts 2. Undulating — relief in 1 km2 <50 m 3. Rolling — relief in 1 km2 >50m and <100 m 4. Hills — relief in 1 km2 >100 m and <200 m 5. Mountains — relief in 1 km2 >200 m

* LGA = local government area

Table A1.2 Lithology classes used in the classification of LGAs*

Recent — alluvial and aeolian deposits, coastal deposits

1. Sediments with sandstone and limestone

2. Limestone

3. Sediments without limestone

4. Metasediments and duricrusts

5. Granites and diorites

6. Acid volcanics

7. Other volcanics



Soil The source map for soils (Northcote 1978) was at a scale of 1:5 000 000 and had 29 classes of soils grouped into four broad categories. For the purposes of describing and classifying LGAs, 12 classes of soil were used. These are given in Table A1.3. Natural vegetation A total of 31 classes were prespecified for the natural vegetation (see Table A1.4). These classes were derived from the natural vegetation map that is part of the Atlas of Australian Resources (Carnahan 1976). The map, at 1:6 000 000 scale, provides a classification of the vegetation as it is assumed to have been before European modification. Land cover The land cover classification consisted of three components (see Table A1.5):

• a rating of the extent to which the natural vegetation had been modified; • a structural classification of planted vegetation; and • a classification of human-made features.

In each land cover unit, a maximum of three vegetation elements and four human-made features could be recorded. A1.2 Description of the LGAs In order to allocate environmental attributes to each LGA, maps of each environmental attribute were prepared from the published sources of data. The LGA boundaries were laid over this map and the various classes of each environmental attribute occurring in each LGA were identified. A component class for each environmental attribute was considered present if it covered more than 40% of the LGA area and absent if it did not. In this way, a description of the classes of climate, landform, lithology, soil, natural vegetation and land cover was built up for each LGA. Only rural LGAs were described. Urban LGAs (at least 40% of the area built-up) were regarded as separate entities for recording and presenting environmental statistics and were not described or used in the classification.


Table A1.3 Soil classes used in the classification of LGAs*

A. Soils without limiting chemical or physical properties

1. Deep loams and duplex soils without subsurface bleaching B. Soils with predominantly chemical limitations

2. Deep highly structured soils with high initial fertility 3. Soils naturally low in nutrients 4. Calcareous sands and earths 5. Saline soils

C. Soils with predominantly physical limitations

6. Deep coarse-textured soils 7. Finely and coarsely structured cracking clays 8. Hard setting duplex soils with dispersible clay subsoils 9. Soils with periodic subsurface waterlogging 10. Soils with periodic surface waterlogging 11. Shallow soils

D. Organic soils

12. Peaty sands/peats * LGA = local government area


Table A1.4 Natural vegetation classes* used in the classification of LGAs+

1. Tall open eucalypt forest 2. Tall eucalypt woodland 3. Open eucalypt forest 4. Eucalypt woodland 5. Low casuarina woodland 6. Low eucalypt woodland 7. Low open eucalypt woodland 8. Open eucalypt scrub 9. Tall eucalypt shrubland 10. Tall open eucalypt shrubland 11. Low melaleuca woodland 12. Low chenopod shrubland 13. Open nothofagus heath 14. Open callitris forest 15. Low open callitris forest 16. Sparse open chenopod herbfield 17. Mixed closed forest 18. Low mixed closed forest 19. Low mixed open forest 20. Tall mixed shrubland 21. Low mixed shrubland 22. Mixed tussock grassland 23. Open acacia forest 24. Low acacia woodland 25. Low open acacia woodland 26. Tall acacia shrubland 27. Tall open acacia shrubland 28. Astrebla tussock grassland 29. Dichanthium tussock grassland 30. Cyperaceae tussock grassland 31. Stipa tussock grassland * Classes are derived from Carnahan (1976) where natural vegetation was classified on the basis of growth form and foliage cover of the tallest stratum, growth form of the lower stratum, and typical genus or family.

+ LGA = local government area


Table A1.5 Land-cover classes used in the classification of LGAs*

Category 1: Modification of natural vegetation

1. Unmodified natural vegetation — no apparent use by Europeans 2. Natural vegetation modified by extensive grazing, forestry and/or recreation activities 3. Natural vegetation modified by grazing and partly replaced by introduced species 4. Clearing or partial clearing of upper stratum and widespread modification and replacement of

lower stratum with introduced species 5. Cultural vegetation only 6. Cultural vegetation, irrigated 7. No continuous vegetation

Category 2: Structural classification of planted vegetation

1. Pine plantation 2. Medium fruit and nut orchards 3. Low fruit and nut orchards 4. Sugar cane 5. Vines 6. Cotton, tobacco, peanuts 7. Cereals 8. Vegetables 9. Exotic pastures

• temperate, temperate with native pastures • tropical, tropical with native pastures • xerophytic, xerophytic with native pastures

Category 3: Human-made features

1. Reservoir 2. Urban — residential and/or commercial 3. Urban — residential and/or industrial 4. Mining



Appendix 2: State and Territory agro-climatic regions and farming systems This appendix outlines the agro-climatic regions and farming systems identified by each State and Territory for the SCA Working Group. It indicates how these were grouped to form the agro-ecological regions finally adopted by the working group. It also shows for each State, the relationship between the agro-ecological regions and the provisional environmental regions defined by Laut et al. (1980a). A2.1 QUEENSLAND The agro-climatic regions initially identified in Queensland were closely based on the provisional environmental regions, with a couple of minor alterations. The initial agro-climatic regions and the major farming systems within them, are given in Table A2.1. There was a subsequent amalgamation of agro-climatic regions following discussions with district agronomists. The relationship between the initial agro-climatic regions, the provisional environmental regions and the final agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA Working Group, are given in Table A2.2. Figure A2.1 shows the final agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA Working Group in relation to the provisional environmental regions and LGAs.


Table A2.1 Agro-climatic regions and major farming systems in Queensland

Agro-climatic region

Provisional environmental region

Major farming systems

Brisbane 40 Beef, dairy, sugar, vegetables Gold Coast 41 Dairy, fruit Brisbane environs 42 Dairy, beef, fruit and vegetable crops, sugar Granite/Traprock 43 Wool, beef, fruit and vegetable crops Darling Downs 44 Summer and winter grain crops, beef, dairy, wool and fat lambs,

irrigated cotton South Burnett 45 Summer and winter grain and legume crops, beef, dairy Wide Bay Coast 46 Beef, dairy, fruit and vegetable crops, pasture seed, sugar Wide Bay Inland 47 Beef, dairy, sugar, summer grain and legume crops Burnett 48 Beef, dairy, fruit crops, summer grain and legume crops Coastal Burnett 49 Sugar, fruit and vegetable crops, beef Maranoa/Warrego 50 and 51 Wool, beef, irrigated cotton, winter grain crops Western Downs 52.1* Winter and summer grain crops, wool, beef, irrigated cotton Dawson Callide 52.2* Winter and summer grain crops, beef, irrigated and dryland cotton Central Highlands 52.3* Summer and winter grain crops, beef, irrigated and dryland cotton Central Coast 53 Beef, sugar, dairy, fruit crops Burdekin 54.1+ Sugar, rice, fruit and vegetable crops, beef Tableland 54.2+ Summer grain and legume crops, fruit and vegetable crops,

pasture seeds, irrigated tobacco, rice, beef Wet Tropic Coast 55 Sugar, fruit crops, beef, dairy, tea Cape York 56 and 57 Beef Central West 58.1# Wool, beef Gulf 58.2# and 59 Beef Channel Country 60 Beef Notes: * Subdivision of region 52 was not the same as suggested by Laut et al. (1980a). Region 52.1, Western Downs, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Chinchilla, Murilla, Tara, Waggamba, Bungil and Bendemere. In this agro-climatic region, winter crops are more suitable than summer crops. Region 52.2, Dawson Callide, includes the LGAs of Banana, Bauthunia, Duaringa and Taroom and is generally better suited to summer than winter crops. In region 52.3, Central Highlands, summer crops are well adapted with winter cropping significant in favourable seasons. Belyando, Dalrymple 2, Emerald, Jericho and Peak Downs are the component LGAs. + Region 54 was subdivided into the Burdekin agro-ecological region (54.1), which is in the dry monsoon tropics in the Townsville hinterland and the Tableland agro-ecological region (54.2). # Subdivision of region 58 followed that suggested by Laut et al. (1980a). The Central West agro-ecological region (58.1) includes the LGAs of Aramac, Barcaldine, Blackall, Flinders 2, Ilfracombe, Isisford, Longreach, Winton 2 and Tambo and has wool production as well as beef. Region 58.2, which includes Burke 1 and 2, Carpentaria 1, Cloncurry 1, Flinders 1, McKinlay 1 and 2, Mt Isa 2, Richmond and Mornington Island LGAs, has been amalgamated with region 60, beef production being the only farming system in both regions.


Table A2.2 Correlation of the Queensland agro-climatic regions and provisional environmental regions with the agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA* Working Group


Provisional environmental region(s)

Agro-ecological region(s) identifed by the SCA Working Group

Brisbane ) Gold Coast ) Brisbane environs )

40, 41, 42

16

Granite/Traprock 43 Part 13

Darling Downs 44 17

South Burnett 45 18

Wide Bay Coast ) Wide Bay Inland ) Burnett ) Coastal Burnett )

46, 47, 48, 49 19

Maranoa/Warrego 50, 51 Part 40

Western Downs Part 52 Part 15

Dawson Callide Part 52 20

Central Highlands Part 52 22, Part 23, Part 26

Central Coast 53 21

Burdekin Part 54 Part 23, Part 27

Tableland Part 54 25, Part 27

Wet Tropic Coast 55 24

Cape York 56, 57 Part 27

Central West Part 58 Part 26

Gulf Part 58, 59 Part 26 and Part 29

Channel Country 60 Part 43, Part 26

* SCA = Standing Committee on Agriculture


Figure A2.1 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the Local Government Areas (LGAs) and the Provisional Environmental Regions in Queensland


