Afro-AsianFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Afro-Asians

Robert Scott Bryan Clay Kamala Harris

Naomi

Campbell

David Alaba Tyson Beckford

Jean Ping Wifredo Lam Crystal Kay

Total population

Official global population numbers are unknown.

United States: 185,595 (2010)[Americas-US 1]

Regions with significant populations

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

 Guyana

 India

 Kenya

 Madagascar

 Jamaica

 Puerto Rico

 Réunion

 South Africa

 Suriname

 Trinidad

 United Kingdom

 United States of America

Afro-Asian, also known as Blackanese, Blasian or Asiack, refers to a person of

mixed Black and Asian (specifically East or SoutheastAsian) ancestry.[1][2]

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Africa

o 1.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo

1.1.1 Katanga Afro-Japanese

o 1.2 Equatorial Guinea

o 1.3 Kenya

1.3.1 Zheng He's fleet

1.3.2 New immigration

o 1.4 Madagascar

o 1.5 Nigeria

o 1.6 Réunion

o 1.7 Seychelles

o 1.8 South Africa

1.8.1 DNA of South Africa's ethnic

1.8.2 Cape Coloureds

2 The Americas

o 2.1 Latin America

2.1.1 Cuba

2.1.2 Guyana

2.1.3 Peru

o 2.2 The Caribbean

2.2.1 Haiti

2.2.2 Jamaica

2.2.3 Trinidad and Tobago

o 2.3 United States

2.3.1 U.S. Census reports

2.3.1.1 Population by state

3 Asia

o 3.1 China

3.1.1 Contemporary China

o 3.2 India

3.2.1 Slave trade and colonial era

3.2.2 New hybridization

o 3.3 Japan

3.3.1 Notables

3.3.2 Afro-fusion in Japanese media

3.3.3 Ancient migration

3.3.4 New immigration

o 3.4 South Korea

o 3.5 Sri Lanka

o 3.6 Vietnam

o 3.7 Pakistan

4 Europe

o 4.1 United Kingdom

5 References

o 5.1 Africa

5.1.1 Congo

5.1.2 Equatorial Guinea

5.1.3 Ethiopia

5.1.4 Kenya

5.1.5 Madagascar

5.1.6 Nigeria

5.1.7 South Africa

o 5.2 The Americas

5.2.1 United States

5.2.2 The Caribbean

5.2.2.1 Cuba

5.2.2.2 Jamaica

5.2.3 Latin America

5.2.3.1 Peru

o 5.3 Asia

5.3.1 China

5.3.2 Japan

5.3.3 Pakistan

5.3.4 Philippines

5.3.5 South Korea

5.3.6 Sri Lanka

o 5.4 Vietnam

o 5.5 Europe

6 External links

Africa [edit]

See also: Asians in Africa

Democratic Republic of the Congo [edit]

Katanga Afro-Japanese [edit]

During the 1970s, an increased demand for copper and cobalt attracted Japanese investments in the mineral

rich southeastern region of Katanga Province. Over a 10-year period, more than 1,000 Japanese miners

relocated to the region, confined to a strictly male-only camp. Arriving without family or spouses, the men often

sought social interaction outside the confounds of their camps. In search of intimacy with the opposite sex,

sometimes resulting in cohabitation, the men openly engaged in interracial dating and relationships, a practice

mostly embraced by the local society. As a result, a number of Japanese miners fathered children with native

Congolese women. However, most of the mixed race infants resulting from these unions died, soon after birth.

Multiple testimonies of local people suggest that the infants were poisoned by a Japanese lead physician and

nurse working at the local mining hospitale. Subsequently, the circumstances would have brought the miners

shame as most of them already had families back in their native Japan. The practice forced many native

Katangan mothers to hide their children by not reporting to the hospital to give birth. Other women raised their

child more rural or remote areas as blasian children were sought after and murdered in the city by Japanese

officials.

Today, fifty Afro-Japanese have formed an association of Katanga Infanticide survivors. The organization has

hired legal council seeking a formal investigation into the killings. The group submitted official inquiry to both

the Congolese and Japanese governments, to no avail. Issues specific to this group include having no

documentation of their births, since not having been born in the local hospital spared their lives. The total

number of survivors is unknown.[Africa-Congo 1]

Equatorial Guinea [edit]

The mid-19th century saw about 500 Chinese laborers and indentured servants, along with a handful

from India stealthy imported to the island of Fernando Po through the once Portugueseoccupied Macau.[Africa-EQ

1] While most of these servants returned to their homelands at the end of their servitude, a few remained,

settling and marrying into the local population. One example is immigrant East Indian laborer Franciso

Kashu who remained in Moka after the death of his last living relative. He married the daughter of one of the

last Bubi kings, producing several Equatoguinean-Indian children.

