afn clwsf/ tyf n}l∙s ;dfgtfsf nflu ... - Save the Children's · afn clwsf/ tyf n}l∙s ;dfgtfsf...

afn clwsf/ tyf n}l∙s ;dfgtfsf nflu

afa'x¿;”u ;xsfo{;xhLs/0f kãl:tsf

afn clwsf/ tyf n}l·s ;dfgtfsf nflu afa'x¿;“u ;xsfo{

-;xhLs/0f kãl:tsf_

k|sfzgM

;]e b lrN8«]gkf]i6 jS;M ##($, Po/kf]6{ u]6 Pl/of, zDeã dfu{, sf7df8f}+, g]kfnkmf]gM ±(&&–!–$$^*!#), $$^$*)#, ˆofS;M ±(&&–!–$$^*!#@Od]nM [email protected]

k|ltM %))

;jf{lwsf/M ;]e b lrN8«]g , g]kfn sfo{s|d

;+sng tyf n]vgM nId0f a]Naf;], lzj kf}8]n, xfh/f zagd, k|utL zfx

ISBN: 9789937867788

ljifo ;"rL

;xhLs/0f kãl:tsfsf] p2]Zo / k|of]u $

! = kl/ro (

@ = gLlt lgod -cfTdfgãzf;g_ !!

# = ln· / n}+l·stfsf ljifodf hfgsf/L !#

$ = n}l·s e"ldsf !*

% = clwsf/sf] af/]df hfgsf/L @!

^ = >dsf] d"Nof+sg @%

& = c;dfg l:yltsf] d"n sf/0f @*

* = v]n / n}l·stf ##

( = lx+;f M n}l·s cfwf/df xãg] lx+;f #^

!) = lx+;f M n}l·s lx+;f ;DaGwL dfGotfx¿ #(

!! = ljjfb, lx+;f / o;sf] k|efj $@

!@ = zlQmsf af/] hfgsf/L $&

!# = ;sf/fTds / ;ãdwã/ ;DaGw %)

!$ = lg0f{o tyf ;DaGw %#

!% = lkt[Tj / :ofxf/;ã;f/ %^

!^ = afaã xãg]a]nfsf] kl/j]z %(

!& = afaãsf] e"ldsf ^@

!* = 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :ofxf/df lktfsf] e"ldsf ^%

!( = afn:ofxf/sf] cEof; &!

@) = c;n cleefjsTj - lx+;f/lxt cleefjsTj_ &$

@! = sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f &(

@@ = ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L *@

s= k|of]ustf{

of] k'l:tsf g]kfnsf] slknj:t' lhNnfsf $ uflj;df ;]e b lrN8]«gåf/f ;~rflnt lkt[Tj;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] lgldQ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf lgldQ :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;d'bfosf @) b]lv @% hgf;Dd ao:s cu'jfx¿sf] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 . oLg} cu'jfx¿n] of] ;xhLs/0f k'l:tsfsf cfwf/df ;d'bfodf cfˆg} ;fyL l5d]sLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ;~rfng ug]{5g\ . ;d'bfodf ;a}n] a'e'mg\ eGg] k|of]hgsf lgldQ o; k'l:tsfsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/nLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

v = ljifoj:t'

;xhLs/0f k'l:tsf ePsfn] o;df kf7\o ;fdu|LnfO{ sd dxTj lbO{ 5nkmn, gf6s h:tf ;d"x lqmofsnfkx¿df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfdf @! j6f ;q 5g\ h;sf ljifox¿ afnclwsf/, n}+lËs Gofo, lx+;f / afn:ofxf/df afa'sf] e"ldsfdf s]lGb|t 5g\ .

w]/} ;d'bfodf k/Dk/fut ¿kn] k'?ifx¿nfO{ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :ofxf/ ug{af6 jl~rt ul/Psf]5 . k'?ifx¿sf] k/Dk/fut e"ldsf jLo{ k|bfg ug'{ / cfly{s pkfh{g ug'{df dfq ;Lldt 5 . kmn:j¿k, Psftk{m afa'x¿ cfˆgf afnaflnsf;Fu 3'nldn x'g kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] csf{tkm{ afnaflnsfn] klg afa';Fu cfTdLotf cg'ej ub}{gg\ / pgLx¿ eljiodf