A2.2. NEW SOUTH WALES Within New South Wales, thirteen broadly defined farming systems and six agro-climatic zones were recognised. The six agro-climatic zones are shown in Figure A2.2 and are briefly defined in Table A2.3 in terms of their rainfall patterns, agricultural production and farming systems. Descriptions of the farming systems are given below. The agro-climatic zones corresponded reasonably well with the provisional environmental regions (Figure A2.2), although there were some mismatches. As a result, in delineating the agro-ecological regions for use by the SCA Working Group, Zones C and D were amalgamated while the Western Pastoral Zone (Zone A) was subdivided. Table A2.4 lists the provisional environmental regions and the agro-ecological regions within, or partly within, the agro-climatic zones. Description of the farming systems Dryland systems Northern cropping This system involves continuous or intermittent production of summer and winter crops without the use of a pasture/livestock phase. Sorghum, sunflowers and winter cereals are common crops. Northern cropping systems are characterised by a moderately high reliance on artificial fertilisers and, to a lesser extent, pesticides. Fallowing is commonly practiced for water storage, nitrogen mineralisation, and to control weeds. Increasing use is being made of crop rotation, stubble retention and herbicides to control weeds during fallows rather than cultivation. Northern crop/pasture This system includes all farming practices that incorporate crop and pasture/livestock in the rotation. Compared with cropping-only farming systems, the pasture phase reduces the reliance on pesticides for insect and disease control and contributes to weed management. Southern cropping Cropping-only systems are not common in southern New South Wales but do occur, mostly with cereals being used in rotation with grain legumes. There are occasional cereal only rotations. Increased use is being made of reduced tillage and stubble retention. Southern crop/pasture This is principally the traditional wheat/sheep system that dominates Zone B3. The cropping phase includes winter cereals, winter grain legumes and/or oilseeds. The 3–5-year pasture phase is dominated by subterranean clover in the east and annual medics in the west. Sheep are the primary livestock. Grazing — rangelands Sheep and, to a lesser extent, cattle grazing within the semi-arid rangelands of New South Wales characterise the farming system. Several major vegetation associations are found including Mulga (west), Mitchell grasslands (northeast), semi-arid woodlands (throughout), Mallee (southwest) and chenopod shrublands. The common features are the dependence on native pasture, the influence of climate on productivity and the opportunistic nature of some grazing strategies. Grazing — unimproved Areas that have been cleared and allowed to revert to natural pasture without the addition of fertiliser or exotic pasture species are included. The system is generally one of low input – low output, with sheep, cattle and goats being the main enterprises. Grazing — improved Improved pastures are those where fertiliser has been added, with or without the addition of exotic species, or where pastures are almost entirely introduced grasses and legumes. Most pastures with introduced species are dependent on fertiliser inputs, mainly superphosphate. Main enterprises are dairying (coast) and sheep and cattle.


Figure A2.2 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the agro-climatic zones, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and the Provisional Environmental Regions in New South Wales


Table A2.3 Agro-climatic zones and component farming systems identified in New South Wales

Agro-climatic zone

Description Agricultural production and farming systems (identified by bullets)

A Western pastoral

Characterised by low erratic rainfall with tendency to summer dominance in the north and winter dominance in the south

Predominantly grazing sheep for wool and breeding; some cropping on the eastern and southern boundaries; isolated irrigation areas • Grazing — rangelands

B Cereal belt More reliable rainfall than the pastoral zone

Predominantly cropping with mixed grazing enterprises of sheep for wool and breeding, and beef; some irrigation areas

B1 Northern Predominantly summer rainfall • Northern cropping • Northern crop/pasture

B2 Central Transition zone As for B1; cotton and summer crops in irrigation districts

B3 Southern Predominantly winter rainfall

• Southern cropping • Southern crop/pasture Horticulture, rice and pasture in irrigation districts

C Undulating hills

High rainfall areas with topography that generally precludes cropping

Grazing mostly of sheep for wool, prime lamb grazing and cattle • Grazing — improved • Grazing — unimproved

C1 Northern Summer dominant rainfall C2 Southern Winter dominant rainfall D Tablelands Cold temperate climate Grazing of sheep and cattle; large areas of

nonagricultural land • Grazing — improved • Grazing — unimproved

D1 Northern Summer dominant rainfall D2 Central Transition zone D3 Southern Winter dominant rainfall E Coastal High, relatively reliable rainfall Dairying and beef production

• Grazing — improved • Grazing — unimproved

E1 North Coast Summer dominant rainfall Some horticulture in addition to grazing • Perennial horticulture

E2 South Coast Winter dominant rainfall which is less reliable in the far south

Intensive dairying and horticulture • Perennial horticulture • Grazing — improved

F Metropolitan Encompassing Sydney, Wollongong and Newcastle

Note: Farming systems occupying relatively small areas, have not been included.


Table A2.4 Relationship between the agro-climatic zones identified in New South Wales, the provisional environmental regions and the agro-ecological regions

Agro-climatic zone Provisional

environmental region(s)

Agro-ecological region(s) identified by the SCA Working Group

A Western pastoral

29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Parts of 39, 40, 41 and 43

B Cereal belt B1 Northern 28; small part of 35 Part of 15 B2 Central Part of 35 Part of 7 B3 Southern 34 and part of 35 Part of 7 and 8

C Undulating hills C1 Northern Part of 24 Part of 13 C2 Southern 38; part of 23, 24, 36 and

37

Part of 10

D Tablelands D1 Northern Part 24 Part of 13 D2 Central Part 23 Part of 10 and 13 D3 Southern 39; part of 36 and 37 Part of 10

E Coastal E1 North coast 25, 26 and 27 14 E2 South coast Part of 21 and 37 Most of 11

F Metropolitan 20 and 22; part of 21

12


Intensive livestock These high input systems are dispersed throughout the State and include beef cattle feedlots, poultry and piggery production units. Perennial horticulture Most perennial horticultural plantings in New South Wales are irrigated. This farming system comprises those horticultural plantings where irrigation supplements unreliable rainfall and is not the main source of water. Tree and vine crops are the main enterprises and are scattered throughout the State. Examples include the cherry and prune industries at Young, the apple industry at Orange and Batlow, stonefruit in the Sydney Basin, citrus in northern coastal areas, grapes in the Hunter Valley and subtropical fruits on the north coast. There is generally high reliance on chemicals to control pests and diseases although increased use of integrated pest management programmes is reducing this. Irrigated systems Annual cropping Irrigated cropping-only systems are the basis for many agricultural enterprises in New South Wales. Crops produced include cotton, rice, cereals, soybeans, canola and vegetables. Crop/pasture Some of the irrigated crops produced in a cropping-only system are also produced in a crop/pasture rotation. Prime lambs are the main product from the pasture phase, with some wool and vealer production. Pasture In irrigated pasture farming systems, permanent pastures of exotic species are intensively grazed. The system is found in coastal areas and along some inland river valleys such as the Murray Valley. Perennial horticulture Tree and vine crops which rely almost entirely on irrigation are the basis of irrigated perennial horticulture. The farming system is associated with inland river systems, and includes, for example, the citrus, stonefruit and grapevine industries of the Murrumbidgee and Murray valleys.


A2.3. VICTORIA The Victorian State agricultural agency divided Victoria into four agro-climatic zones on the basis of rainfall and length of growing season. In order to delineate agro-ecological regions for use by the SCA Working Group, these agro-climatic zones, described in Table A2.5, were overlain over a map of LGAs and provisional environmental regions (Figure A2.3). Using the agro-climatic zones as a guide, the 14 provisional environmental regions were amalgamated into seven agro-ecological regions (Figure A2.3). Table A2.6 lists the agro-ecological regions and the provisional environmental regions that occur within, or partly within, each of the agro-climatic zones. There was reasonable correlation between the agro-climatic zones and the agro-ecological regions, except for the northern boundary of zone 3 (>750 millimetres rainfall) which did not correspond well with the northern boundary of agro-ecological region 10. Table A2.5 Climate and agricultural systems in the different agro-climatic zones identified in Victoria

Agro-climatic zone

Climate Agricultural system

1 250–500 mm rainfall, with 5–8 months growing season.

Cereal cropping, grazing; crops include wheat and barley. Annual medics are the common pasture legume on alkaline soils, annual rye grass is more common in higher rainfall areas.

2 500–750 mm rainfall, with 8–10 months growing season

Predominantly grazing with cropping limited by increasing rainfall; beef and sheep production, with sheep production highest in the west. Annual pastures merging to perennial grasses and legumes.

3 Greater than 750 mm rainfall, often more than 10 months growing season

Cattle grazing, dairying, vegetable production and horticulture.

4 Irrigated areas Vegetables, peaches and lucerne are produced on the deeper lighter soils; tomatoes and stone fruit on medium soils and pasture on the heavy textured soils. Grazing is predominantly dairying with some beef and lamb production.


Figure A2.3 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the agro-climatic zones, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Provisional Environmental Regions in Victoria


Table A2.6 Relationship between the agro-climatic zones of Victoria, the provisional environmental regions and the agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA* Working Group

Agro-climatic zone

Provisional environmental region

Agroecological region(s) identified by the SCA Working Group

1 (250–500 mm rainfall) 16; part of 14, 15 and 17 Part of 7, 8 and 41

2 (500–750 mm rainfall) 7; large part of 6, 10, 14, 18 and 19; small part of 9, 13, 15 and 17

Large part of 6; part of 7, 8, 9 and 10

3 (>750 mm rainfall) 8, 9 and 11; most of 12; part of 6, 13, 14, 18 and 19

Part of 9 and 10; small part of 6 and 7

4 (Irrigated) Parts of 10, 15, 16 and 17 Small parts of 7, 8, 9 and 41

* SCA = Standing Committee on Agriculture


A2.4. TASMANIA Four agricultural systems were recognised in Tasmania, described in Table A2.7. The geographic distribution of these agricultural systems in relation to the provisional environmental regions is shown in Figure A2.4. As illustrated in this figure, the distribution of the agricultural systems was not well correlated with the provisional environmental regions. Consequently this resulted in relatively poor correlation of the agricultural systems with the agro-ecological regions delineated by the SCA Working Group. For example, Agro-ecological Region 3 includes all the three main agricultural systems as well as a large area of non-agricultural land.

Table A2.7 Description of Tasmanian agricultural systems

Agricultural system

Climate Description

Pastoral Generally low rainfall with a winter maximum. Growth limited by water over summer and by temperature in winter.

Wool production is the predominant enterprise. Pastures are both native and improved; improved pastures are not regularly resown and fertilizing is restricted to topdressing with superphosphate.

Livestock Higher rainfall and reduced temperature range compared with pastoral zone; longer growing season. Rainfall winter dominant.

Sheep and cattle grazing of improved perennial pasture with fodder crops used to renovate pasture. Some cereal cropping.

Dairying High rainfall with winter/spring maximum; long growing season.

Dairying with hay and silage production for fodder; some irrigation to extend growing season.

Intensive cropping Winter maximum rainfall, mild temperatures, long growing season.

Vegetable and other crops grown in short rotation with pastures; irrigation generally needed. High level of fertiliser use.


Figure A2.4 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the agro-climatic zones, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Provisional Environmental Regions in Tasmania


A2.5. NORTHERN TERRITORY Major agro-climatic regions and sub-regions identified for the Northern Territory by the Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, are shown in Figure A2.5; the major regions are described in Table A2.8. Correlation of the agro-climatic regions with the provisional environmental regions or LGAs was difficult due to the large area encompassed by LGAs. The agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA Working Group are also shown in Figure A2.5. The relatively poor correlation of the agro-climatic and agro-ecological regions in the Northern Territory was recognised by the SCA Working Group. They recommended further development of a more appropriate subdivision of the Northern Territory into agro-ecological regions.