Kenya [edit]

See also: Chinese people in Kenya, Indians in Kenya, and Pate Island

Zheng He's fleet [edit]

In 1999, Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times reported a surprising encounter on the island of Pate, where

he found a village of stone huts. He talked to an elderly man living in the village who said that he was a

descendant of Chinese explorers who were shipwrecked there centuries before. The Chinese had supposedly

traded with the locals, and had even loaded giraffes onto their ship to take back to China. However, the

Chinese ran aground on a nearby reef. Kristof found evidence that confirmed the man's story. Such evidence

included the Asian features of the people in the village, plus Asian-looking porcelain artifacts.[Africa-Kenya 1][Africa-Kenya

2] These descendents of Zheng He's fleet  occupy both Pate and Lamu Islands.

New immigration [edit]

New interest in Kenya's natural resources has attracted over $1 billion dollars of investment from Chinese

firms. This has propelled new development in Kenya's infastruction with Chinese firms bringing in their own

males workers to build roads.[Africa-Kenya 3] The temporary residents usually arrive without their spouses and

families. Thus, a rise of incidents involving local college-aged females has resulted in an increased rate of Afro-

Chinese infant births to single Kenyan mothers.[Africa-Kenya 4]

Madagascar [edit]

Malagasy ethnic Merina children

See also: Malagasy people

The population of Madagascar is primarily a mixture of various degrees of Austronesian and Bantu settlers

from Southeast Asia (Borneo) and East Africa (primarily Mozambique), respectively.[Africa-Madagascar 1][Africa-Madagascar

2] Years of intermarriages created the Malagasy people, who primarily speak Malagasy,

an Austronesian language with Bantu influences.[Africa-Madagascar 2]

All Madagascan living groups show a mixture of uniparental lineages typical of present African and South East

Asian populations.[Africa-Madagascar 1][Africa-Madagascar 2] Years of intermarriages created the Malagasy people, who

primarily speak Malagasy, anAustronesian language with Bantu influences.[Africa-Madagascar 2] In the study of "The

Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal

Lineages" shows the Bantu Maternal origin to be 38% and Paternal 51% while the Asian Paternal to be 34%

and Maternal 62%.[Africa-Madagascar 3] In the study of Malagasy Autosomal DNA shows the highlanders ethnic group

like Merina are almost an even mixture of Asian and Bantu origin, while the Coastal ethnic group have much

higher Bantu mixture in their autosomal DNA suggesting they are mixture of new Bantu migrants and the

already established highlander ethnic group. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which

Madagascar was settled approximately 1200 years ago by a very small group of women of approximately 30.[3]

Intermarriage between Chinese men and native Malagasy women was not uncommon.[Africa-Madagascar 4] Several

thousands Cantonese men intermarried and cohabited with Malagasy women. 98% of the Chinese traced their

origin from Guangdong more specifically Cantonese district of Shunde. For example the census alone in 1954

census found 1, 111 "irregular" Chinese-Malagasy unions, and 125 legitimate, i.e., legally married. Registered

by their mothers under a Malagasy name.

Nigeria [edit]

See also: Filipinos in Nigeria

Since the 1970s, Nigeria has seen a slow, but steady, increase in the immigrant Filipino population drawn by

the oil industry. Established in 1973, the Philippine Barangay Society of Nigeria addresses issues specific to

over 1700 Nigerized Filipinos living in the country. This acculturation has resulted in a small, but growing,

number of biracial Nigerian-Filipinos births. Most of these children are parented by Filipino mothers and

Nigerian fathers.[Africa-Nigeria 1]

Réunion [edit]

See also: Cafre

The native Kaf population has a diverse range of ancestry stemming from colonial Chinese and Indian peoples.

They also descent from African slaves brought to the island from countries

likeMozambique, Guinea, Senegal, Madagascar, Tanzania and Zambia.

