Age of Exploration: Slave Trade, Small Pox, Spanish ... · DBQ TOPIC DESCRIPTION MONTH YEAR Mass...

DBQ TOPIC DESCRIPTION MONTH YEAR

Mass Migrations(Social, Political,

Economic)Slave Trade: Map AUG 2002

Turning Points

Age of Exploration: Maps before and after

JUNE 2003Turning Points Age of Exploration: Shift to Atlantic JUNE 2003Turning PointsAge of Exploration: Graphs Impact

Mexico Population and Slave Population

JUNE 2003

Epidemics

Small Pox: Map European Voyages and Locations of Outbreaks

AUG 2004Epidemics Small Pox: Impact AUG 2004Epidemics

Small Pox: Map Slave Trade

AUG 2004

Imperialism

Spanish Imperialism: Image Christianity

JAN 2005Imperialism Spanish Imperialism: Political JAN 2005Imperialism

Spanish Imperialism: Chart Social Classes

JAN 2005

Economic Systems

Mercantilism: Cartoon

JUNE 2007Economic Systems Mercantilism: Trade Route Map JUNE 2007Economic SystemsMercantilism: Gold, Slave and

Silver

JUNE 2007

Migrations

Slave Trade: Africans to Americas

AUG 2008Migrations Slave Trade: Caribbean AUG 2008Migrations

Slave Trade: Long Term Effects

AUG 2008

Conquest

Age of Exploration: Columbus and Gold

AUG 2011Conquest Age of Exploration: Aztec Image of Cannons AUG 2011Conquest

Spanish Imperialism: Mexico and Peru

AUG 2011

Age of Exploration: Slave Trade, Small Pox, Spanish Imperialism, Caravel, Mercantilism and Sugar

DBQ TOPIC DESCRIPTION MONTH YEAR

Ecological

Sugar: Climate

JAN 2013Ecological Sugar: Map New World JAN 2013Ecological Sugar: Production New World

Imperialism

JAN 2013

Technology

Caravel: Image and Chart

JUNE 2013Technology Sugar: Impact JUNE 2013Technology

Sugar: Social Class

JUNE 2013

Age of Exploration: Slave Trade, Small Pox, Spanish Imperialism, Caravel, Mercantilism and Sugar

Global Hist. & Geo. –Aug. ’02 [13] [OVER]

Part AShort-Answer Questions

Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the questions that follow each document in the space provided.Your answers to the questions will help you write the essay.

Document 1

1 According to this map, what is one reason African slaves were traded to countries in the WesternHemisphere? [1]

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Score

Global Hist. & Geo. –June ’03 [16]

4 According to these maps, how did the early voyages of discovery change European trade routes? [1]

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____________________________________________________________________________________Score

Document 5

The conquest of the New World, beginning in 1492, set in motion complex processesof cultural diffusion and population mixture. The seizure and control of the Americasbecame so important to Europe economically and politically that it had the long-termconsequence of altering European interests worldwide. Before 1492, Europe’s centerwas the Mediterranean. After 1492, Europe’s orientation shifted radically; it becamecentered at first around the Atlantic, and much later around the Pacific Ocean.

— Sidney W. Mintz, anthropologist

5 Based on this document, state one way Europe’s focus on the world changed after 1492. [1]

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____________________________________________________________________________________

Global Hist. & Geo. –June ’03 [17] [OVER]

Score

Document 6A

6a Based on this document, identify one population change that took place in Mexico during the Age of Exploration. [1]

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b Based on this document, identify one population change in the Americas that began during the Age ofExploration. [1]

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Estimated Native American Populationof Mexico, 1518–1593

1518 1533 1548 1563 1578 15930

2.55

Years

Pop

ulat

ion

(in m

illio

ns)

7.510

12.515

17.520

22.525

Source: James Killoran et al., The Key to UnderstandingGlobal History, Jarrett Publishing (adapted)

Global Hist. & Geo. –June ’03 [18]

Score

Score

Document 6B

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’04 [18]

4 After studying these two maps, state one way smallpox was introduced to Central and South America. [1]

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____________________________________________________________________________________

Document 4

Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’04 [19] [OVER]