Figure A2.5 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the agro-climatic zones, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Provisional Environmental Regions in the Northern Territory


Table A2.8 Description of the agro-climatic regions identified in the Northern Territory


Description of environment Major land uses

Timor Coast High rainfall (1400–1600 mm), monsoonal. Low plateaux on sandstones and broad estuarine plains. Red and yellow earths and cracking clay soils. Tall open eucalypt forest, tall grass and sedge plains.

Beef cattle and buffalo, tropical tree fruit crops and vegetables

Daly Basin Rainfall 1000–1400 mm. Limestones, sandstones and siltstones with undulating terrain, red and yellow earths and yellow podzolics, and low open forest and savannah and grasslands.

Beef, summer grain and legume crops, improved pasture and horticulture near Katherine

Sturt Plateau Rainfall 600–1000 mm. Low plateaux on sedimentary rocks, and alluvial plains; red and yellow earths and cracking clays; open forest, savannah and grassland.

Beef cattle, summer grain crops, improved pastures

Marrakai — Arnhem Rainfall 1000–1400 mm. Ranges with skeletal soils, sandplains; open eucalypt forests and woodlands, cypress forests and grasslands.

Beef cattle and buffalo

Elsey — Gulf Rainfall 800–1000 mm. Ranges, plateaux and mesas with skeletal soils and yellow earths; open eucalypt forest, savannah and grassland.

Beef cattle

Barkly Tablelands Rainfall 400–600 mm. Cracking clay plains; shrublands and grasslands.

Beef cattle

Ord — Victoria Rainfall 400–600 mm. Ranges, plateaux and mesas with broad valleys; red and yellow earths and cracking clays; eucalypt savannah and grasslands.

Beef cattle

Tanami Desert Rainfall 200–400 mm. Sand plain and dune fields; eucalypt and acacia shrublands, grasslands.

Beef cattle (minor)

Alice Springs Rainfall 200–400 mm. Ranges and plains with sandy red earths, calcareous loams and clays; Acacia woodlands and shrublands, grasslands.

Beef cattle

Georgina

Rainfall 200-400 mm. Plains with earths, duplex soils and calcareous soils; woodlands and shrublands.

Beef cattle

Simpson Desert Rainfall 150 mm. Plains and dune fields with calcareous loams and sands; grasslands.

Beef cattle on periphery (minor)

Petermann Rainfall 150 mm. Ranges and sand plains; grasslands.

No agricultural enterprises

Kulgera Rainfall 150–250 mm. Plains with calcareous loams and sandy earths; shrubs over short grasses and ephemeral forbs after rain.

Beef cattle


A2.6. SOUTH AUSTRALIA Six land-use zones were recognised in South Australia. These land zones, the provisional environmental regions and the agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA Working Group, are shown in Figure A2.6. The land uses for each zone are given briefly in Table A2.9.


Figure A2.6 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the agro-climatic zones, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Provisional Environmental Regions in South Australia


Table A2.9 The major land-use zones of South Australia

Land-use zone

Description

1

National parks, aboriginal land, etc

2 Pastoral land — cattle

3

Pastoral land — predominantly sheep

4

Cereal, sheep (rainfall <400 mm per year)

5 Cereals, other field crops and sheep (rainfall 400–500 mm per year)

6

Intensive agriculture (rainfall >500 mm per year and/or irrigated land)


A2.7. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Western Australia has been divided into five broad agro-climatic zones on the basis of a combination of enterprise and rainfall distribution (see Table A2.10 for a description of the zones). Three main categories of agricultural enterprise were recognised — grazing of natural vegetation, farming and horticulture. Grazing of natural vegetation (pastoralism) and farming were further subdivided according to rainfall amount and distribution. Horticulture is practiced in small areas within both the farming and pastoral areas. These agricultural enterprises are discussed further below, in terms of agricultural systems; that is, in terms of the particular management practices which occur within them. The agro-climatic zones and land-use maps from which they were derived, are shown in Figure A2.7. The agro-climatic zones were generally well correlated with the provisional environmental regions. As a result, the agro-ecological regions generally follow provisional environmental region boundaries (Figure A2.8). Table A2.11 correlates the agro-climatic zones with the agro-ecological regions adopted by the SCA Working Group. Agricultural Systems in Western Australia Farming systems Farming occurs predominantly in the Southwest corner of the State. It occupies about 12% of the State’s area but accounts for most of the agricultural output, with wool and wheat being the main contributors. Soils are usually inherently low in nutrients, particularly phosphorus, copper, zinc and sometimes molybdenum and manganese. This has resulted in high use of fertilisers. Two farming systems are recognised in regions with crop and pasture rotations: ley farming and farming by soil type. Ley farming This system is characterised by a pasture phase based on subterranean clover or medics. The pasture is grazed by sheep and cattle, with wool and meat being the main products. Ley farming has three main benefits.

• The system is flexible in that cropped/pasture areas can be varied depending on land types, season, market conditions and technologies.

• Legume pasture has improved soil fertility and structure through a steady build up of soil

nitrogen, and changes in organic matter and water stable aggregation. These improvements have often resulted in doubling of grazing rates and cereal yields.

• The cropping and grazing combination is efficient and compatible. Careful timing of

operations allows livestock management to be carried out between times of peak cropping activity. Also grazing can be effectively used in cropping management, for example to reduce seed set of weeds, or to reduce stubble. The combination can also provide good returns.

Pasture legumes have been selected to produce a high proportion of ‘hard’ seed which take several years to ‘soften’ and germinate. This allows regeneration after cropping or dry, poor seed-setting seasons. Crop type tends to be determined less by soil fertility than by other factors such as relative profitability, existing equipment and paddock size, and other environmental factors.


Table A2.10 Description of the agro-climatic zones recognised in Western Australia and the associated agricultural enterprise

Agro-climatic zone

Description

Agricultural enterprise

1c Northern tropical/ subtropical

Summer rainfall

Pastoral — cattle grazing

3c Arid pastoral (i) Northwest spinifex

zone (ii) Acacia shrubland

Predominantly non-seasonal rainfall Unreliable summer rainfall; cracking clay soils along coast, sandy soils inland Unreliable rainfall, summer or winter; skeletal soils on hills, sandy and alluvial plains

Pastoral — predominantly sheep, some cattle Mostly sheep for wool, some cattle Some cattle

4j Cereals/wool Winter rainfall; relatively low Farming — predominantly wheat, lupins, oats, barley

4k Wool/cereals Winter rainfall Farming — oats, barley, some lupins in higher rainfall areas in west; wheat, barley oats, lupins in drier east; wool main livestock enterprise throughout

5c Permanent High rainfall, winter dominant Farming — pasture predominantly for beef production, dairy farming and horticulture


Figure A2.7 (a) Agro-climatic zones for Western Australia (b) Simplified land use map for Western Australia


Figure A2.8 The agro-ecological regions identified by the SCA Working Group in relation to the agro-climatic zones, Local Government Areas (LGAs) and Provisional Environmental Regions in Western Australia


Table A2.11 Correlation between agro-climatic zones identified by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the agro-ecological regions delineated by the SCA* Working Group

________________________________________________________________________________ Agro-climatic zone Agro-ecological region identified by the SCA Working Group ________________________________________________________________________________ 1c Northern tropical/subtropical Pastoral — Kimberley region 33 (part) 3c Arid pastoral (i) Northwest spinifex zone 34 (ii) Acacia shrubland zone 35 (iii) Goldfields 39 (part) (iv) Arid interior 45 (part) 4j Cereals/wool 36 (farming) 4k Wool/cereals 37 (farming) 5c Permanent pasture 38 ________________________________________________________________________________ * SCA = Standing Committee on Agriculture


Inclusion of lupins has been beneficial by increasing options, increasing soil nitrogen, providing disease breaks and by allowing development of integrated weed control strategies. Minimum tillage is being increasingly used. Hard grazing of pasture in the year preceding cropping helps reduce seed set of weeds. Crops are usually direct sown on pasture after a short period of cultivation with a scarifier or chisel plow, or after application of herbicides. Sowing is mainly done with conventional tyne combine seeders that sow seed and fertiliser together. Farming by soil type There is an increasing trend to farming by soil type, particularly in the low and medium rainfall areas. Features of this system are:

• continuous cereal cropping on the friable heavier soils, with occasional field pea crops; • lupin/wheat continuous cropping on the deeper loamy sand soils; • 1:1 crop/pasture rotations on land suitable for medics; • 1:2 crop/pasture rotations on well drained midslope duplex soils; and • longer pasture phases in crop/pasture rotations on soils prone to waterlogging, on deep,

infertile sands and on soils susceptible to acidification. Pastoral enterprises The pastoral lands, characterised by grazing of natural vegetation, occur north and south of the arid interior and occupy about 50% of the State. Kimberley region The rugged areas of the Kimberley region have resulted in development of uncontrolled grazing of cattle. Stations are unfenced, stock matings are not controlled and mustering is usually annual. The area is generally poorly watered, although water has been supplied from bores to supplement permanent river pools, and hence grazing pressure is unevenly distributed. Pastures of tussock or hummock grassland are usually of good quality for only a short period in the summer growing season and decline over the period May to December. Northwest spinifex region Sheep grazing is the main enterprise, although carrying capacity is low ranging from one sheep per 8 hectares to one per 30 hectares. Properties are well fenced into paddocks averaging 60 square kilometres and water supplies from surface catchment or bores are frequent. Spinifex is the principal fodder plant but small areas of tussock grassland occur in wetter areas. Generally, the protein content of spinifex pastures is only sufficient to maintain animals. In contrast, the protein levels of tussock grasses are sufficient to support desirable daily stock weight gains during the wet season, but decline over the dry. Acacia shrubland region This region is similar to the Northwest spinifex region except that pastures are characterised by acacia trees with low shrubs and grasses.


Horticulture Kimberley region Horticulture has increased since the opening of Lake Argyle. Tropical fruits and out-of-season vegetables are the main products. Carnarvon The main crop is bananas but other tropical fruits and out-of-season vegetables are also grown. Crops are grown on fertile alluvial soils adjoining the Gascoyne River and are irrigated throughout the year. Perth region Vegetable crops are grown throughout the year. The predominantly sandy soils are extensively irrigated from October to May using underground water. The region is also the main centre for intensive flower cultivation, and there are areas of vineyards, citrus and stone fruits. Southwest region Crops are usually grown on undulating ground of higher fertility than the Perth region, with irrigation necessary in summer. Principal crops are vegetables, grapes for wines, and pears and apples.


Attachment 1: A listing of the agro-ecological regions and their component LGAs Note: 1. Two SLAs were split into multiple SCA areas when arcs were added, viz UNINCORP FAR NORTH (SA) into agro-ecological regions 39, 43 and 45, and CARPENTARIA (QLD) into agro-ecological regions 26 and 27. 2. Some SLA names will appear under more than one agro-ecological region, there are two reasons for this: - there are two different SLAs in Queensland called West End, one in Brisbane and one in Townsville, - the unincorporated areas in South Australia used as SLAs consist of many parts which may be in different agro-ecological regions, e.g. UNINCORP LINCOLN, UNINCORP WEST COAST, UNINCORP RIVERLAND.