Seychelles [edit]

See also: Seychellois Creole people

More than 70% of native population has Afro-Asian ancestry stemming from African, Malagasy, Indian and

Chinese peoples, combined with additional French and British origins. However, the demographic is specifically

proud of their African/Malagasy heritage and have formed an institute promoting their identity and cultural

tolerance.

South Africa [edit]

Cape coloured school children of South Africa

The Cape Coloured population descend from indigenous Khoisan and Xhosa peoples; European immigrants;

and Malagasy, Ceylonese and South-East Asian (primarily Indonesian) laborers and slaves brought by

the Dutch from the mid-17th Century to the late 18th Century. The majority of Coloureds, particularly in

the Western Cape and Northern Cape, speak Afrikaans as a first language, while those in other parts of South

Africa tend to speakEnglish as well. Coloureds with Javanese or other Indonesian ancestry may often be

regarded as Cape Malay and are primarily Muslims, while the majority of Coloureds

are Christian (generally Protestant) or agnostic. Due to similar social adversities experienced under

the Apartheid regime from the late 1940s to the late 1980s, Coloured and Indigenous South African

communities generally fall under the Black social category when it comes toemployment and affirmative

action policies.[Africa-South-Africa 1]

DNA of South Africa's ethnic [edit]

The mtDNA study of ethnic people from South Africa shows substantial African genetic mtDNA contribution in

both the Cape Malay and South African Indians. mtDNA of cape Malay shows 10% African mtDNA contribution

in their gene pool including 20% (1 in 5) of South African Indians, there appears to be no African Y-DNA

contribution detected but this could be due to the fact that the sample size was small. mtDNA study also

revealed that about 1 in 10 South African Black people have mtDNA lineages derived from Eurasian (3.0%)

and Asian of Indian origins (7.1%)[Africa-South-Africa 2]

Cape Coloureds [edit]

See also: Cape Coloureds

There is significant genetic mixture of East/Southeast Asian, Indian, African and European DNA in the modern

ethnic group of Cape coloured. The highest genetic contribution to the Cape coloured are from African maternal

mtDNA displaying a very high frequencies at 79.04% followed by African Paternal Y-DNA frequencies at

45.18%. European Genetic contribution is the second highest after Africans with a high frequency of 37.72%

from European Y-DNA but with low contribution of European mtDNA at 4.26%. The Indian genetics also

displayed significant frequencies, the mtDNA contribution stands at 13.85% and Y-DNA at 9.65%, and lastly

the East/South East Asian Y-DNA in the Cape coloured also displayed a significant frequency at 8.54% but

with a very low contribution of Southeast East Asian mtDNA at only 1.6%, some of the Southeast Asian

contribution from the Cape colored gene pool may have partially derived from both Southeast East Asian and

Malagasy who both also exhibit haplogroups O1a and O2a and B4a, B5a, F1c. The only acception of the

completely East/Southeast Asian lineage in Cape coloured are haplogroup O3-M122 (3.58%) and K-M9

(1.32%) both which are found among Chinese and Southeast Asians but not among the Malagasy.[Africa-South-Africa 3]

The Americas [edit]

Latin America [edit]

In Latin America, significant numbers of Chinese first started arriving in the mid-19th century as part of

the Coolie slave trade. By the mid-20th century, Cuba, Guyana and Peru had the largest Chinese populations.

By the end of WWII, there were considerable high numbers of Latin American descended from Chinese fathers

and local women. One of the most famous of these is the Chinese-Afro-Cuban artist Wifredo Lam , known as

the Cuban Picasso. There are also small numbers of Latin American residents of Asian and African descent in

countries like Puerto Rico, Haitiand Dominican Republic.

Cuba [edit]

See also: Chinese Cuban

120,000 Cantonese coolies (all males) entered Cuba under contract for 80 years, most did not marry, but Hung

Hui (1975:80) cites there was a frequency of sexual activity between black women and Cantonese coolies.

According to Osberg (1965:69) the free Chinese conducted the practice of buying slave women and freeing

them expressly for marriage. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese men (Cantonese) engaged in sexual

activity with white Cuban women and black Cuban women, and from such relations many children were born.

(For a British Caribbean model of Chinese cultural retention through procreation with black women, see

Patterson, 322-31).[Americas-Cuba 1]

In the 1920s an additional 30000 Cantonese and small groups of Japanese also arrived; both immigrations

were exclusively male, and there was rapid with white, black, and mulato populations.[Americas-Cuba 2] CIA World

Factbook. Cuba. 2008. 15 May 2008. claimed 114,240 Chinese-Cuban with only 300 pure Chinese.[Americas-Cuba 3]

In the study of Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba.