;xhLs/0f kãl:tsfsf] p2]Zo / k|of]u

cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x'sf{Odf ;+nUg x'g klg pT;'stf b]vfpFb}gg\ . csf]{tkm{ 3/aflx/sf] cfly{s pkfh{gsf] Psf]xf]/f] lhDdfn] k'?ifx¿nfO{ lgs} tgfadf ;d]t k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 .

n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] afa'sf] ;lqmo e"ldsf gx'Fbf aRrf hGd]kl5 cfdfx¿ aRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/df ;Lldt /xG5g\ / afa'x¿dfqsdfpg] sfo{df tNnLg /xg k'Ub5g\ . 3/aflx/sf] sfd / 3/leqsf] sfd b'j}dfafa'cfdfnfO{ cj;/ lbg ;lsof] eg] afa'n] klg afT;No / lkt[Tjsf] cfgGb dx;'; ug{ kfpF5g\, 5f]/f5f]/Ln] klg afa'sf] ;fldKodf x's{g kfpg] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g\ / cfdfn] klg s]xL km';{b / cfTd;Ddfg kfpFl5g\ . o; jftfj/0fn] kl/jf/sf] cfk;L

;DaGwnfO{ emg\ alnof] agfpF5 . oLg} dfGotfnfO{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkåf/f o; ;xhLs/0f k'l:tsfdf b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .

o;sf ;fy} o; ;xhLs/0f k'l:tsfdf ;+nUg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿n] ;d'bfonfO{ zlQm ;DaGw, n}+lËs tyf kfl/jfl/s lx+;fsf] rqmsf af/]df atfpFb} ;dfhdf lx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ pkfox¿ ;f]RgnfO{ ;d'bfonfO{ k|]/0ff klg lbG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ x'sf{pg] qmddf xfd|f] ;d'bfodf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;hfo lbg] Jofks k|rng kfOPsf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfn] Ps ;qdf o;sf] ljsNk ckgfpg] dfu{ b]vfPsf] 5 . u = p2]Zo

o; ;xhLs/0f k'l:tsfcg';f/ ;d'bfodf 5nkmn ;~rfng ul/;s]kl5 lgDg k|efjx¿ kg]{ ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 M

l afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ / nfngkfngdf afa'sf] ;lqmo ;+nUgtf Pj+ afa'x¿sf] cfˆgf ;Gtfgk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/Lkgdf j[l4l k'?ifx¿sf] dfgl;s tyf efjgfTds :jf:Yodf kmfObfl k'?ifTj -k'?if s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf_ pk/ 5nkmnl afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fdf sdL

l ;dfhdf jiff}{b]lv rlncfPsf] c;dfg n}+lËs d"NodfGotfsf] cGTo tyf dlxnf tyf aflnsfx¿nfO{ cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf

3 = ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfj

;xhstf{n] ;q ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

s= Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;fdfGo s'/fx¿l lqmofsnfk sfof{Gjogsf nflu o; lgb]{lzsfdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] ¿k/]vfnfO{ ;fdfGo dfu{lgb]{zgsf ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ . ;xhstf{n] s'g} lqmofsnfksf] qmd kl/jt{g ug{ jf cfˆgf] 1fg tyf ;Lk k|of]u u/]/ ;d"xsf] jf:tljstf;Fu a9L glhs agfpg oxfF lbOPsf pbfx/0fdf x]/k]m/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o; cltl/Qm, ;xefuLdf hfFu/ b]lvPg eg], rfv x/fof] eg] jf pgLx¿ sd ;+j]bgzLn eP eg] ;xhstf{n] ;qdf ?lr hufpg] lqmofsnfk yk u/]/ cg's"ng ug{;S5g\ .l ;xhstf{ x''g' eg]sf] lzIfs jf k|lzIfs x'g' xf]Og .l ;xhstf{x¿ ;'/lIft jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{;Sg] ;d'bfosf JolQm x'g\ . ;xhstf{ c;n >f]tf x'g'k5{ / p;n] cfk}Fm af]Ng' eGbf 5nkmnnfO{ a9L k|f]T;flxt ug{'k5{ . l ;xhstf{ lkt[Tjsf ljifosf] ljz]if1 x'g' cfjZos x'Fb}g t/ lkt[Tj, n}+lËs ljifo, :ofxf/;';f/ / afn clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGo hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