The agro-ecological regions used in this data have been verified against the Standing

Committee on Agriculture Report.

Agro-ecological regions and their component LGAs (Local Government Areas), SDC (Sustainable Development Committee) regions, and SCA (Standing Committee on Agriculture) regions

SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area Stateregion region

1 1 BRUNY (M) TAS1 1 CLARENCE (M) TAS1 1 GLENORCHY (C) TAS1 1 HOBART (C) - INNER TAS1 1 HOBART (C) - REMAINDER TAS1 1 KINGBOROUGH (M) - PT A TAS1 1 KINGBOROUGH (M) - PT B TAS1 1 NEW NORFOLK (M) - PT A TAS1 1 TASMAN (M) TAS1 2 BRIGHTON (M) - PT A TAS1 2 BRIGHTON (M) - PT B TAS1 2 GREEN PONDS (M) TAS1 2 OATLANDS (M) TAS1 2 RICHMOND (M) TAS1 2 ROSS (M) TAS1 2 SORELL (M) - PT A TAS1 2 SORELL (M) - PT B TAS1 3 BOTHWELL (M) TAS1 3 CIRCULAR HEAD (M) TAS1 3 DELORAINE (M) TAS1 3 ESPERANCE (M) TAS1 3 FINGAL (M) TAS1 3 FLINDERS (M) TAS1 3 GLAMORGAN (M) TAS1 3 GORMANSTON (M) TAS1 3 HAMILTON (M) TAS


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 1 3 HUON (M) TAS1 3 KING ISLAND (M) TAS1 3 NEW NORFOLK (M) - PT B TAS1 3 PORT CYGNET (M) TAS1 3 PORTLAND (M) TAS1 3 QUEENSTOWN (M) TAS1 3 RINGAROOMA (M) TAS1 3 SPRING BAY (M) TAS1 3 STRAHAN (M) TAS1 3 WARATAH (M) TAS1 3 ZEEHAN (M) TAS1 4 BURNIE (M) - PT A TAS1 4 BURNIE (M) - PT B TAS1 4 DEVONPORT (C) TAS1 4 KENTISH (M) TAS1 4 PENGUIN (M) - PT A TAS1 4 PENGUIN (M) - PT B TAS1 4 ULVERSTONE (M) - PT A TAS1 4 ULVERSTONE (M) - PT B TAS1 4 WYNYARD (M) - PT A TAS1 4 WYNYARD (M) - PT B TAS1 5 BEACONSFIELD (M) - PT A TAS1 5 BEACONSFIELD (M) - PT B TAS1 5 CAMPBELL TOWN (M) TAS1 5 EVANDALE (M) - PT A TAS1 5 EVANDALE (M) - PT B TAS1 5 GEORGE TOWN (M) - PT A TAS1 5 GEORGE TOWN (M) - PT B TAS1 5 LATROBE (M) - PT A TAS1 5 LATROBE (M) - PT B TAS1 5 LAUNCESTON (C) - INNER TAS1 5 LAUNCESTON (C) - PT B TAS1 5 LAUNCESTON (C) - PT C TAS1 5 LONGFORD (M) - PT A TAS1 5 LONGFORD (M) - PT B TAS1 5 SCOTTSDALE (M) TAS1 5 WESTBURY (M) - PT A TAS1 5 WESTBURY (M) - PT B TAS1 6 ALTONA (C) VIC1 6 BANNOCKBURN (S) - PT A VIC1 6 BARRABOOL (S) - PT A VIC1 6 BELLARINE (S) - PT A VIC1 6 BELLARINE (S) - PT B VIC1 6 BERWICK (C) VIC1 6 BOX HILL (C) VIC1 6 BRIGHTON (C) VIC1 6 BROADMEADOWS (C) VIC1 6 BRUNSWICK (C) VIC1 6 CAMBERWELL (C) VIC1 6 CAULFIELD (C) VIC1 6 CHELSEA (C) VIC1 6 COBURG (C) VIC1 6 COLLINGWOOD (C) VIC


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 1 6 CORIO (S) - PT A VIC1 6 CORIO (S) - PT B VIC1 6 CRANBOURNE (S) - PT A VIC1 6 CROYDON (C) VIC1 6 DANDENONG (C) VIC1 6 DIAMOND VALLEY (S) VIC1 6 DONCASTER & TEMPLESTOWE (C) VIC1 6 ELTHAM (S) VIC1 6 ESSENDON (C) VIC1 6 FITZROY (C) VIC1 6 FLINDERS (S) VIC1 6 FOOTSCRAY (C) VIC1 6 FRANKSTON (C) VIC1 6 GEELONG (C) VIC1 6 GEELONG WEST (C) VIC1 6 HASTINGS (S) VIC1 6 HAWTHORN (C) VIC1 6 HEALESVILLE (S) - PT A VIC1 6 HEIDELBERG (C) VIC1 6 KEILOR (C) VIC1 6 KEW (C) VIC1 6 KNOX (C) VIC1 6 LILLYDALE (S) VIC1 6 MALVERN (C) VIC1 6 MELBOURNE (C) - INNER VIC1 6 MELBOURNE (C) - REMAINDER VIC1 6 MOORABBIN (C) VIC1 6 MORDIALLOC (C) VIC1 6 MORNINGTON (S) VIC1 6 NEWTOWN (C) VIC1 6 NORTHCOTE (C) VIC1 6 NUNAWADING (C) VIC1 6 OAKLEIGH (C) VIC1 6 PAKENHAM (S) - PT A VIC1 6 PORT MELBOURNE (C) VIC1 6 PRAHRAN (C) VIC1 6 PRESTON (C) VIC1 6 QUEENSCLIFFE (B) VIC1 6 RICHMOND (C) VIC1 6 RINGWOOD (C) VIC1 6 SANDRINGHAM (C) VIC1 6 SHERBROOKE (S) VIC1 6 SOUTH BARWON (C) - PT A VIC1 6 SOUTH BARWON (C) - PT B VIC1 6 SOUTH MELBOURNE (C) VIC1 6 SPRINGVALE (C) VIC1 6 ST KILDA (C) VIC1 6 SUNSHINE (C) VIC1 6 WAVERLEY (C) VIC1 6 WERRIBEE (S) VIC1 6 WHITTLESEA (S) VIC1 6 WILLIAMSTOWN (C) VIC1 9 ALBERTON (S) VIC


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 1 9 BAIRNSDALE (S) VIC1 9 BAIRNSDALE (T) VIC1 9 BARRABOOL (S) - PT B VIC1 9 BASS STRAIT ISLANDS VIC1 9 BELFAST (S) VIC1 9 COLAC (C) VIC1 9 COLAC (S) VIC1 9 HEYTESBURY (S) VIC1 9 KOROIT (B) VIC1 9 LADY JULIA PERCY & TOWERHILL VIC1 9 MINHAMITE (S) VIC1 9 MOUNT GAMBIER (C) SA1 9 MOUNT GAMBIER (DC) SA1 9 OTWAY (S) VIC1 9 PORT FAIRY (B) VIC1 9 PORTLAND (C) VIC1 9 PORTLAND (S) VIC1 9 ROSEDALE (S) VIC1 9 SOUTH GIPPSLAND (S) VIC1 9 TRARALGON (C) VIC1 9 TRARALGON (S) VIC1 9 WARRNAMBOOL (C) VIC1 9 WARRNAMBOOL (S) VIC1 9 WINCHELSEA (S) VIC1 11 EUROBODALLA (S) NSW1 11 JERVIS BAY ACT1 11 SHOALHAVEN (C) NSW1 12 ASHFIELD (M) NSW1 12 AUBURN (M) NSW1 12 BANKSTOWN (C) NSW1 12 BAULKHAM HILLS (S) NSW1 12 BLACKTOWN (C) NSW1 12 BLUE MOUNTAINS (C) NSW1 12 BOTANY (M) NSW1 12 BURWOOD (M) NSW1 12 CAMDEN (M) NSW1 12 CAMPBELLTOWN (C) NSW1 12 CANTERBURY (M) NSW1 12 CONCORD (M) NSW1 12 DRUMMOYNE (M) NSW1 12 FAIRFIELD (C) NSW1 12 GOSFORD (C) NSW1 12 HOLROYD (M) NSW1 12 HORNSBY (S) NSW1 12 HUNTER"S HILL (M) NSW1 12 HURSTVILLE (M) NSW1 12 KIAMA (M) NSW1 12 KOGARAH (M) NSW1 12 KU-RING-GAI (M) NSW1 12 LAKE MACQUARIE (C) NSW1 12 LANE COVE (M) NSW1 12 LEICHHARDT (M) NSW1 12 LIVERPOOL (C) NSW


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 1 12 MAITLAND (C) NSW1 12 MANLY (M) NSW1 12 MARRICKVILLE (M) NSW1 12 MOSMAN (M) NSW1 12 NEWCASTLE (C) - INNER NSW1 12 NEWCASTLE (C) - REMAINDER NSW1 12 NORTH SYDNEY (M) NSW1 12 PARRAMATTA (C) NSW1 12 PENRITH (C) NSW1 12 PORT STEPHENS (S) NSW1 12 RANDWICK (M) NSW1 12 ROCKDALE (M) NSW1 12 RYDE (M) NSW1 12 SHELLHARBOUR (M) NSW1 12 STRATHFIELD (M) NSW1 12 SUTHERLAND (S) NSW1 12 SYDNEY (C) - INNER NSW1 12 SYDNEY (C) - REMAINDER NSW1 12 WARRINGAH (S) NSW1 12 WAVERLEY (M) NSW1 12 WILLOUGHBY (M) NSW1 12 WOLLONGONG (C) NSW1 12 WOOLLAHRA (M) NSW1 12 WYONG (S) NSW1 38 ARMADALE (C) WA1 38 AUGUSTA - MARGARET RIVER (S) WA1 38 BASSENDEAN (T) WA1 38 BAYSWATER (S) WA1 38 BELMONT (C) WA1 38 BRIDGETOWN - GREENBUSHES (S) WA1 38 BUNBURY (C) WA1 38 BUSSELTON (S) WA1 38 CANNING (C) WA1 38 CAPEL (S) WA1 38 CLAREMONT (T) WA1 38 COCKBURN (C) WA1 38 COTTESLOE (T) WA1 38 DARDANUP (S) WA1 38 DONNYBROOK - BALINGUP (S) WA1 38 EAST FREMANTLE (T) WA1 38 FREMANTLE (C) - INNER WA1 38 FREMANTLE (C) - REMAINDER WA1 38 GOSNELLS (C) WA1 38 HARVEY (S) WA1 38 KALAMUNDA (S) WA1 38 KWINANA (T) WA1 38 MANDURAH (S) WA1 38 MANJIMUP (S) WA1 38 MELVILLE (C) WA1 38 MOSMAN PARK (T) WA1 38 MUNDARING (S) WA1 38 MURRAY (S) WA1 38 NANNUP (S) WA