Thirty-five Y-chromosome SNPs were typed in the 132 male individuals of the Cuban sample. The study does

not include any people with some Chinese ancestry. All the samples were White Cubans and Black Cubans. 2

out of 132 male sample belong to East Asian Haplogroup O2 which is found in significant frequencies among

Cantonese people is found in 1.5% of Cuban population.[Americas-Cuba 4]

One of Cuba's most known Afro-Asians is artist Wifredo Lam .

Guyana [edit]

See also: Chinese Guyanese

During the mid-19th century, the British Empire imported approximately 14,000 Chinese indentured

servants into Guyana as part of a broader colonial system aimed at recruiting sugar-plantation laborers. The

majority of the male workers arrived without families, thus intermarried with local Indo-Guyanese and Afro-

Guyanese women.

Peru [edit]

See also: Chinese Peruvian and Japanese Peruvian

About 100,000 Cantonese coolies (almost all males) in 1849 to 1874 migrated to Peru and intermarried with

Peruvian women of mestizo, European, Ameridian, European/mestizo, African and mulatto origin. Many

Peruvian Chinese today are of mixed Chinese, Spanish, and Ameridian lineages. Among this population exist

many of African slave lineage. Estimates for Chinese-Peruvian is about 1.3 – 1.6 millions. Asian Peruvians are

estimated to be 3% of the population, but one source places the number of citizens with some Chinese

ancestry at 4.2 million, which equates to 15% of the country's total population.[Americas-Peru 1]

The Caribbean [edit]

See also: Chinese Caribbean and Indo-Caribbean

In the 1860s, Chinese and East Indian immigrants arrived in the West Indies as indentures servants. Chinese

male laborers and male migrants who went to Peru, Cuba, Guyana, Madagascar, America, Jamaica, Trinidad

where Chinese often intermarried with local black women which resulted in large population of mulatto children.

According to the 1946 Census from Jamaica and Trinidad alone, 12,394 Chinese were located

between Jamaica and Trinidad. 5,515 of those who lived in Jamaica were Chinese Jamaican and another

3,673 were Chinese-Trinidadians living inTrinidad. The Chinese men who married African women in Guyana

and Trinidad Tobago were mostly Cantonese, while the Chinese men who married African women in Jamaica

were mostly Hakka.

In Haiti, there is a small percentage within the minority who are of Asian descent. For example, Haitian

painter Edouard Wah  was born to a Chinese father and Haitian mother.

In Jamaica, Guyana, and Trinidad a percentage of the population of people are of Indian descent, some of

whom have contributed to Afro-Asian Caribbean children.[citation needed]

Haiti [edit]

A Haitian Marabou man

See also: Marabou

Haiti is home to Marabou peoples, a half East Indian and half African people who descent from East Indian

immigrants who arrived from other Caribbean nations, such Martinique and Guadaloupe and African slave

descendants. Most present-day descendants of the original Marabou are products ofhypodescent and,

subsequently, mostly of African in ancestry.

The country also has a sizable Japanese and Chinese Haitian population. One of the country's most notable

Afro-Asians is the late painter Edouard Wah  who was born to a Chinese immigrant father and black Haitian

mother.

Jamaica [edit]

See also: Chinese Jamaicans, Indo-Jamaican, Japanese expatriates in Jamaica, and Lebanese immigration to

Jamaica

Many thousands of Chinese men (mostly Hakka) and Indian men married local Jamaican women. In the study

of "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: Contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow." shows the

paternal Chinese haplogroup O-M175 at a frequency of 3.8% in local Jamaicans ( non-Chinese Jamaicans)

including the Indian H-M69 (0.6%) and L-M20 (0.6%) in local Jamaicans.[Americas-Jamaica 1] Among the country's

most notable Afro-Asians are reggae singers Sean Paul, Tami Chynn and Dana King.

Trinidad and Tobago [edit]

See also: Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian, Dougla, and Indo-Caribbean

The country is known for having a large East Indian stemming from the 18th and 19th century colonial

plantation economy. During this era, about have a million East Indian indentured servants from British occupied

territories arrived in the country, as well as twelve other Caribbean nations after attempts of bringing in labor

from others countries, like China and Portugal, failed. One of the country's most notable Afro-Asians is its

current President George Maxwell Richards.