$ %

l ;xhstf{n] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ljifo j:t'sf af/]df ;xefuLnfO{ cem a9L vf]tNg / hfgsf/ x'g d2t ug'{k5{ . ;+ej eP o;df cfjZostf cg';f/ lktf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ nfO{ ;]e b lrN8]«g jf cGo ;+:yfsf ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .l cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / nfdf] ;do;Dd h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] lkt[Tj, n}+lËstf / kf}?ifTj ;DaGwL k/Dk/fut dfGotfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;xh cg'ej ug{] v'nf / ;Ddfgk"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{k5{ .l 5nkmnsf qmddf jfbljjfb eP klg dgd'6fj pTkGg gxf];\ eGg]df ;r]t x'g'k5{ . dgd'6fj x'g;Sg] ljifodf 5nkmn x'g glbg ;fjwfg;d]t x'g'k5{ . sltko cj:yfdf ;xefuLnfO{ PSn} s'gfdf nu]/ s'/fsfgL u/L ljjfbnfO{ 6'+Uofpg klg ;r]t x'g'k5{ . l ;xefuLn] n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg] ePdf 5nkmn ;qd} ;xefuL;Fu o;df 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . r/0f @ / # ;qd} Pskl5 csf]{ u/]/ s'g ljifodf rrf{ ug{ nfluPsf] xf] / ;xefuLaf6 s:tf] k|ltlqmofsf] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 eGg] atfP/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

v = sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;do / cjlw

l ;s];Dd k|To]s ;ftfsf] Psk6s ;q ;~rfng ug]{ . Ps ;ftfdf ;lsPg eg]

!% lbgdf Psk6s ;q ;~rfng ug}{k5{ . o;sf] p2]Zo ;xefuLn] klxn]sf] ;qdf 5nkmn u/]sf] s'/f gla{;'g\ eGg] xf] . l ;qsf] ;do sDtLdf ! 3G6f x'g h?/L 5 . s''g} s'g} ;qsf nflu b'O{ 3G6f;Dd klg nfUg ;S5 . l ;xhstf{ / ;xefuLx¿sf] ;xdlt ePdf Pslbgdf Pp6feGbf a9L ;q klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf b'O{ ;q Ps} lbgdf ;~rfng u/]sf] /fd|f] x'G5 .

u = ;xefuL

;dfg cg'ej, cj:yf / l:yltdf ePsf JolQmx¿aLr 5nkmn ;~rfng ug{ ;xh x'G5 . ;xefuLx¿ 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

l ev{/ ;Gtfg hGd]sf, ;fgf 5f]/f5f/L ePsf afa'x¿ x'g' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . afa' x'g] tof/Ldf /x]sf / ljjfx ug{ nfu]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg ;xefuLsf ¿kdf ;+nUg ug{ ;lsG5 . l ;'?df t lktfx¿dfq /x]sf] ;d"x x'g' a9L pko'Qm x'G5 t/ s]xL ;dokl5 eg] cfdfx¿nfO{ ljz]ifu/L ;d"xsf ;b:osf kTgL jf hLjg ;FlugLx¿nfO{ ltgsf] cg'ej ;'gfpg / kl/jf/df cleefjTjsf] e"ldsf;DaGwL efjgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg 5nkmndf af]nfpg' ;xof]uL x'g;S5 . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ af]nfpg'eGbf klxn] ;xefuLx¿sf] k"j{ ;xdlt x'g' eg] cfjZos x'G5 .

3 = ;xefuL ;+Vof

l ;d"xdf 5nkmn ul/g] zLif{s / ljifosf cfwf/df ;d"xdf !% hgf ;xefuL x'g' l7Ss x'G5 eg] a9Ldf @% hgf;Ddsf] ;d"x agfpg pko'Qm x'G5 .