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 1 38 NEDLANDS (C) WA1 38 PEPPERMINT GROVE (S) WA1 38 PERTH (C) - INNER WA1 38 PERTH (C) - NORTH WA1 38 PERTH (C) - OUTER WA1 38 PERTH (C) - SOUTH WA1 38 PERTH (C) - WEMBLEY-COASTAL WA1 38 ROCKINGHAM (S) WA1 38 SERPENTINE - JARRAHDALE (S) WA1 38 SOUTH PERTH (C) WA1 38 STIRLING (C) - CENTRAL WA1 38 STIRLING (C) - SOUTH-EASTERN WA1 38 STIRLING (C) - WEST WA1 38 SUBIACO (C) WA1 38 SWAN (S) WA1 38 WANNEROO (C) WA1 38 WAROONA (S) WA2 14 BALLINA (S) NSW2 14 BELLINGEN (S) NSW2 14 BYRON (S) NSW2 14 CASINO (M) NSW2 14 COFF"S HARBOUR (S) NSW2 14 COPMANHURST (S) NSW2 14 DUNGOG (S) NSW2 14 GRAFTON (C) NSW2 14 GREAT LAKES (S) NSW2 14 GREATER TAREE (C) NSW2 14 HASTINGS (M) NSW2 14 KEMPSEY (S) NSW2 14 KYOGLE (S) NSW2 14 LISMORE (C) NSW2 14 LORD HOWE ISLAND NSW2 14 MACLEAN (S) NSW2 14 NAMBUCCA (S) NSW2 14 NYMBOIDA (S) NSW2 14 RICHMOND RIVER (S) NSW2 14 TWEED (S) - PT B NSW2 14 ULMARRA (S) NSW2 16 ACACIA RIDGE QLD2 16 ALBANY CREEK QLD2 16 ALBERT (S) - PT B BAL QLD2 16 ALBERT (S) - PT C QLD2 16 ALBERT (S) BAL IN BRISB SD QLD2 16 ALBION QLD2 16 ALDERLEY QLD2 16 ALEXANDRA HILLS QLD2 16 ALGESTER QLD2 16 ANNERLEY QLD2 16 ANSTEAD (INCL MOGGILL SF) QLD2 16 ARANA HILLS QLD2 16 ARCHERFIELD QLD2 16 ASCOT QLD2 16 ASHGROVE QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 2 16 ASHMORE QLD2 16 ASPLEY QLD2 16 B"DESERT (S) BAL IN BRISB SD QLD2 16 BALD HILLS QLD2 16 BALMORAL QLD2 16 BANYO QLD2 16 BARDON QLD2 16 BEAUDESERT (S) - PT B QLD2 16 BEENLEIGH QLD2 16 BELLBIRD PARK QLD2 16 BELLBOWRIE QLD2 16 BELMONT QLD2 16 BENOWA QLD2 16 BERRINBA QLD2 16 BETHANIA QLD2 16 BIGGERA WATERS QLD2 16 BILINGA QLD2 16 BIRKDALE QLD2 16 BOONAH (S) QLD2 16 BOONDALL QLD2 16 BOWEN HILLS QLD2 16 BRACKEN RIDGE QLD2 16 BRAY PARK QLD2 16 BRIDGEMAN DOWNS QLD2 16 BRIGHTON QLD2 16 BROADBEACH QLD2 16 BROADBEACH WATERS QLD2 16 BROOKFIELD(INCL MT C"THA PK) QLD2 16 BROWNS PLAINS QLD2 16 BULIMBA QLD2 16 BUNDALL QLD2 16 BURBANK QLD2 16 BURLEIGH HEADS QLD2 16 BURLEIGH WATERS QLD2 16 CABOOLTURE (S) - PT A QLD2 16 CABOOLTURE (S) - PT B QLD2 16 CALAMVALE QLD2 16 CAMIRA QLD2 16 CAMP HILL QLD2 16 CANNON HILL QLD2 16 CAPALABA QLD2 16 CAPALABA WEST QLD2 16 CARINA QLD2 16 CARINA HEIGHTS QLD2 16 CARINDALE QLD2 16 CAROLE PARK QLD2 16 CARSELDINE QLD2 16 CHANDLER QLD2 16 CHAPEL HILL QLD2 16 CHELMER QLD2 16 CHERMSIDE QLD2 16 CHERMSIDE WEST QLD2 16 CITY - INNER QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 2 16 CITY - REMAINDER QLD2 16 CLAYFIELD QLD2 16 CLEVELAND QLD2 16 COOLANGATTA QLD2 16 COOMBABAH QLD2 16 COOPERS PLAINS QLD2 16 COORPAROO QLD2 16 CORINDA QLD2 16 CURRUMBIN QLD2 16 DAISY HILL QLD2 16 DARRA QLD2 16 DEAGON QLD2 16 DOOLANDELLA QLD2 16 DREWVALE QLD2 16 DURACK QLD2 16 DUTTON PARK QLD2 16 EAGLE FARM QLD2 16 EAGLEBY QLD2 16 EAST BRISBANE QLD2 16 EIGHT MILE PLAINS QLD2 16 ELLEN GROVE QLD2 16 ENOGGERA (INCL MLTRY CAMP) QLD2 16 ESK (S) QLD2 16 EVERTON HILLS QLD2 16 EVERTON PARK QLD2 16 FAIRFIELD QLD2 16 FERNY GROVE QLD2 16 FERNY HILLS QLD2 16 FIG TREE POCKET QLD2 16 FITZGIBBON QLD2 16 FORTITUDE VALLEY - INNER QLD2 16 FORTITUDE VALLEY - REMAINDER QLD2 16 GATTON (S) QLD2 16 GEEBUNG QLD2 16 GOLD COAST (C) BAL QLD2 16 GRACEVILLE QLD2 16 GRANGE QLD2 16 GREENBANK - PT A QLD2 16 GREENBANK - PT B QLD2 16 GREENSLOPES QLD2 16 GUMDALE QLD2 16 HAMILTON QLD2 16 HAWTHORNE QLD2 16 HEATHWOOD QLD2 16 HELENSVALE QLD2 16 HEMMANT QLD2 16 HENDRA QLD2 16 HERSTON QLD2 16 HIGHGATE HILL QLD2 16 HOLLAND PARK QLD2 16 HOLLAND PARK WEST QLD2 16 HOLLYWELL QLD2 16 HOPE ISLAND QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 2 16 INALA QLD2 16 INDOOROOPILLY QLD2 16 IPSWICH (C) QLD2 16 JAMBOREE HEIGHTS QLD2 16 JINDALEE QLD2 16 KALLANGUR QLD2 16 KANGAROO POINT QLD2 16 KARALEE QLD2 16 KARAWATHA QLD2 16 KEDRON QLD2 16 KELVIN GROVE QLD2 16 KENMORE QLD2 16 KENMORE HILLS QLD2 16 KEPERRA QLD2 16 KINGSTON QLD2 16 KURABY QLD2 16 LABRADOR QLD2 16 LAIDLEY (S) QLD2 16 LANDSBOROUGH (S) - PT A QLD2 16 LANDSBOROUGH (S) - PT B QLD2 16 LARAPINTA QLD2 16 LAWNTON QLD2 16 LOGAN (C) BAL IN BRISB SD QLD2 16 LOGANHOLME QLD2 16 LOGANLEA QLD2 16 LOTA QLD2 16 LUTWYCHE QLD2 16 LYTTON QLD2 16 MACGREGOR QLD2 16 MACKENZIE QLD2 16 MAIN BEACH QLD2 16 MANLY QLD2 16 MANLY WEST QLD2 16 MANSFIELD QLD2 16 MAROOCHY (S) - PT A QLD2 16 MAROOCHY (S) - PT B QLD2 16 MARSDEN QLD2 16 MCDOWALL QLD2 16 MERMAID BEACH QLD2 16 MERMAID WATERS QLD2 16 MIAMI QLD2 16 MIDDLE PARK QLD2 16 MILTON QLD2 16 MITCHELTON QLD2 16 MOGGILL QLD2 16 MOOROOKA QLD2 16 MORETON (S) - PT B QLD2 16 MORETON (S) BAL IN BRISB SD QLD2 16 MORETON ISLAND QLD2 16 MORNINGSIDE QLD2 16 MOUNT GRAVATT QLD2 16 MOUNT GRAVATT EAST QLD2 16 MOUNT OMMANEY QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 2 16 MT WARREN PARK QLD2 16 MURARRIE QLD2 16 NATHAN QLD2 16 NERANG QLD2 16 NEW FARM QLD2 16 NEWMARKET QLD2 16 NEWSTEAD QLD2 16 NORMAN PARK QLD2 16 NORTHGATE QLD2 16 NUDGEE QLD2 16 NUDGEE BEACH QLD2 16 NUNDAH QLD2 16 OXENFORD QLD2 16 OXLEY QLD2 16 PADDINGTON QLD2 16 PALLARA QLD2 16 PALM BEACH QLD2 16 PARADISE POINT QLD2 16 PARK RIDGE QLD2 16 PARKINSON QLD2 16 PINE RIV (S) BAL IN BRISB SD QLD2 16 PINE RIVERS (S) - PT B QLD2 16 PINJARRA HILLS QLD2 16 PINKENBA QLD2 16 PULLENVALE QLD2 16 RANSOME QLD2 16 RED HILL QLD2 16 REDCLIFFE © QLD2 16 REDLAND (S) BAL IN BRISB SD QLD2 16 REDLAND BAY QLD2 16 RICHLANDS QLD2 16 RIVERHILLS QLD2 16 ROBERTSON QLD2 16 ROCHEDALE QLD2 16 ROCHEDALE SOUTH QLD2 16 ROCKLEA QLD2 16 RUNAWAY BAY QLD2 16 RUNCORN QLD2 16 SALISBURY QLD2 16 SANDGATE QLD2 16 SEVENTEEN MILE ROCKS QLD2 16 SHAILER PARK QLD2 16 SHERWOOD QLD2 16 SLACKS CREEK QLD2 16 SOUTH BRISBANE QLD2 16 SOUTHPORT QLD2 16 SPRING HILL QLD2 16 SPRINGWOOD QLD2 16 ST LUCIA QLD2 16 STAFFORD QLD2 16 STAFFORD HEIGHTS QLD2 16 STRATHPINE QLD2 16 STRETTON QLD2 16 SUMNER QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 2 16 SUNNYBANK QLD2 16 SUNNYBANK HILLS QLD2 16 SURFERS PARADISE QLD2 16 TAIGUM QLD2 16 TANAH MERAH QLD2 16 TARINGA QLD2 16 TARRAGINDI QLD2 16 THE GAP (INCL ENOGGERA SF) QLD2 16 THORNESIDE QLD2 16 TINGALPA QLD2 16 TOOWONG QLD2 16 TUGUN QLD2 16 TWEED (S) - PT A NSW2 16 UNDERWOOD - PT A QLD2 16 UNDERWOOD - PT B QLD2 16 UPPER BROOKFIELD QLD2 16 UPPER KEDRON QLD2 16 UPPER MOUNT GRAVATT QLD2 16 VICTORIA POINT QLD2 16 VIRGINIA QLD2 16 WACOL QLD2 16 WAKERLEY QLD2 16 WATERFORD - PT A QLD2 16 WATERFORD - PT B QLD2 16 WAVELL HEIGHTS QLD2 16 WELLINGTON POINT QLD2 16 WEST END QLD2 16 WESTLAKE QLD2 16 WILLAWONG QLD2 16 WILSTON QLD2 16 WINDSOR QLD2 16 WISHART QLD2 16 WOODRIDGE QLD2 16 WOOLLOONGABBA QLD2 16 WOOLOOWIN QLD2 16 WYNNUM QLD2 16 WYNNUM WEST QLD2 16 YEERONGPILLY QLD2 16 YERONGA QLD2 16 ZILLMERE QLD2 18 CROWS NEST (S) QLD2 18 KINGAROY (S) QLD2 18 NANANGO (S) QLD2 19 BIGGENDEN (S) QLD2 19 BUNDABERG (C) QLD2 19 CALLIOPE (S) - PT A QLD2 19 CALLIOPE (S) - PT B QLD2 19 EIDSVOLD (S) QLD2 19 GAYNDAH (S) QLD2 19 GLADSTONE (C) QLD2 19 GOOBURRUM (S) - PT A QLD2 19 GOOBURRUM (S) - PT B QLD2 19 GYMPIE (C) QLD2 19 HERVEY BAY (C) QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 2 19 ISIS (S) QLD2 19 KILCOY (S) QLD2 19 KILKIVAN (S) QLD2 19 KOLAN (S) QLD2 19 MARYBOROUGH © QLD2 19 MIRIAM VALE (S) QLD2 19 MONTO (S) QLD2 19 MUNDUBBERA (S) QLD2 19 MURGON (S) QLD2 19 NOOSA (S) - PT A QLD2 19 NOOSA (S) - PT B QLD2 19 PERRY (S) QLD2 19 TIARO (S) QLD2 19 WIDGEE (S) QLD2 19 WONDAI (S) QLD2 19 WOOCOO (S) QLD2 19 WOONGARRA (S) - PT A QLD2 19 WOONGARRA (S) - PT B QLD3 21 BROADSOUND (S) QLD3 21 FITZROY (S) - PT A QLD3 21 FITZROY (S) - PT B QLD3 21 LIVINGSTONE (S) QLD3 21 MACKAY © QLD3 21 MIRANI (S) QLD3 21 MOUNT MORGAN (S) QLD3 21 PIONEER (S) - PT A QLD3 21 PIONEER (S) - PT B QLD3 21 PROSERPINE (S) QLD3 21 ROCKHAMPTON © QLD3 21 SARINA (S) QLD3 23 BOWEN (S) QLD3 23 TOWNSVILLE © BAL QLD3 24 CAIRNS © QLD3 24 CARDWELL (S) QLD3 24 DOUGLAS (S) QLD3 24 HINCHINBROOK (S) QLD3 24 JOHNSTONE (S) QLD3 24 MULGRAVE (S) - PT A QLD3 24 MULGRAVE (S) - PT B QLD3 25 ATHERTON (S) QLD3 25 EACHAM (S) QLD3 25 HERBERTON (S) QLD4 23 AITKENVALE QLD4 23 BELGIAN GARDENS QLD4 23 BOWEN (S) QLD4 23 BURDEKIN (S) QLD4 23 CHARTERS TOWERS © QLD4 23 CRANBROOK QLD4 23 CURRAJONG QLD4 23 DALRYMPLE (S) QLD4 23 GARBUTT QLD4 23 GULLIVER QLD4 23 HEATLEY QLD4 23 HERMIT PARK QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 4 23 KELSO QLD4 23 KIRWAN QLD4 23 MAGNETIC ISLAND QLD4 23 MUNDINGBURRA QLD4 23 NEBO (S) QLD4 23 NORTH WARD QLD4 23 RAILWAY ESTATE QLD4 23 SOUTH TOWNSVILLE QLD4 23 THURINGOWA (C) - PT A BAL QLD4 23 THURINGOWA (C) - PT B QLD4 23 TOWNSVILLE (C) BAL QLD4 23 VINCENT QLD4 23 WEST END QLD4 23 WULGURU QLD4 27 AURUKUN (S) QLD4 27 CARPENTARIA (S) QLD4 27 COOK (S) QLD4 27 CROYDON (S) QLD4 27 ETHERIDGE (S) QLD4 27 MAREEBA (S) QLD4 27 TORRES (S) QLD4 27 WEIPA (T) QLD5 15 CHINCHILLA (S) QLD5 15 COONAMBLE (S) NSW5 15 GOONDIWINDI (T) QLD5 15 GUNNEDAH (S) NSW5 15 MOREE PLAINS (S) NSW5 15 MURILLA (S) QLD5 15 MURRURUNDI (S) NSW5 15 NARRABRI (S) NSW5 15 QUIRINDI (S) NSW5 15 TARA (S) QLD5 15 WAGGAMBA (S) QLD5 15 WALGETT (S) NSW5 15 WARREN (S) NSW5 15 YALLAROI (S) NSW5 17 ALLORA (S) QLD5 17 CAMBOOYA (S) QLD5 17 CLIFTON (S) QLD5 17 DALBY (T) QLD5 17 JONDARYAN (S) QLD5 17 MILLMERRAN (S) QLD5 17 PITTSWORTH (S) QLD5 17 ROSALIE (S) QLD5 17 TOOWOOMBA (C) QLD5 17 WAMBO (S) QLD5 20 BANANA (S) QLD5 20 BAUHINIA (S) QLD5 20 BENDEMERE (S) QLD5 20 BUNGIL (S) QLD5 20 DUARINGA (S) QLD5 20 EMERALD (S) QLD5 20 ROMA (T) QLD5 20 TAROOM (S) QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 5 22 BELYANDO (S) QLD5 22 PEAK DOWNS (S) QLD6 13 ARMIDALE © NSW6 13 BARRABA (S) NSW6 13 BATHURST © NSW6 13 BINGARA (S) NSW6 13 BLAYNEY (S) - PT A NSW6 13 BLAYNEY (S) - PT B NSW6 13 CABONNE (S) - PT A NSW6 13 CABONNE (S) - PT B NSW6 13 CABONNE (S) - PT C NSW6 13 CESSNOCK © NSW6 13 DUMARESQ (S) NSW6 13 EVANS (S) - PT A NSW6 13 EVANS (S) - PT B NSW6 13 GLEN INNES (M) NSW6 13 GLENGALLAN (S) QLD6 13 GLOUCESTER (S) NSW6 13 GREATER LITHGOW © NSW6 13 GUYRA (S) NSW6 13 HAWKESBURY (S) NSW6 13 INGLEWOOD (S) QLD6 13 INVERELL (S) - PT A NSW6 13 INVERELL (S) - PT B NSW6 13 MANILLA (S) NSW6 13 MERRIWA (S) NSW6 13 MUDGEE (S) NSW6 13 MUSWELLBROOK (S) NSW6 13 NUNDLE (S) NSW6 13 OBERON (S) NSW6 13 ORANGE © NSW6 13 PARRY (S) NSW6 13 ROSENTHAL (S) QLD6 13 RYLSTONE (S) NSW6 13 SCONE (S) NSW6 13 SEVERN (S) NSW6 13 SINGLETON (S) NSW6 13 STANTHORPE (S) QLD6 13 TAMWORTH © NSW6 13 TENTERFIELD (S) NSW6 13 URALLA (S) NSW6 13 WALCHA (S) NSW6 13 WARWICK © QLD6 13 WINGECARRIBEE (S) NSW6 13 WOLLONDILLY (S) NSW7 7 ALBURY © NSW7 7 ARARAT © VIC7 7 ARARAT (S) VIC7 7 AVOCA (S) VIC7 7 BALLAARAT © VIC7 7 BALLAN (S) VIC7 7 BALLARAT (S) - PT A VIC7 7 BALLARAT (S) - PT B VIC7 7 BANNOCKBURN (S) - PT B VIC