United States [edit]

See also: Multiracial American#Afro-Asian Americans

In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. could no

longer be with their wives who stayed behind in China. Because White Americanslooked at Chinese labor

workers as stealing employment, they were harassed and discriminated against. Many Chinese men settled in

black communities and in turn married Black women.[Americas-US 2] In the mid-19th to 20th centuries, hundreds of

thousands of Chinese men in the U.S, mostly of Cantonese origin from Taishan, migrated to the United

States. Anti-miscegenation laws in many states prohibited Chinese men from marrying white women.[Americas-US

3] After the Emancipation Proclamation, many intermarriages in some states were not recorded and historically,

Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers

due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many

Chinese Americans immigrated to the Southern states, particularly Arkansas, to work on plantations. For

example, in 1880, the tenth US Census of Louisiana alone counted 57% of interracial marriages between

these Chinese Americans to be with African Americans and 43% to be with European American women.[Americas-

US 4]Between 20 and 30 percent of the Chinese who lived in Mississippi married black women before 1940.

[Americas-US 5] In a genetic study of 199 samples from African American males found one belong to haplogroup O2a

( or 0.5% )[4] It was discovered by historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr in the African American Lives documentary

miniseries that NASA astronaut Mae Jemison has a significant (above 10%) genetic East Asian admixture.

Gates speculated that the intermarriage/relations between migrant Chinese workers during the 19th century

and black, or African-American slaves or ex-slaves may have contributed to her ethnic genetic make-up.

U.S. Census reports [edit]

According to the 2010 United States Census, there are 185,595 people of Black, or African-American, and

Asian descent in the United States. Reports further offer the following break-down of all groups having Black, or

African-American, and Asian descent:

Population GroupTotal

Number

Black or African-American, Asian 185,595

Black or African-American, Asian, and White

61,511

Black or African-American, Asian, and some other race

8,122

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, and Alaskan Native

9,460

Black or African-American, Asian, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander

4,852

Black or African-American, Asian, White, and some other race

2,420

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander

1,011

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native and White

19,018

Population by state [edit]

Black, or African-American, and Asian population by state:

Rank StatePopulation as of

2010 Census[Americas-US 1]

1  California 41,249

2  Texas 11,132

3  New York 20,896

4  Florida 16,040

5  Illinois 4,935

6  Pennsylvania 4,508

7  Ohio 3,666

8  Michigan 3,213

9  Georgia 7,918

10  North Carolina

4,929

11  New Jersey 5,814

12  Virginia 7,056

13  Washington 6,290

14 Massachusett

s2,495

15  Indiana 1,603

16  Arizona 2,986

Population GroupTotal

Number

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, White, and some other race

1,023

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, White, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander

6,605

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, and some other race

539

Black or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, White, and some other race

792

Black or African-American, Asian, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander, White and some other race

268

Rank StatePopulation as of

2010 Census[Americas-US 1]

17  Tennessee 1,971

18  Missouri 1,662

19  Maryland 6,487

20  Wisconsin 1,032

21  Minnesota 1,934

22  Colorado 2,693

23  Alabama 1,632

24  South Carolina

2,227

25  Louisiana 1,817

26  Kentucky 970

27  Oregon 1,059

28  Oklahoma 1,313

29  Connecticut 1,666

30  Iowa 519

31  Mississippi 1,934

32  Arkansas 668

33  Kansas 1,011

34  Utah 466

35  Nevada 3,569

36  New Mexico 544

37  West Virginia 181

38  Nebraska 442

39  Idaho 171

Rank StatePopulation as of

2010 Census[Americas-US 1]

40  Hawaii 2,694

41  Maine 101

42  New Hampshire

152

43  Rhode Island 323

44  Montana -

45  Delaware 693

46  South Dakota 107

47  Alaska 530

48  North Dakota -

49  Vermont -

50 District of

Columbia900

51  Wyoming -

   United States 185,595

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Contemporary China [edit]

Currently, Afro-Asians births are on the incline resulting from the arrival of African-American students to cities

like Nanjing, Hangzou and Shangai. Another contributing factor is the strengthened trade relationships between