Document 5

. . . The first was a plague of smallpox, and it began in this manner. When Hernando Cortés wascaptain and governor, at the time that Captain Pánfilo de Narváez landed in this country, therewas in one of his ships a negro stricken with smallpox, a disease which had never been seen here.At this time New Spain was extremely full of people, and when the smallpox began to attack theIndians it became so great a pestilence [disease] among them throughout the land that in mostprovinces more than half the population died; in others the proportion was little less. For as theIndians did not know the remedy for the disease and were very much in the habit of bathingfrequently, whether well or ill, and continued to do so even when suffering from smallpox, theydied in heaps, like bedbugs. Many others died of starvation, because, as they were all taken sickat once, they could not care for each other, nor was there anyone to give them bread or anythingelse. In many places it happened that everyone in a house died, and, as it was impossible to burythe great number of dead, they pulled down the houses over them in order to check the stenchthat rose from the dead bodies so that their homes became their tombs. This disease was calledby the Indians ‘the great leprosy’ because the victims were so covered with pustules [pimples]that they looked like lepers. Even today one can see obvious evidences of it in some individualswho escaped death, for they were left covered with pockmarks. . . .

Source: Elizabeth A. Foster, ed., Motolinía’s History of the Indians of New Spain, Greenwood Press, 1977

5 According to this document, what were two results of the smallpox epidemic in Latin America? [2]

(1)____________________________________________________________________________________

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(2)____________________________________________________________________________________

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Score

Score


Document 6

6 According to the information provided by this document, how did the decline in Latin America’s nativepopulations affect the population of Africa? [1]

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Global Hist. & Geo. – Jan. ’05 [16]

4 Based on what is shown in this engraving, state one impact the Spanish had on the lives of the nativepeoples in Mexico. [1]

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Document 4

Source: Isidro Félix de Espinosa, “Engraving of Father Margil,” El Peregrino Septentrional Atlante:Delineado en la Exemplarissima Vida del Venerable Padre F. Antonio Margil de Jesús, 1737*

Score

A 1737 engraving showing a Spanish priest preaching to the Indians in Mexico

*Located at the East Texas Research Center, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas and through TexasTides, http://tides.sfasu.edu (adapted)

Global Hist. & Geo. – Jan. ’05 [17] [OVER]

Document 5

Governing the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere

Life in colonial New Spain [Spanish colonies] was complex — the dominant institutions andcultural patterns were Spanish in origin, but they were modified in their New World setting.Society was not static; evolution marked the political and religious systems; and change was afeature of the economic, social, and intellectual life. These adaptations generally mirroreddevelopments in Europe, the source of basic decisions and control. During its three centuries asa colony, New Spain was kept subservient to the mother country in a number of ways, beginningwith an enforced loyalty to the crown. . . .

In New Spain itself the viceroy [governor] was the ranking officer and agent of royalabsolutism. As a personal representative of the king he was armed with considerable authorityand enjoyed high honors and deference [respect]. He received a handsome salary (twentythousand pesos in the seventeenth century, triple that amount in the eighteenth), lived in asplendid palace surrounded by liveried [uniformed] servants, and maintained a court like a pettyEuropean monarch. During the colonial era there were sixty-one viceroys. Most of thembelonged to the titled nobility or at least were of high birth; eleven were from the Churchhierarchy [church leaders], and only three holders of this exalted [high] office were criollos[Creoles], two of them being sons of viceroys.

The viceroy functioned as chief executive, captain-general of military forces, governor,supervisor of the royal treasury (real hacienda), and president of the audiencia (administrativecourt) of Mexico. He enforced royal laws and decrees, issued ordinances dealing with localmatters, nominated minor colonial officials, distributed land and titles, promoted colonizationand settlement, and protected the Indians. He was vice-patron of most religious endeavors, andhis ecclesiastical [church] powers included the right to determine boundaries of bishoprics[districts] and to nominate some Church officers. . . .

Source: Robert Ryal Miller, Mexico: A History, University of Oklahoma Press

5 According to this document, what effect did the Spanish have on their colonies in New Spain? [1]

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Document 6

6 Based on this chart, identify one change that resulted from the Spanish conquest of Latin America. [1]

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Native American Indians

African Slaves

MestizosCaucasian/Indian

MulattoesCaucasian/African

Criollos [Creoles]Descendents of Peninsulares

PeninsularesIberian [Spanish] Aristocrats

Source: John Osborne et al., Global Studies,N & N Publishing (adapted)

Score

Social Classes in Spanish Colonies

Document 4

4 According to this cartoon by Philip Dorf, what is one characteristic of mercantilism from the perspective ofthe mother country? [1]