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 7 7 BEECHWORTH (S) VIC7 7 BENALLA (C) VIC7 7 BENALLA (S) VIC7 7 BENDIGO (C) VIC7 7 BERRIGAN (S) NSW7 7 BET BET (S) VIC7 7 BLAND (S) NSW7 7 BOGAN (S) NSW7 7 BUNGAREE (S) - PT A VIC7 7 BUNGAREE (S) - PT B VIC7 7 BUNINYONG (S) - PT A VIC7 7 BUNINYONG (S) - PT B VIC7 7 CAMPERDOWN (T) VIC7 7 CARRATHOOL (S) NSW7 7 CHILTERN (S) VIC7 7 COBRAM (S) VIC7 7 CONARGO (S) NSW7 7 COOLAH (S) NSW7 7 COOLAMON (S) NSW7 7 COONABARABRAN (S) NSW7 7 COOTAMUNDRA (S) NSW7 7 COROWA (S) NSW7 7 COWRA (S) NSW7 7 CRESWICK (S) VIC7 7 DEAKIN (S) VIC7 7 DUBBO (C) NSW7 7 DUNDAS (S) VIC7 7 EAGLEHAWK (B) VIC7 7 EAST LODDON (S) VIC7 7 ECHUCA (C) VIC7 7 FORBES (S) NSW7 7 GILGANDRA (S) NSW7 7 GOULBURN (S) VIC7 7 GRENVILLE (S) - PT A VIC7 7 GRENVILLE (S) - PT B VIC7 7 GRIFFITH (S) NSW7 7 HAMILTON (C) VIC7 7 HAMPDEN (S) VIC7 7 HARDEN (S) NSW7 7 HUME (S) NSW7 7 HUNTLY (S) - PT A VIC7 7 HUNTLY (S) - PT B VIC7 7 JERILDERIE (S) NSW7 7 JUNEE (S) NSW7 7 KYABRAM (T) VIC7 7 LACHLAN (S) NSW7 7 LEETON (S) NSW7 7 LEIGH (S) VIC7 7 LEXTON (S) VIC7 7 LOCKHART (S) NSW7 7 MARONG (S) - PT A VIC7 7 MARONG (S) - PT B VIC7 7 MARYBOROUGH (C) VIC7 7 MORTLAKE (S) VIC