Africa and China which has invited an influx of African immigrants into China, primarily Nigerians who have

formed a small, yet, progressive community in the country.[Asia-China 1] In October 2010, Chinese officials

estimated about 500 mix marriages between African and Chinese.[Asia-China 2] In places such as Guangzhou, a

progressive population of about 10,000 African entrepreneurs continue to thrive.[Asia-China 3] This spike in

intercontinental dating and marriage between Africans and Chinese has further been attributed to a nationwide

male-to-female sex-ration imbalance in the long endogamous nation.[Asia-China 4]

China's new emerging population of Afro-Asians, also, includes Pate and Lamu Island descendants of ancient

shipwrecked Chinese explorers. Awarded Chinese citizenship by the Chinese government, many students

have been provided full scholarships to Universities in China.[Asia-China 5] Among China's most famous Afro-Asian

natives are Shanghai born Lou Jing who, in 2009, was subjected to public racist attacks as she rose to fame

competing on popular reality TV show Dragon TV's Go Oriental Angel,[Asia-China 6] and half Chinese and half South

African volleyball player Ding Hui.

India [edit]

Two Great Andamanese men photograph in 1875. The ethnic group has direct genetic links to aboriginal sub-Saharan

Africansand aboriginal Asian people.

The Siddi have partial East Indian and Zanj ancestry.

See also: Afro Asians (African Asians) and Indo-African

Slave trade and colonial era [edit]

See also: Siddi

The more recently emerged Afro-Asian population, the Siddi, result from the slave trade during Muslim,

Portuguese and British occupation in India between the 7th and 19th centuries. Under a slightly different slave

system from that of the Atlantic slave trade, slaves usually worked as domestics, tradesmen or military

personnel and were encouraged to assimilate and intermarry within the existing population. With their own

unique cultural identity, the population is about 50,000 strong. About a third of the Siddi reside in the state

of Karnataka.

New hybridization [edit]

Very recently evolved out of geographical and social isolation, the Andamanese people  of the Andaman and

Nicobar Islands currently face a high degree of genocide and exploitation. Many sub-clans and ethnic dialects

have been driven into extinction in a short period of time. This has resulted in ethnic and cultural dilution with a

high rate of interbreeding and intermarriage within the mainland Indian population resulting a growing, unique,

population.

Japan [edit]

Afro-Japanese-American enka singer Jero

In recent history, the hike in the Afro-Japanese population has been linked to American occupation of Japan

during World War II where Afro-Japanese children were born through either prostitution or legally binding

marriage. Thus, over the years, an increased number of African-American male/Japanese female unions has

produced a culturally hybrid Black Japanese-American population living in Japan. Once given preferential

treatment during the American Military presence in Japan, the currently biracial population faces severe public

backlash and marginalization due to the reemergence of ethnic-based nationalism in Japan.[Asia-Japan 1] These

unions between American GI's and Asian women have also contributed to the increase Afro-Asian population

in the United States of America as many Asian wives accompanied their husbands in returning and settling in

the U.S. Subsequently, many Afro-Japanese are products of unions between native Japanese and continental

Africans due to the increased numbers of immigrant Africans.

Notables [edit]

Notable Afro-Japanese include American author and playwright Velina Hasu Houston  who was born in

territorial waters off the coast of Japan to an African-American father and a native born Japanese mother of

partial Japanese ancestry. Popular American-born enka singer Jero was born into a multi-generational Afro-

Japanese-American family and immigrated back to the birth country of his grandmother. He has become one of

the most famous Black/African descendants in the country. There are also native born wrestler Aja Kong ,

former professional basketball player Michael Takahashi and pop/r&b singer Thelma Aoyama who were all

born to African-American fathers and Japanese mothers.

Afro-fusion in Japanese media [edit]

Other resident Black/African descendants famous in Japanese media include native born ethnic African-

American-Korean pop singer Crystal Kay and American born, ethnic African-American, actor Dante Carver.

Ancient migration [edit]

Arriving thousands of years ago, aboriginal Negrito inhabitants, along with other Australo-Melanesians,

have some direct genetic links to sub-Saharan peoples - the first historic migration waves out of Africa. A

few Austro-Melanesian populations, especially among demographics who carry the black phenotype such

asAustralian Aborigines, identify as black in a way that is very specific to their own unique socio-political history

and disposition. Others are designated as black, or in the case of the Aeta and Ati people Negrito, mainly as a

description of their physical traits compared to continental Black Africans. Today, the aboriginal Negrito lineage

is distributed across a wide array of European colonial era induced mixed Asian/European ancestry across the

country.