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The Mercantilist Argument for Colonial Expansion

Source: Philip Dorf, Our Early Heritage: Ancient and Medieval History,Oxford Book Company (adapted)

Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’07 [16]

Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’07 [17] [OVER]

Document 5

5 Based on this map, state one effect of the Atlantic trade. [1]

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N

S

W E

Furs, indigo, naval stores, rice, tobacco

Source: Historical Maps on File, Revised Edition (adapted)

Fish, furs

Manufactured goods

Horse

s

Fish, grain, lumber, meat, rumWine

Manufactured goods

Fruit, m

olasse

s, suga

r

Wine

Gold, slaves, “Middle passage”

“African iron”, currency, rum

Molass es,sugar,coin,slaves

BostonNewport

New YorkPhiladelphia

Charleston Interco

astal

trade

NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

PACIFICOCEAN

AFRICA

ATLANTICOCEAN

GUINEACOAST

Glasgow

Bristol

EUROPE

London

LisbonCadiz

Madeira

Cuba

Jamaica Puerto RicoHispaniola

Cattle, fish, gr ain,lumber

Iron, lumber, naval stores, potash, whale oil

Fruit

, salt

, wine

0

0400

600

800 miles

1200 kilometers

18th Century Colonial Trade Routes

Score


Document 6

This is an excerpt from a letter written in 1559 by Michele Soriano about Spain’s interactions with its coloniesin the Americas.

. . . From New Spain are obtained gold and silver, cochineal, (little insects like flies,) from whichcrimson dye is made, leather, cotton, sugar and other things; but from Peru nothing is obtainedexcept minerals. The fifth part of all that is produced goes to the king, but since the gold andsilver is brought to Spain and he has a tenth part of that which goes to the mint and is refinedand coined, he eventually gets one-fourth of the whole sum, which fourth does not exceed in allfour or five hundred thousand ducats, although it is reckoned not alone at millions, but atmillions of pounds. Nor is it likely that it will long remain at this figure, because great quantitiesof gold and silver are no longer found upon the surface of the earth, as they have been in pastyears; and to penetrate into the bowels of the earth requires greater effort, skill and outlay, andthe Spaniards are not willing to do the work themselves, and the natives cannot be forced to doso, because the Emperor has freed them from all obligation of service as soon as they accept theChristian religion. Wherefore it is necessary to acquire negro slaves [enslaved Africans], who arebrought from the coasts of Africa, both within and without the Straits, and these are sellingdearer [more expensive] every day, because on account of their [enslaved Africans’] natural lackof strength and the change of climate, added to the lack of discretion [care] upon the part of theirmasters in making them work too hard and giving them too little to eat, they fall sick and thegreater part of them die. . . .

Source: Merrick Whitcomb, ed., “The Gold of the Indies — 1559,” Translations and Reprints from the OriginalSources of European History, The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania

6 According to Michele Soriano, what is one influence that gold and silver had on Spain? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________Score

Global Hist. & Geo.–Aug. ’08 [12]

Part AShort-Answer Questions

Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document in thespace provided.

Document 1

The Big Business of Slave Trading. . . When in 1517 Bishop Bartolomeo de Las Casas advocated [supported] the encouragementof immigration to the New World by permitting Spaniards to import African slaves, the tradingof humans in the New World formally began. Las Casas was so determined to relieve Indians ofthe onerous [difficult] burden of slavery that he recommended the enslavement of Africans.(Later, he so deeply regretted having taken this position that he vigorously renounced it.) Theban against the use of Africans was removed, and Charles II issued licenses to several Flemishtraders to take Africans to the Spanish colonies. Monopoly of the trade went to the highestbidders. Sometimes it was held by Dutch traders, at other times by Portuguese, French, orEnglish. As West Indian plantations grew in size and importance, the slave trade became a huge,profitable undertaking employing thousands of persons and involving a capital outlay of millionsof dollars. By 1540 the annual importation of African slaves into the West Indies was estimatedat 10,000. . . .

