AgendaAgenda

Out of Africa TheoriesOut of Africa Theories– Rise of humansRise of humans

The “emergence of mind”The “emergence of mind” Consider the “meaning” of being Consider the “meaning” of being

HumanHuman Pseudoscience (intro)Pseudoscience (intro)

Two models for movement out from Two models for movement out from AfricaAfrica

Out of Africa 1Out of Africa 1

Multiregional modelMultiregional model

Homo erectus migrated out from Homo erectus migrated out from Africa some 2 million to 500,000 Africa some 2 million to 500,000 years ago and spread across the years ago and spread across the continents. Populations of erectus continents. Populations of erectus then adapted to local environments then adapted to local environments and evolved into variants of Homo and evolved into variants of Homo sapiens. Neanderthal was successful sapiens. Neanderthal was successful for 300,000 years but went extinct as for 300,000 years but went extinct as the environment changed.the environment changed.

Out of Africa 2Out of Africa 2

Replacement modelReplacement model Homo erectus migrated out from Africa Homo erectus migrated out from Africa

between 2 million and 500,000 years between 2 million and 500,000 years ago and spread across continents. Local ago and spread across continents. Local adaptations followed. The about adaptations followed. The about 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa in a second wave migrated out of Africa in a second wave and gradually replaced all regional and gradually replaced all regional populations. Neanderthal co existed populations. Neanderthal co existed with H. sapiens for 60,000 years but with H. sapiens for 60,000 years but were driven to extinction through were driven to extinction through competition.competition.

mtDNA studiesmtDNA studies

mtDNA passed intact maternally. mtDNA passed intact maternally. Assumes constant rate in mutations. Assumes constant rate in mutations. Offers evidence of migrations and Offers evidence of migrations and periods of split between groups.periods of split between groups.

mtDNAstudies help map the separation mtDNAstudies help map the separation in time between human populations.in time between human populations.

Neanderthal genome has recently been Neanderthal genome has recently been mapped. See: mapped. See: http://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/5/547.fullhttp://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/5/547.full

During the late Pleistocene human During the late Pleistocene human groups developed the use of tool groups developed the use of tool making, organized into multiple making, organized into multiple family groups, experimented with family groups, experimented with different types of dwellings, tried different types of dwellings, tried different food gathering strategies, different food gathering strategies, and and probablyprobably created group memory created group memory (traditions) which aided survival.(traditions) which aided survival.

The NeolithicThe Neolithic

The rise of culture and first The rise of culture and first steps toward civilizationsteps toward civilization

Paleolithic: old stone age.Paleolithic: old stone age.

First tools of stone, bone, wood. The First tools of stone, bone, wood. The stone tools have survived the ages stone tools have survived the ages and can be studied. We can only and can be studied. We can only conjecture about bone and wood. See conjecture about bone and wood. See pages 141-143, 151. Tools were in pages 141-143, 151. Tools were in use among H. erectus and use among H. erectus and Neanderthal.Neanderthal.

100,000 years ago100,000 years ago

H. sapiens in Europe and AsiaH. sapiens in Europe and Asia H. nenderthalensis in Europe and in H. nenderthalensis in Europe and in

limited areas of Middle Eastlimited areas of Middle East Important site of H. sapiens: Klassies Important site of H. sapiens: Klassies

River Mouth, a cave site in South River Mouth, a cave site in South Africa. See page 142-143.Africa. See page 142-143.

Simple paleolithic tools

Klasies River MouthKlasies River Mouth

Cave deposits were 20 m deep (65 feet)Cave deposits were 20 m deep (65 feet) Artifacts and ecofacts spanning early, Artifacts and ecofacts spanning early,

middle, and late stone age (60,000 middle, and late stone age (60,000 years of deposits).years of deposits).