New immigration [edit]

See also: Aeta people , Ati people , American settlement in the Philippines, Amerasian, and Filipino mestizo

Most Afro-Asians in the Philippines are products of foreign military occupation, mainly resulting from African-

American GI parentage. However, in 2011 the The Nigerian Family Association notified the Republic of the

Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs of its formation, opening membership to a growing number interracial

Nigerian-Filipino/Filipino-Nigerian families, and their children, living in the country.[Africa-Philippines 1]

Among the country's most recognizable Afro-Asians are half African-American/Filipino r&b singers Jaya

Ramsey, Mau Marcelo and Luke Mejares.

South Korea [edit]

Currently, South Korea has the largest Afro-Asian population in the Far East.[Asia-Japan 1] The U.S. occupation in

South Korea between 1950-1954 resulted in a multitude of Afro-Asian births, mostly between African-American

servicemen and native South Korean women. While many of these births have been to married Black/Korean

interracial couples, others have been born out-of-wedlock through prostitution. Already facing the dilemma of

85,000 children left homeless throughout the country after the Korean War, South Korea saw a spike in

orphaned Black-Korean infants.[Asia-Korea 1] Often, the Afro-Korean orphans were purposely starved, as the society

deemed mixed-raced children less worthy of food needed by non-mixed Korean children. In some areas, the

mixed-raced youth were even denied education. In 1955, the U.S. State Departmentmade a public plea asking

American families to open their doors to the ostracized youth and in 1956 the Holt Adoption Program launched

a gateway for Christian faith-based adoption of children of G.I. soldiers that also included Eurasian offspring.

However, in addition to the race-based discrimination faced in their country of birth, Afro-Korean orphans were

still picked over by adopting American families based on skin color preferences.[Asia-Korea 2] Adjacently, there is,

general, stigma placed on Afro-Koreans based on illegitimacy, low socio-economic status, low educational

attainment and aesthetics. [Asia-Korea 3]

Seoul, Korea houses a non-ethnic Korean, and non-Asian, descended (albeit, mostly hybridized in ancestry)

African/Black descended population. Native-born, migrant and immigrant, most in this group have ties to

the United States or to the United States Armed Forces. As a result, some have deeply rooted family ties in

South Korea, for several generations. The population also includes Black continental African immigrants. Many

work in the South Korean education system as foreign language teachers, mainly teaching English.

One of South Korea's most notable Afro-Asians is R&B singer Insooni who was born to an African-American

father and Korean mother.

Notable Koreans of Black American descent:

- Insooni

- Kang Su-Il

- Benson Henderson

- Hines Ward

- Tasha Reid

- Will Demps

Sri Lanka [edit]

See also: Sri Lanka Kaffirs

The Sri Lanka Kaffirs are partially descendants of African soldiers and laborers who were kidnapped, chained,

and brought by the Dutch colonialists around 1600. The soldiers worked on cinnamon plantations along the

south coast and later worked on tea and rubber estates. After the Dutch military was defeated by the Sri

Lankan army in 1796, the Kaffirs were replaced by an influx of Indian laborers. The soldiers, eventually,

married and procreated local Sri Lankan women. Their descendants survive in pockets along the island's

coastal regions of Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Negambo.

Today, Kaffirs identify as Sri Lankans, while acknowledging their African ancestry, most of which is believed to

be from Mozambique. Their strong oral history and performing arts tradition are the strongest indicators of their

African cultural ties. Many Kaffirs speak a creole which is a mixture of Sinhalese and Tamil. Over the years the

demographic has further assimilated intermarrying with Tamils and Sinhalese Sri Lankans.

Descendants of soldiers forced into servitude, and used, by Europeans their ancestors were abandoned by

European colonizers. Present-day Kaffirs have become dis-empowered. Facing social issues such being

denied the right to education, they struggle to establish their rightful place in Sri Lankan society.