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 7 7 MOUNT ROUSE (S) VIC7 7 NARRANDERA (S) NSW7 7 NARROMINE (S) NSW7 7 NATHALIA (S) VIC7 7 NUMURKAH (S) VIC7 7 PARKES (S) NSW7 7 RIPON (S) VIC7 7 ROCHESTER (S) VIC7 7 RODNEY (S) - PT A VIC7 7 RODNEY (S) - PT B VIC7 7 RUTHERGLEN (S) VIC7 7 SEBASTOPOL (B) VIC7 7 SHEPPARTON © VIC7 7 SHEPPARTON (S) - PT A VIC7 7 SHEPPARTON (S) - PT B VIC7 7 TALBOT & CLUNES (S) VIC7 7 TEMORA (S) NSW7 7 TULLAROOP (S) VIC7 7 TUNGAMAH (S) VIC7 7 URANA (S) NSW7 7 WAGGA WAGGA © NSW7 7 WANGARATTA © VIC7 7 WANGARATTA (S) VIC7 7 WANNON (S) VIC7 7 WARANGA (S) VIC7 7 WEDDIN (S) NSW7 7 WELLINGTON (S) NSW7 7 WODONGA (RC) VIC7 7 YACKANDANDAH (S) - PT A VIC7 7 YACKANDANDAH (S) - PT B VIC7 7 YARRAWONGA (S) VIC7 7 YOUNG (S) NSW7 8 ARAPILES (S) VIC7 8 BEACHPORT (DC) SA7 8 CHARLTON (S) VIC7 8 COHUNA (S) VIC7 8 DENILIQUIN (M) NSW7 8 DONALD (S) VIC7 8 DUNMUNKLE (S) VIC7 8 GLENELG (S) VIC7 8 GORDON (S) VIC7 8 HAY (S) NSW7 8 HORSHAM © VIC7 8 KARA KARA (S) VIC7 8 KERANG (B) VIC7 8 KERANG (S) VIC7 8 KORONG (S) VIC7 8 KOWREE (S) VIC7 8 LUCINDALE (DC) SA7 8 MILLICENT (DC) SA7 8 MURRAY (S) NSW7 8 MURRUMBIDGEE (S) NSW7 8 NARACOORTE (DC) SA7 8 NARACOORTE (M) SA


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 7 8 PENOLA (DC) SA7 8 PORT MACDONNELL (DC) SA7 8 ST ARNAUD (T) VIC7 8 STAWELL (S) VIC7 8 STAWELL (T) VIC7 8 WAKOOL (S) NSW7 8 WARRACKNABEAL (S) VIC7 8 WIMMERA (S) VIC7 8 WINDOURAN (S) NSW7 36 BRUCE ROCK (S) WA7 36 CARNAMAH (S) WA7 36 CHAPMAN VALLEY (S) WA7 36 COOROW (S) WA7 36 CORRIGIN (S) WA7 36 CUNDERDIN (S) WA7 36 DALWALLINU (S) WA7 36 DOWERIN (S) WA7 36 DUMBLEYUNG (S) WA7 36 ESPERANCE (S) WA7 36 GERALDTON (T) WA7 36 GNOWANGERUP (S) WA7 36 GOOMALLING (S) WA7 36 GREENOUGH (S) WA7 36 IRWIN (S) WA7 36 JERRAMUNGUP (S) WA7 36 KELLERBERRIN (S) WA7 36 KENT (S) WA7 36 KONDININ (S) WA7 36 KOORDA (S) WA7 36 KULIN (S) WA7 36 LAKE GRACE (S) WA7 36 MERREDIN (S) WA7 36 MINGENEW (S) WA7 36 MORAWA (S) WA7 36 MOUNT MARSHALL (S) WA7 36 MUKINBUDIN (S) WA7 36 MULLEWA (S) WA7 36 NAREMBEEN (S) WA7 36 NORTHAMPTON (S) WA7 36 NUNGARIN (S) WA7 36 PERENJORI (S) WA7 36 QUAIRADING (S) WA7 36 RAVENSTHORPE (S) WA7 36 TAMMIN (S) WA7 36 THREE SPRINGS (S) WA7 36 TRAYNING (S) WA7 36 WESTONIA (S) WA7 36 WICKEPIN (S) WA7 36 WONGAN - BALLIDU (S) WA7 36 WYALKATCHEM (S) WA7 36 YILGARN (S) WA7 37 ALBANY (S) WA7 37 ALBANY (T) WA7 37 BEVERLEY (S) WA


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 7 37 BODDINGTON (S) WA7 37 BOYUP BROOK (S) WA7 37 BROOKTON (S) WA7 37 BROOMEHILL (S) WA7 37 CHITTERING (S) WA7 37 COLLIE (S) WA7 37 CRANBROOK (S) WA7 37 CUBALLING (S) WA7 37 DANDARAGAN (S) WA7 37 DENMARK (S) WA7 37 GINGIN (S) WA7 37 KATANNING (S) WA7 37 KOJONUP (S) WA7 37 MOORA (S) WA7 37 NARROGIN (S) WA7 37 NARROGIN (T) WA7 37 NORTHAM (S) WA7 37 NORTHAM (T) WA7 37 PINGELLY (S) WA7 37 PLANTAGENET (S) WA7 37 TAMBELLUP (S) WA7 37 TOODYAY (S) WA7 37 VICTORIA PLAINS (S) WA7 37 WAGIN (S) WA7 37 WANDERING (S) WA7 37 WEST ARTHUR (S) WA7 37 WILLIAMS (S) WA7 37 WOODANILLING (S) WA7 37 YORK (S) WA7 41 BALRANALD (S) NSW7 41 BARMERA (DC) SA7 41 BERRI (DC) SA7 41 BIRCHIP (S) VIC7 41 BLYTH (DC) SA7 41 BROWNS WELL (DC) SA7 41 BURRA BURRA (DC) SA7 41 BUTE (DC) SA7 41 CARRIETON (DC) SA7 41 CENTRAL YORKE PENINSULA (DC) SA7 41 CLARE (DC) SA7 41 CLEVE (DC) SA7 41 CLINTON (DC) SA7 41 COONALPYN DOWNS (DC) SA7 41 CRYSTAL BROOK (DC) SA7 41 DIMBOOLA (S) VIC7 41 ELLISTON (DC) SA7 41 EUDUNDA (DC) SA7 41 FRANKLIN HARBOR (DC) SA7 41 GEORGETOWN (DC) SA7 41 GLADSTONE (DC) SA7 41 HALLETT (DC) SA7 41 JAMESTOWN (DC) SA7 41 JAMESTOWN (M) SA7 41 KANIVA (S) VIC


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 7 41 KARKAROOC (S) VIC7 41 KAROONDA - EAST MURRAY (DC) SA7 41 KIMBA (DC) SA7 41 LACEPEDE (DC) SA7 41 LAMEROO (DC) SA7 41 LAURA (DC) SA7 41 LE HUNTE (DC) SA7 41 LOWAN (S) VIC7 41 LOXTON (DC) SA7 41 MALLALA (DC) SA7 41 MANNUM (DC) SA7 41 MENINGIE (DC) SA7 41 MILDURA © VIC7 41 MILDURA (S) VIC7 41 MINLATON (DC) SA7 41 MORGAN (DC) SA7 41 MOUNT PLEASANT (DC) SA7 41 MOUNT REMARKABLE (DC) SA7 41 MURAT BAY (DC) SA7 41 MURRAY BRIDGE (DC) SA7 41 NORTHERN YORKE PENINSULA (DC) SA7 41 ORROROO (DC) SA7 41 PARINGA (DC) SA7 41 PEAKE (DC) SA7 41 PETERBOROUGH (DC) SA7 41 PETERBOROUGH (M) SA7 41 PINNAROO (DC) SA7 41 PIRIE (DC) SA7 41 PORT BROUGHTON (DC) SA7 41 PORT PIRIE © SA7 41 REDHILL (DC) SA7 41 RENMARK (M) SA7 41 RIDLEY (DC) SA7 41 ROBE (DC) SA7 41 ROBERTSTOWN (DC) SA7 41 SNOWTOWN (DC) SA7 41 SPALDING (DC) SA7 41 STRATHALBYN (DC) SA7 41 STREAKY BAY (DC) SA7 41 SWAN HILL © VIC7 41 SWAN HILL (S) VIC7 41 TATIARA (DC) SA7 41 TRURO (DC) SA7 41 TUMBY BAY (DC) SA7 41 UNINCORP LINCOLN SA7 41 UNINCORP MURRAY MALLEE SA7 41 UNINCORP RIVERLAND SA7 41 UNINCORP WEST COAST SA7 41 UNINCORP YORKE SA7 41 WAIKERIE (DC) SA7 41 WAKEFIELD PLAINS (DC) SA7 41 WALLAROO (M) SA7 41 WALPEUP (S) VIC7 41 WAROOKA (DC) SA


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 7 41 WYCHEPROOF (S) VIC7 41 YORKETOWN (DC) SA7 42 ANGASTON (DC) SA7 42 BAROSSA (DC) SA7 42 DUDLEY (DC) SA7 42 GAWLER (M) SA7 42 GUMERACHA (DC) SA7 42 HAPPY VALLEY (C) SA7 42 KAPUNDA (DC) SA7 42 KINGSCOTE (DC) SA7 42 LIGHT (DC) SA7 42 LINCOLN (DC) SA7 42 MOUNT BARKER (DC) SA7 42 NOARLUNGA (C) SA7 42 ONKAPARINGA (DC) SA7 42 PORT ELLIOT & GOOLWA (DC) SA7 42 PORT LINCOLN (C) SA7 42 RIVERTON (DC) SA7 42 SADDLEWORTH & AUBURN (DC) SA7 42 TANUNDA (DC) SA7 42 UNINCORP LINCOLN SA7 42 VICTOR HARBOR (DC) SA7 42 WILLUNGA (DC) SA7 42 YANKALILLA (DC) SA7 46 ADELAIDE (C) - INNER PT A SA7 46 ADELAIDE (C) - INNER PT B SA7 46 ADELAIDE (C) - REMAINDER SA7 46 BRIGHTON (C) SA7 46 BURNSIDE (C) SA7 46 CAMPBELLTOWN (C) SA7 46 EAST TORRENS (DC) SA7 46 ELIZABETH (C) SA7 46 ENFIELD (C) - PT A SA7 46 ENFIELD (C) - PT B SA7 46 GLENELG (C) SA7 46 HENLEY & GRANGE (C) SA7 46 HINDMARSH (M) SA7 46 KENSINGTON & NORWOOD (C) SA7 46 MARION (C) SA7 46 MITCHAM (C) SA7 46 MUNNO PARA (C) SA7 46 PAYNEHAM (C) SA7 46 PORT ADELAIDE (C) SA7 46 PROSPECT (C) SA7 46 SALISBURY (C) SA7 46 ST PETERS (M) SA7 46 STIRLING (DC) SA7 46 TEA TREE GULLY (C) SA7 46 THEBARTON (M) SA7 46 UNLEY (C) SA7 46 WALKERVILLE (M) SA7 46 WEST TORRENS (C) SA7 46 WOODVILLE (C) SA8 26 ARAMAC (S) QLD