Food deposits included: shell fish, seed, Food deposits included: shell fish, seed, birds, marine shells, seals, dolphins, birds, marine shells, seals, dolphins, whales, penguins, mussels, and whales, penguins, mussels, and numerous species of mammals such as numerous species of mammals such as antelope, wildebeest, eland, and other antelope, wildebeest, eland, and other deer.deer.

Faunal analysisFaunal analysis

Bones at Klasies river mouth strongly Bones at Klasies river mouth strongly suggest animals were hunted and suggest animals were hunted and butchered. butchered. (The evidence comes (The evidence comes from cut marks made by stone from cut marks made by stone cutting tools and not from natural cutting tools and not from natural abrasion or animal gnawing).abrasion or animal gnawing).

Human burials at site provide Human burials at site provide physical evidence.physical evidence.

PopulationPopulation

Difficult to determine how many Difficult to determine how many individuals lived in the cave but we individuals lived in the cave but we can say that it was occupied on and can say that it was occupied on and off for 60,000 years. A good shelter off for 60,000 years. A good shelter with easy access to resources.with easy access to resources.

No evidence that the people of No evidence that the people of Klasies River Mouth ever developed a Klasies River Mouth ever developed a complex social structure beyond that complex social structure beyond that of foraging bands. of foraging bands.

NeanderthalNeanderthal

Four important sites of Neanderthal: Four important sites of Neanderthal: Neander River in Germany, Shanidar Neander River in Germany, Shanidar cave in Iraq, Qafzeh cave in Israel, and cave in Iraq, Qafzeh cave in Israel, and La Ferassie in France.La Ferassie in France.

These sites contain evidence of tools, These sites contain evidence of tools, burials, hunting and family grouping.burials, hunting and family grouping.

No evidence Neanderthal ever No evidence Neanderthal ever developed sufficient social complexity developed sufficient social complexity to form large groups beyond band level.to form large groups beyond band level.

Upper PaleolithicUpper Paleolithic

About 40,000 years ago in Europe all About 40,000 years ago in Europe all traces of Neanderthal vanish. H. traces of Neanderthal vanish. H. sapiens dominates the landscape.sapiens dominates the landscape.

Complex new forms of stone tools Complex new forms of stone tools begin to be used. Entire tool kits are begin to be used. Entire tool kits are suggested by the variety, perhaps suggested by the variety, perhaps with specialized functions. with specialized functions.

New technology centers on New technology centers on careful retouching of blades careful retouching of blades and a distinctive shape.and a distinctive shape.

Archaeologists refer to this Archaeologists refer to this refined technology as refined technology as Solutrean.Solutrean.

New Technology: mesolithicNew Technology: mesolithic

During the Solutrean period we find During the Solutrean period we find the first use of spear throwers (atlatl), the first use of spear throwers (atlatl), bows, arrows, eyed needles, oil lamps, bows, arrows, eyed needles, oil lamps, rope, the use of resins as adhesives, rope, the use of resins as adhesives, and tools made from antlers. The first and tools made from antlers. The first evidence of compound tools appears.evidence of compound tools appears.

Bones of domesticated dogs also Bones of domesticated dogs also appear in archaeological deposits for appear in archaeological deposits for the first time.the first time.

http://www.primtech.net/http://www.primtech.net/Summer2003/Summer2003/

Solutreanartifacts.htmSolutreanartifacts.htm“Laurel leaf” points/spears and knives.

Hafted points, cutting tools and scrapers

Burins and awls. Used for puncturing skins, wood and bone.

Such discoveries of ancient tools Such discoveries of ancient tools were thought to be evidence of trolls were thought to be evidence of trolls during the 17during the 17thth and 18 and 18thth century. century.

Realization that some cultural groups Realization that some cultural groups around the globe were using similar around the globe were using similar tools suggested that the objects were tools suggested that the objects were technology from the past. technology from the past.

The upper Paleolithic is distinguished by The upper Paleolithic is distinguished by carved pieces of art representing animals, carved pieces of art representing animals, painted art on cave walls, and sculpted painted art on cave walls, and sculpted figurines of both animal and human form.figurines of both animal and human form.