The term Kaffir is said to mean 'non-believer', not holding the same meaning in Sri Lanka as it does in countries

like South Africa where it is used as a racial slur.[Asia-Sri Lanka 1]

Vietnam [edit]

During the Vietnam War, African-American servicemen had children with local Vietnamese women. Some of

these children were abandoned by the Vietnamese family, or sent to orphanages. Many orphans and children

were airlifted to adopting families in the United States in 1975 during "Operation Babylift" before the fall

of South Vietnam. The Afro-Vietnamese (or Afro-Amerasian) children suffered much discrimination in Vietnam

at that time.[Asia-Vietnam 1] There was also some controversy as to how these orphaned Afro-Amerasian children

were placed in new homes in the United States.[Asia-Vietnam 2]

Pakistan [edit]

See also: African Pakistani

Most Makrani in Pakistan have maternal Black African lineage. Many Sindhi feudals imported African female

slave as well as did the Omani Arabs of Gwadar, a coastal city of Balochistan which was in control of Oman in

the 17th century. According to Dr. Sengupta's seminal study, the Y-DNA analysis reveals E3a at a frequency

distribution of 5%. On the other hand, mtDNA analysis reveals approx 40% L1a, L2a, L2b, L2d.[Asia-Pakistan 1]

Europe [edit]

United Kingdom [edit]

The British Mixed-Race population includes some Afro-Asian peoples. This ancestry may stem from multi-

generational mixed Caribbean lineage, as well as interracial unions between Africans and Asians from

prominent populations such as British-Nigerians and British Indians. Notable Afro-Asian Britons include

multigenerational Afro-Chinese-Caribbean descended Naomi Campbell, first-generation biracial Iranian-

Ghanaian descended actress Freema Agyeman  and first-generation biracial Indo-Caribbean descended

musician David Jordan.[citation needed]

AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE WIKI

Afro-Asian Literature is a term for novels or writing such as poems written by people from mixed African-Arab ethnicity, or African-Asian ethnicity. In modern times, a a part of world literature, Afro-Asian literature is a separate segment of writing [in English] of experiences in African and Asia to further cultural understanding and world peace. Afro-Asian literature is the literature from whole Africa and Asia. these literature include stories, myths and others.

afro-asian literature                               Afro-Asian Literature mirrors not only the customs and traditions of African and Asian countries but also their philosophy of life which on the whole are deeply and predominantly contemplative and hauntingly sweet. Afro-Asian Literature is the reflection of the storm and the stress of developing nations seeking a place under the sun which every student must understand so he may know how this literature affects the history and culture of a nation.   

          In a simpler thought, Afro-asian literature refers to the literary output of the various countries and cultures in Africa and Asia. This includes their oral traditions and from the first to the contemporary written and/or published prose and poetry.                                                         As part of the high school curriculum in the Philippines, Afro Asian Literature is taught specifically to sophomores. I assume including the public schools, but for sure the privileged students have this and are using Gems in Afro-Asian Literature textbook. Asian Literature alone is diverse and vibrant. Add to that the splendor of African Literature, and you get enriching Afro Asian Literature. 

There are some of  reading list:

 A Jar of DreamsBy Yoshika Uchida(a story about a family that lives in San Francisco, California circa 1930`s; having problems paying the bills; and fueled by their aspirations, they made it thru the hardships. "don't give up your hopes and dreams". 

The Kite RunnerBy Khaled Hosseini(about Afghan Amir and his personal belief system that's unique from that of his dominant culture; about friendship and interpersonal conflicts; set in Afghanistan and the US, illustrates the similarities as well as the differences between the 2 countries and its very different cultures; "a story of fathers and sons, of friends and brothers, of right and wrong and the nature of evil."

Hardboiled and Hard LuckBy Banana Yoshimoto, Michael Emmerich (Translator)(two "long short stories", as I call them, about death and life and moving on; hardboiled is a ghost story, set in the woods and a hotel on the anniversary of the narrator's roommate/lover's death.; hard luck is

about a woman whose sister is dying, set at the time when the family has found out nothing can be done for her and are just waiting for the inevitable end. unbearably sad at times, but hopeful and warm.

The Joy Luck ClubBy Amy Tan(four Chinese American immigrant families forming a club playing mahjong; mothers and daughters and families losing and finding each other across cultural boundaries; it's jampacked with passion, emotion and love arising from family interactions. definitely a very good read.

The Wind-Up Bird Chronicleor

Hardboiled Wonderland and the End of the Worldby Haruki Murakami his books are wonderfully odd reads; unique and frustrating; gets you thinking; imaginative; strange; creating something indescribable, yet satisfying; the unbelievable creatively intertwined with the everyday mundaneness; mostly not linear or sensible, so don't try to analyze, just let it flow and be open to the oddities that it offers. use right brain thinking when reading his works.)