8 = sfo{qmd :ynsf] tof/L

sfo{qmdsf ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;xefuLx¿ ;xhtfk"j{s rnlkm/ ug{;Sg] t/ pgLx¿sf] uf]kgLotf e+u gx'g] km/flsnf] 7fpFdf cfgGbdo jftfj/0fdf x'g'k5{ / ;xefuLsf] Wofg cGoq hfg' x'Fb}g . sfo{qmd :yn ;xefuLn] cfˆgf]kg cg'ej ug]{, ;dfj]zL tyf ;xefuL d}qL x'g] ;'lglZrt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu aRrf lnPsf] k'?ifsf] lrq ePsf] kf]:6/x¿ jf ;d"xdf ;xefuL afa'x¿nfO{ k|bfg ug{ vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z k|jflxt ug]{ k|sf/sf c¿ lrq sfo{qmd :ynsf] leQfdf 6fF:g ;lsG5 . sfo{qmdnfO{ /f]rs / hLjGt agfpg ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s Jofofd jf c¿ k|sf/sf cEof;x¿df ;+nUg u/fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;xefuLnfO{ vfhf lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

r = ;q ;~rfngsf ljlwx¿

;d"x sfo{sf] klxnf] ;qsf] cf/Dedf ;xefuLx¿n] g} cfˆgf nflu …;fdfGo lgodx¿ / ;d"xsf] ;xdltÚ to u/]/ ;d"xdf ;xhtf lgdf{0f ug{‘ pko'Qm x'G5 . ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg

o:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ ;xof]u ug{;S5g\ M

l …o; ;d"xdf s] eP tkfO{FnfO{ ;xh cg'ej x'G5 <Úl …;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ jf cfˆgf s'/f eGg cu|;/ x'g tkfO{FnfO{ s]n] pTk|]l/t unf{ <l …;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ / cfˆgf s'/f eGg tkfO{FnfO{ s]n] lg?T;flxt unf{ < ;xefuLx¿sf pQ/nfO{ Go'hlk|G6 jf rsaf]8{df n]Vg] / ;xdlt sfod ePkl5 To;nfO{ sf]7fdf ;xhstf{ / ;d"xsf ;b:o ;a}n] ;lhn} b]Vg] 7fpFdf 6fF:g] .

5nkmnsf qmddf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/e"t lgodsf s]xL pbfx/0f lgDgcg';f/sf x'g ;S5g\ M

l ;d"xsf ;a}nfO{ / ltgsf] cg'ej tyf b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ .l c¿ JolQm / ltgsf ljrf/sf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf pgLx¿nfO{ g/fd|f] nfUg] zAb k|of]u gug]{ .l k|To]s JolQmsf] :jtGqtfk"j{s ljrf/ ug]{ / To;nfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .l s'g} JolQmn] eg]sf s'/fdf s;}sf] ;xdlt geP cfˆgf] c;xdltnfO{ lzi6tfk"j{s k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .l c¿sf s'/f Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg], aLrdf x:tIf]k gug]{ .

^ &

l s'g} klg ;xefuLnfO{ s'g} cEof; jf lqmofsnfkdf efu lng s/ ul/g] 5}g .l ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿aLrdf ;+j]bgzLntf / ;dcg'e"ltsf] cEof; ug]{ .l cfˆgf] s'/f ug]{ c¿sf s'/f cYof{pg gvf]Hg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu …dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg]Ú, …d]/f] cg'ejdfÚ h:tf zAbfjnL k|of]u ug]{ . …pxfFn] s] eGg vf]Hg' ePsf] xf] eg], geGg] <Úl ;d"xleq uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg'k5{ / ;d"xdf 5nkmnsf qmddf ;xefuLx¿n] eg]sf jf ;'gfPsf] JolQmut cg'ejnfO{ ;d"xaflx/ 5nkmn jf k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .l sfo{qmddf lgoldt x'g] / ;dosf] kfng ug]{, ;qe/ pkl:yt /xg] .

5 = k|To]s ;qsf] ¿k/]vf

k|To]s ;qnfO{ 5b]lv gf}j6f;Dd pkzLif{sdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . 5nkmnsf] ljifoj:t' cg';f/ s'g} s'g} ;qdf k"j{ tof/L, ;q ;~rfngsf nflu ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfj /u[xsfo{dWo] ;a} jf s'g} Ps ;+nUg 5}gg\ .