During mesolithic burials increase in During mesolithic burials increase in complexity. complexity. Grave goodsGrave goods are found with are found with skeletons.skeletons.

Neolithic exemplifies the greatest Neolithic exemplifies the greatest complexity of material culture before complexity of material culture before agriculture.agriculture.

Review: Art and MagicReview: Art and Magic

How are art, magic, and religion How are art, magic, and religion related?related?

Are these necessary precursors Are these necessary precursors to civilization?to civilization?

Key sites of discovery for ancient art

Katanda

Lascaux

AltamiraSantander

Grotte Chauvet

Dolni Vestonici

Important sites for ArtImportant sites for Art

Grotte Chauvet, France (paintings)Grotte Chauvet, France (paintings) Lascaux, France (paintings)Lascaux, France (paintings) Altamira, Spain (sculpture)Altamira, Spain (sculpture) Katanda, Africa (intricate carvings)Katanda, Africa (intricate carvings) Willendorf, Austria (carved figurines)Willendorf, Austria (carved figurines) Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic

(fired clay figurines, carved human (fired clay figurines, carved human portraits)portraits)

Symbol and MessageSymbol and Message

See pages 158, 162-164. See pages 158, 162-164. Mural art Mural art and portable art may have several and portable art may have several meanings and uses. Some mural art meanings and uses. Some mural art may be attempts at may be attempts at sympatheticsympathetic magic or can be interpreted as magic or can be interpreted as “history.” It may have served for “history.” It may have served for special initiation rites or for teaching.special initiation rites or for teaching.

Portable art may have conferred Portable art may have conferred special powers or been signs of special powers or been signs of status/prestigestatus/prestige

Lascaux, France

Tuc d’Audoubert, France

Bison sculpted in mud.

Cave bear skull deposited on rock facing entrance.

La Madeleine,France

Carved in bone.

Venus figure, carved from mammoth ivory

Lespugne, France

For an interactive For an interactive cave art experiencecave art experience

http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/arcnat/lascaux/en/

ArchitectureArchitecture

Earliest remains of architecture are Earliest remains of architecture are found in France. These are huts found in France. These are huts made from posts. Dated to 300,000 made from posts. Dated to 300,000 years ago. The site of Terra Amata years ago. The site of Terra Amata revealed 40 foot long, 20 foot wide revealed 40 foot long, 20 foot wide oval huts with large central posts. oval huts with large central posts. Opening on one end. The interior Opening on one end. The interior included a working surface and included a working surface and hearth.hearth.

At Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic) At Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic) structures were subterranean and structures were subterranean and made from mammoth bones and made from mammoth bones and covered with hides; dating to 25,000 covered with hides; dating to 25,000 years ago. The location for the years ago. The location for the collection of structures was a collection of structures was a kill-sitekill-site where remains of more than 900 where remains of more than 900 mammoths have been recovered. mammoths have been recovered.

Preview: First TownsPreview: First Towns

next weeknext week

Sites of early villages and Sites of early villages and townstowns

JarmoJarmo JerichoJericho Catal HouyukCatal Houyuk All sites are in the Near East. The All sites are in the Near East. The

Mesolithic cultures date between Mesolithic cultures date between 11,000-9000 bce11,000-9000 bce

Groups from the region of Palestine Groups from the region of Palestine and Jordan are referred to as the and Jordan are referred to as the Natufian culture.Natufian culture.

Catal HouyukCatal Houyuk

Located in Anatolia (modern Turkey)Located in Anatolia (modern Turkey) Situated between important obsidian Situated between important obsidian

sources.sources. The site may have first been occupied The site may have first been occupied

around 9000 bce (11,000 years ago).around 9000 bce (11,000 years ago). By 7000 bce there were 2000 houses By 7000 bce there were 2000 houses

and perhaps 8000 people living and perhaps 8000 people living together.together.