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 8 26 BARCALDINE (S) QLD8 26 BLACKALL (S) QLD8 26 BURKE (S) QLD8 26 CARPENTARIA (S) QLD8 26 CLONCURRY (S) QLD8 26 FLINDERS (S) QLD8 26 ILFRACOMBE (S) QLD8 26 ISISFORD (S) QLD8 26 JERICHO (S) QLD8 26 LONGREACH (S) QLD8 26 MCKINLAY (S) QLD8 26 MORNINGTON (S) QLD8 26 RICHMOND (S) QLD8 26 TAMBO (S) QLD8 26 UNINCORP ISLANDS QLD8 26 WINTON (S) QLD8 28 TABLELAND NT8 29 GULF NT8 29 MOUNT ISA © QLD8 32 ELSEY - BAL NT8 32 KATHERINE (T) NT8 40 BALONNE (S) QLD8 40 BOORINGA (S) QLD8 40 BOURKE (S) NSW8 40 BREWARRINA (S) NSW8 40 MURWEH (S) QLD8 40 PAROO (S) QLD8 40 WARROO (S) QLD9 30 ALLIGATOR - BAL NT9 30 EAST ARNHEM - BAL NT9 30 GROOTE EYLANDT NT9 30 JABIRU (T) NT9 30 NHULUNBUY NT9 31 ALAWA NT9 31 ANULA NT9 31 BATHURST - MELVILLE NT9 31 BRINKIN NT9 31 CITY - INNER NT9 31 CITY - REMAINDER NT9 31 COCONUT GROVE NT9 31 DALY NT9 31 DRIVER NT9 31 FANNIE BAY NT9 31 GRAY NT9 31 JINGILI NT9 31 KARAMA NT9 31 LARRAKEYAH NT9 31 LEANYER NT9 31 LUDMILLA NT9 31 MALAK NT9 31 MARRARA NT9 31 MILLNER NT9 31 MOIL NT9 31 MOULDEN NT


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 9 31 NAKARA NT9 31 NARROWS NT9 31 NIGHTCLIFF NT9 31 OUTER DARWIN NT9 31 PALMERSTON (T) BAL NT9 31 PARAP NT9 31 RAPID CREEK NT9 31 STUART PARK NT9 31 THE GARDENS NT9 31 TIWI NT9 31 VERNON NT9 31 WAGAMAN NT9 31 WANGURI NT9 31 WINNELLIE NT9 31 WOODROFFE NT9 31 WULAGI NT9 33 BROOME (S) WA9 33 DERBY - WEST KIMBERLEY (S) WA9 33 PORT HEDLAND (S) WA9 33 VICTORIA NT9 33 WYNDHAM - EAST KIMBERLEY (S) WA10 10 ACTON ACT10 10 AINSLIE ACT10 10 ALEXANDRA (S) VIC10 10 ARANDA ACT10 10 AVON (S) VIC10 10 BACCHUS MARSH (S) VIC10 10 BARTON ACT10 10 BASS (S) VIC10 10 BEGA VALLEY (S) NSW10 10 BELCONNEN - SSD BAL ACT10 10 BELCONNEN TOWN CENTRE ACT10 10 BOMBALA (S) NSW10 10 BOOROWA (S) NSW10 10 BRADDON ACT10 10 BRIGHT (S) VIC10 10 BROADFORD (S) VIC10 10 BRUCE ACT10 10 BULLA (S) VIC10 10 BULN BULN (S) VIC10 10 CALWELL ACT10 10 CAMPBELL ACT10 10 CASTLEMAINE (C) VIC10 10 CHAPMAN ACT10 10 CHARNWOOD ACT10 10 CHIFLEY ACT10 10 CHISHOLM ACT10 10 CITY ACT10 10 COOK ACT10 10 COOMA-MONARO (S) NSW10 10 CRANBOURNE (S) - PT B VIC10 10 CROOKWELL (S) NSW10 10 CULCAIRN (S) NSW10 10 CURTIN ACT


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 10 10 DAYLESFORD & GLENLYON (S) VIC10 10 DEAKIN ACT10 10 DICKSON ACT10 10 DOWNER ACT10 10 DUFFY ACT10 10 DUNTROON ACT10 10 EUROA (S) VIC10 10 EVATT ACT10 10 FADDEN ACT10 10 FARRER ACT10 10 FISHER ACT10 10 FLOREY ACT10 10 FLYNN ACT10 10 FORREST ACT10 10 FRASER ACT10 10 FRENCH ISLAND VIC10 10 FYSHWICK ACT10 10 GARRAN ACT10 10 GILMORE ACT10 10 GIRALANG ACT10 10 GISBORNE (S) VIC10 10 GOULBURN © NSW10 10 GOWRIE ACT10 10 GRIFFITH ACT10 10 GUNDAGAI (S) NSW10 10 GUNGAHLIN ACT10 10 GUNNING (S) NSW10 10 HACKETT ACT10 10 HALL ACT10 10 HARMAN ACT10 10 HAWKER ACT10 10 HEALESVILLE (S) - PT B VIC10 10 HIGGINS ACT10 10 HOLBROOK (S) NSW10 10 HOLDER ACT10 10 HOLT ACT10 10 HUGHES ACT10 10 HUME ACT10 10 ISAACS ACT10 10 ISABELLA PLAINS ACT10 10 JERRABOMBERRA ACT10 10 KALEEN ACT10 10 KAMBAH ACT10 10 KILMORE (S) VIC10 10 KINGSTON ACT10 10 KORUMBURRA (S) VIC10 10 KOWEN ACT10 10 KYNETON (S) VIC10 10 LATHAM ACT10 10 LYNEHAM ACT10 10 LYONS ACT10 10 MACARTHUR ACT10 10 MACGREGOR ACT10 10 MACQUARIE ACT


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 10 10 MAFFRA (S) VIC10 10 MAJURA ACT10 10 MALDON (S) VIC10 10 MANSFIELD (S) VIC10 10 MAWSON ACT10 10 MCIVOR (S) VIC10 10 MCKELLAR ACT10 10 MELBA ACT10 10 MELTON (S) VIC10 10 METCALFE (S) VIC10 10 MIRBOO (S) VIC10 10 MITCHELL ACT10 10 MOE (C) VIC10 10 MONASH ACT10 10 MORWELL (S) - PT A VIC10 10 MORWELL (S) - PT B VIC10 10 MULWAREE (S) NSW10 10 MYRTLEFORD (S) VIC10 10 NARRABUNDAH ACT10 10 NARRACAN (S) VIC10 10 NEWHAM & WOODEND (S) VIC10 10 NEWSTEAD (S) VIC10 10 O"CONNOR ACT10 10 O"MALLEY ACT10 10 OAKS ESTATE ACT10 10 OMEO (S) VIC10 10 ORBOST (S) VIC10 10 OXLEY ACT10 10 OXLEY (S) VIC10 10 PAGE ACT10 10 PAKENHAM (S) - PT B VIC10 10 PARKES ACT10 10 PEARCE ACT10 10 PHILLIP ACT10 10 PHILLIP ISLAND (S) VIC10 10 PIALLIGO ACT10 10 PYALONG (S) VIC10 10 QUEANBEYAN (C) NSW10 10 RED HILL ACT10 10 REID ACT10 10 REMAINDER OF ACT ACT10 10 RICHARDSON ACT10 10 RIVETT ACT10 10 ROMSEY (S) VIC10 10 RUSSELL ACT10 10 SALE (C) VIC10 10 SCULLIN ACT10 10 SEYMOUR (S) VIC10 10 SNOWY RIVER (S) NSW10 10 SPENCE ACT10 10 STIRLING ACT10 10 STRATHFIELDSAYE (S) - PT A VIC10 10 STRATHFIELDSAYE (S) - PT B VIC10 10 STROMLO ACT


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 10 10 SYMONSTON ACT10 10 TALLAGANDA (S) NSW10 10 TALLANGATTA (S) - PT A VIC10 10 TALLANGATTA (S) - PT B VIC10 10 TAMBO (S) VIC10 10 THEODORE ACT10 10 TORRENS ACT10 10 TUGGERANONG - SSD BAL ACT10 10 TUMBARUMBA (S) NSW10 10 TUMUT (S) NSW10 10 TURNER ACT10 10 UPPER MURRAY (S) VIC10 10 UPPER YARRA (S) VIC10 10 VIOLET TOWN (S) VIC10 10 WANNIASSA ACT10 10 WARAMANGA ACT10 10 WARRAGUL (S) VIC10 10 WATSON ACT10 10 WEETANGERA ACT10 10 WESTON ACT10 10 WESTON CREEK - SSD BAL ACT10 10 WONTHAGGI (B) VIC10 10 WOORAYL (S) VIC10 10 YALLOURN WORKS AREA VIC10 10 YARRALUMLA ACT10 10 YARROWLUMLA (S) NSW10 10 YASS (S) NSW10 10 YEA (S) VIC11 34 CARNARVON (S) WA11 34 EXMOUTH (S) WA11 34 ROEBOURNE (S) WA11 34 SHARK BAY (S) WA11 34 WEST PILBARA (S) WA11 35 CUE (S) WA11 35 LEONORA (S) WA11 35 MEEKATHARRA (S) WA11 35 MOUNT MAGNET (S) WA11 35 MURCHISON (S) WA11 35 SANDSTONE (S) WA11 35 UPPER GASCOYNE (S) WA11 35 YALGOO (S) WA11 39 BOULDER (S) WA11 39 CENTRAL DARLING (S) NSW11 39 COBAR (S) NSW11 39 COOLGARDIE (S) WA11 39 DUNDAS (S) WA11 39 HAWKER (DC) SA11 39 KALGOORLIE (T) WA11 39 KANYAKA - QUORN (DC) SA11 39 PORT AUGUSTA © SA11 39 UNINCORP FAR NORTH SA11 39 UNINCORP FLINDERS RANGES SA11 39 UNINCORP LAKE GILLES SA11 39 UNINCORP LINCOLN SA


SDC SCA Name of Statistical Local Area State 11 39 UNINCORP PIRIE SA11 39 UNINCORP RIVERLAND SA11 39 UNINCORP WEST COAST SA11 39 WENTWORTH (S) NSW11 39 WHYALLA (C) SA11 43 BARCOO (S) QLD11 43 BOULIA (S) QLD11 43 BROKEN HILL (C) NSW11 43 BULLOO (S) QLD11 43 DIAMANTINA (S) QLD11 43 QUILPIE (S) QLD11 43 UNINCORP FAR NORTH SA11 43 UNINCORP FAR WEST NSW11 44 ALICE SPRINGS (T) NT11 44 SANDOVER - BAL NT11 44 TENNANT CREEK (T) NT11 44 TENNANT CREEK - BAL NT11 45 COOBER PEDY (DC) SA11 45 EAST PILBARA (S) WA11 45 HALLS CREEK (S) WA11 45 LAVERTON (S) WA11 45 MENZIES (S) WA11 45 PETERMANN NT11 45 TANAMI NT11 45 UNINCORP FAR NORTH SA11 45 WILUNA (S) WA


Attachment 2: Map of the forty-six agro-ecological regions of Australia and their component LGAs

Agro-Ecological Regions of Australia · Agro-Ecological Regions of Australia Methodologies for...

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