!= zLif{s@= p2]Zo#= ;do$= ;fdu|L%= k"j{tof/L^= lqmofsnfk&= lgisif{*= ;xhstf{sf nflu ;'emfj(= u[xsfo{

;qsf] p2]Zo

l ;xefuLx¿ Pscsf{;Fu /fd|/L kl/lrt x'g] .l cfcfˆgf] klxrfgk|lt yk ;hu x'g] .

;do l #) ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l !) ld6/ nfdf] 8f]/Lsf] d'7f

! = kl/ro

lqmofsnfk!= ;a} ;xefuLx¿aLr Ps cfk;df lrghfg eP klg ;xhstf{n] Pp6f ljlw k|of]u u/L k'gM kl/ro ug]{5f}}F eGg] atfpg] .

@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uf]nfsf/df pleg eGg] .

#= 8f]/Lsf] d'7f ;d"xsf s'g} Ps hgf ;b:onfO{ lbg] / pQm JolQmnfO{ 8f]/Lsf] Ps 5]p ;dftL d'7f csf]{ JolQmnfO{ lbg'k5{ eGg] .

* (

8f]/Lsf] d'7f lbg'cufl8 k|To]s JolQmn] cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg'k5{ . kl/rodf lgDg s'/f v'nfpg eGg] M s= gfd v= j}jflxs l:ylt u= cfˆg} jf kl/jf/df afnaflnsf 5g\ eg] slt 5g . 3= tL afnaflnsf;Fu ;Fu} lat]sf] jif{ ª= cfˆg} jf kl/jf/sf] afnaflnsfsf ;a} eGbf dgkg]{ Pp6f s'/f $= k|To]s ;xefuLn] cfˆgf] kl/ro kfn};Fu lbG5g\ / 8f]/Lsf] efu cfkm"n] ;dftL d'7f cfkm" cufl8 kl§sf] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ lbFb} hfG5g\ .

%= ;a}sf] kl/ro g;lsP;Dd of] qmd hf/L /xG5 .

^= ;a}n] kl/ro lbO;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] dfly n]lvPcg';f/ cfˆgf] klg kl/ro lbg] .

&= ;a}nfO{{ 8f]/L ;dfO/xg :d/0f u/fpg] / æxfdL s;}n] 8f]/L 5f8]df s] xf]nf <Æ egL ;f]Wg] .

;Defljt pQ/ Ml 8f]/L v's'nf] x'G5 l hfnf] c;Gt'lnt x'G5 .l Ps cfk;sf] ;DaGw lau|G5 . 6'6\5 .

*= tnsf] lgisif{ atfpg] .

lgisif{

xfd|f] ;d'bfo klg oxL hfnh:t} xf] / xfdL ;a} s'g} g s'g}¿kdf k/:k/df hf]l8Psf 5f}F . o;n] xfdLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf lktf x'g] jf :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ l;Sg] df}sf pknAw u/fpF5 eg]/ ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ eGg] .

;xhstf{sf nflu ;'emfj

l 5/l5d]sL ePsfn] ;d"xdf ePsf ;b:ox¿ Ps csf{;Fu kl/lrt eP klg o; ;qdf ;a}n] lktf ;d"xsf ;b:o ;fyLx¿sf af/]df c¿ yk hfGg] k|of; ug]{5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L ;xefuLnfO{ lbg] .

p2]Zo

l ;d"x 5nkmnnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;femf gLlt lgod agfpg] .

;do l $% ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l v}/f] jf ;]tf] ;fbf sfuh, /+lug snd / 6f:g] u'Fb -Un'_

lqmofsnfk!= kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿aLrsf] ;DaGw cem ulx/f] agfpg tyf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{sf lgldQ Ps csf{;Fu l;Sg xfdL oxfF e]nf ePsf xf}F . x/]s ;ftf o;} u/L e]nf eO{ xfdLn] @) j6f ;q ;~rfng ug]{5f}F .

@ = gLlt lgod -cfTdfgãzf;g_

To;df xfdL k|To]s ;ftf a9Ldf b'O{ 3G6f o;} u/L ;d"xdf a:g] 5f}F egL ;xhstf{n] ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] .