Source: Franklin and Moss, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, Alfred A. Knopf

1 According to Franklin and Moss, what was one reason enslaved Africans were imported to the “New World”by Europeans? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________Score

Global Hist. & Geo.–Aug. ’08 [13] [OVER]

Document 2

. . . Large-scale sugar plantations, established first in Brazil and, after 1645, in the Caribbeanislands, were enormously profitable. Plantations in Cuba gave more than a 30 percent return oncapital investment; those in Barbados returned 40 to 50 percent. These islands became societieswhose economies relied heavily on the labor of African captives. In 1789, one-third of thepopulation of Cuba was comprised of Africans. Between 1730 and 1834, up to 90 percent of thepopulations of Jamaica, Antigua, and Grenada were Africans. In Brazil in 1800, half thepopulation was African. . . .

Source: Willie F. Page, Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, Volume III, Facts on File

2 According to Willie F. Page, what was one impact of the arrival of Africans on Brazil and on the CaribbeanIslands? [1]

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_____________________________________________________________________________________Score

Global Hist. & Geo.–Aug. ’08 [14]

Document 3

. . . Long-Term Effects. The trade in African slaves brought about the largest forced movementof people in history. It established the basis for black populations in the Caribbean and in Northand South America. At the same time, it disrupted social and political life in Africa and openedthe door for European colonization of the continent. . . .

The shift in European demand from gold, foodstuffs, and such products to slaves changed therelations among African groups and states. The prices Africans received for slaves made it moreprofitable for them to take captives from their neighbors than to establish networks forproducing and selling other goods. In this way the slave trade encouraged strong states to raidweaker states for slaves. As a result, many African societies were torn by organized slave wars andgeneral banditry. Successful slave-raiding and trading societies formed new states that weredominated by military groups and constantly at war with their neighbors. . . .

Source: John Middleton, ed., Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students, Volume 4, Thomson Learning

3 Based on this excerpt from Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students, state two effects of the slave trade on Africa. [2]

(1) __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

(2) __________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Score

Score

Document 4

This is an excerpt from Christopher Columbus’s log entry for Saturday, October 13, 1492.

…I have been very attentive and have tried very hard to find out if there is any gold here [SanSalvador]. I have seen a few natives who wear a little piece of gold hanging from a hole made inthe nose. By signs, if I interpret them correctly, I have learned that by going to the south, orrounding the island to the south, I can find a king who possesses a lot of gold and has greatcontainers of it. I have tried to find some natives who will take me to this great king, but noneseems inclined to make the journey.

Tomorrow afternoon I intend to go to the SW. The natives have indicated to me that not onlyis there land to the south and SW, but also to the NW. I shall go to the SW and look for gold andprecious stones. Furthermore, if I understand correctly, it is from the NW that strangers cometo fight and capture the people here.…

Source: translated by Robert H. Fuson, The Log of Christopher Columbus,International Marine Publishing Company

4 Based on this excerpt from Christopher Columbus’s log, what is he searching for in San Salvador and thesurrounding region? [1]

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Score


Document 5

5 Based on the information provided in this illustration, what are two examples of technology the Spanishused to conquer the Aztecs? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________

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(2)__________________________________________________________________________________

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Source: Miguel Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears:The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico,

Beacon Press (adapted)

Spanish Crumble the Wall at Xolloco[near the southern causeway of Tenochtitlán]

Score

Score


Document 6

…Spanish administrators established two main centers of authority in the Americas—Mexico(which they called New Spain) and Peru (known as New Castile)—each governed by a viceroywho was responsible to the king in Spain. In Mexico they built a new capital, Mexico City, on topof Tenochtitlán. In Peru they originally hoped to rule from the Inca capital of Cuzco, but theyconsidered the high altitude unpleasant and also found the Andean city too inaccessible for theirpurposes. In 1535 they founded [the city of] Lima and transferred the government to the coastwhere it was accessible to Spanish shipping.…

Source: Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past,3rd edition, McGraw-Hill (adapted)

6 According to Bentley and Ziegler, what was one way the Spanish changed the Americas? [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________Score

Document 4

Source: Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, Penguin Books (adapted)

4 According to Sidney Mintz, what was one way western Europeans used sugar? [1]

Score

… At the time [1450s] that the Portuguese and the Spaniards set out to establish a sugarindustry on the Atlantic islands they controlled, sugar was still a luxury, a medicine, and a spicein western Europe. The peoples of Greece, Italy, Spain, and North Africa were familiar withsugar cane as a crop and, to some extent, with sugar itself as a sweetener. But as sugarproduction in the Mediterranean waned [decreased], knowledge of sugar and the desire for itwaxed [increased] in Europe. The movement of the industry to the Atlantic islands occurredwhen European demand was probably growing. Individual entrepreneurs were encouraged toestablish sugar-cane (and other) plantations on the Atlantic islands, manned with Africanslaves and destined to produce sugar for Portugal and other European markets, because theirpresence safeguarded the extension of Portuguese trade routes around Africa and toward theOrient.…


Document 5a

Source: Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History,Cambridge University Press

Document 5b

5 Based on this excerpt by Philip D. Curtin and the information on this map, what was one reason for theexpansion of sugar production into the Atlantic islands and into regions of the Americas? [1]

Score

Source: Aronson and Budhos, Sugar Changed the World, Clarion Books (adapted)

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Brazil 1600s1500s

Demerara 1800s1600sTrinidad 1800s

Barbados 1600sMartinique 1600s

Puerto Rico 1500s

Hispaniola 1700s1500s

Jamaica 1700s

PACIFIC

OCEAN

Cuba1800s

Madeira Islands 1400s

Canary Islands 1400s

Cape Verde Islands1400s

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Sugar Crosses the Atlantic

20° N

Equator

20° S

Dates when sugar becamea dominant crop

Sugar introducedPeak production

… Sugar grows best where heat and water are plentiful all year round. The Mediterranean istherefore less than ideal. Even the southern Mediterranean has a cool season in the winterand a dry season in the summer. With the European maritime revolution beginning in thefifteenth century, Europeans had easy access to the Atlantic islands, and some of them had afar better environment for sugar cultivation.…

Global Hist. & Geo. – Jan. ’13 [15] [OVER]

Document 6

Source: Thayer Watkins, “The Economic History of Brazil,” online at San José State University

6 According to Thayer Watkins, what were two changes that occurred in the Americas as a result of theestablishment of the sugar industry? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________Score

Score

… The sugar industry was established in northeast Brazil [by the Portuguese] in the 16thcentury and it brought great prosperity to the region until competing sources of sugar werecreated in the Caribbean by the French (Haiti) and the British (Jamaica) in the eighteenthcentury. The sugar industry consisted of sugarcane plantations and plants for processing thesugarcane into sugar. The sugarcane plantations [in Brazil] were worked by slaves broughtfrom the Portuguese-controlled areas of southern Africa (Angola and Mozambique).…


Document 4a

Document 4b

4 Based on these documents, what were two ways the caravel affected European interaction with othergroups? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________Score

Score

Advantages of Caravel Uses of Caravel

• Fast• Maneuverable• Easy to sail in shallow waters• Able to sail downwind using square sails

• Carrying cargo• Fighting wars• Pirating• Exploring the Americas

Caravel

Source: George R. Schwarz,Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation,

Texas A & M University (adapted)


Document 5

Source: Alfred W. Crosby Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492,Greenwood Publishing (adapted)

5 According to Alfred W. Crosby, what was one effect of Spanish colonization on the island of Española? [1]

Score

… It all began in Española [Hispaniola] with sugar, which was already a profitable plantationcrop in the Canaries and Portugal’s Atlantic islands in the fifteenth century. Columbus himselfhad shipped sugar from Madeira to Genoa in 1478, and the mother of his first wife owned asugar estate on that island. He brought sugar cane with him to Española in 1493, and the canegrew well in American soil. But the growth of the sugar industry was painfully slow untilCharles V intervened, ordering that sugar masters and mill technicians be recruited from theCanaries, and authorizing loans to build sugar mills on Española. There were thirty-four millson the island by the late 1530s and sugar was one of the two staples of the island’s economy(the other being cattle ranching) until the latter part of the sixteenth century.…


Document 6

Source: Guide to the Essentials of World History, Prentice Hall

6 Based on this document, what were two changes in the Americas that resulted from interactions with theSpanish? [2]

(1)__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

(2)__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________Score

Score

… Growing sugar cane became a large business. At first, Native Americans were forced towork on sugar plantations, large estates run by an owner or overseer. They were treatedcruelly, and many died. The Spanish then brought slaves from Africa to do the work.

A new social structure developed. People born in Spain made up the highest social class.Those of European descent born in the colonies were next. People of mixed European andIndian or African descent were in the middle. Native Americans and people of Africandescent were in the lowest classes.…


Age of Exploration: Slave Trade, Small Pox, Spanish ... · DBQ TOPIC DESCRIPTION MONTH YEAR Mass...

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