@= xfdL;Fu ;Lldt ;do ePsfn] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf lgldQ ;a} ;fyLx¿ Ps} ;dodf cfpg], kfn}kfnf] af]Ng]h:tf lgodx¿ agfcf}F h;n] xfdLnfO{ ;xhtfk"j{s 5nkmn ug{ d2t k'U5 egL ;xhstf{n] atfpg] .

#= ;a} ;xefuLn] b]Vg] u/L Go'hlk|G6 st} e'mG8\ofpg] jf ;a}sf] aLrdf /fVg] .

$= k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ cfˆgf] dgdf nfu]sf] sDtLdf Ps Psj6f lgod eGg nufpg] / To;dfly c¿ s;}sf] cfklQ jf lj/f]w eP 5nkmn ;d]tu/L lgoddf /fVg] jf g/fVg]df ;xdt x'g] .

!) !!

%= ;xdt ePsf] lgodnfO{ dfq} ;femf lgodsf ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug]{ .

^= Psk6s ;a}nfO{ lgodx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg] . s'g} ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ eP ;'wfg]{ .

&= gLlt lgodsf] :jLs[tL / lg/Gt/ kfng ug]{ ;xdlt hgfpgsf lglDt ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ tfnL ahfpg cg'/f]w ug]{ .

gLlt lgodx¿sf] pbfx/0f

l ;d"xsf ;a} ;xefuL tyf ltgsf b[li6sf]0f / cg'ejsf] cfb/ ug]{ .l c¿nfO{ g/fd|f] nfUg] jf s'g} JolQmsf] ljrf/sf] a]OHht x'g] k|sf/sf zAb k|of]u gug]{ .l k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s ljrf/ ug]{ / cleJolQm lbg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . l csf]{ JolQmn] eg]sf] s'g} s'/fdf ;xdt x'g g;s] cfˆgf] c;xdlt dof{lbt¿kdf JoQm ug'{k5{ . l c¿n] eg]sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / aLrdf cj/f]w gug]{ . To;f] -aLrdf cj/f]w_ ubf{ ;d"xsf c¿sf] klg ;do gf]S;fg x'G5 .l k|To]s JolQmsf] s'g} pQ/ glbg] clwsf/ x'G5 / s;}nfO{ klg s'g} cEof; jf lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g s/ nfUg]5}g .l ;d"xsf c¿ ;b:ok|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g] / ;dcg'e"ltk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{ .l cfˆgf s'/f eGg] . c¿sf] s'/fsf] cy{ nufpg gvf]Hg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu …d]/f] cg'ejdfÚ, …dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] <Ú …d}n] s] cg'ej

u/]sf] 5' eg]Ú h:tf zAbfjnL k|of]u ug]{ . …pxfFn] o;f] eGg vf]Hg' ePsf] xf]Ú geGg] .l ;d"xsf] uf]kgLotf /Iff ug]{ . ;b:ox¿n] JoQm u/]sf] cg'ej ;d"xaflx/ atfpg jf 5nkmn ug'{ x'Fb}g .l ;qe/ lgoldt x'g] ÷ ;dosf] dof{bf /fVg] .l dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]/ sIffdf pkl:yt gx'g] .l w'd|kfg gug]{ jf w'd|kfgsf nflu sIff :ylut gug]{ .l cfˆgf] ljrf/dfq JoQm ug]{ . -o;f] ug'{ , To;f] gug'{ geGg]_l s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o glbg] . l k|To]s $) — ^) ldg]6sf aLrdf ;q :ylut ug]{ .


l lgodx¿ n]Vg] a]nfdf ;xhstf{n] x]k]sf] / ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPnf eGg]df ;fjwfg x'g'k5{ . l cfk"mnfO{ dg nfu]sf] lgod agfpg clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . l ;d"xsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g;Sg] s'g} a'Fbf 5'6\of] eGg] nfu]df ljgd|tfk"j{s ;'emfjsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{;\ l s'g} jfSo jf kbfjnL n]Vg'eGbf klxn] ;d"xdf pgLx¿n] eGg vf]h]sf] ToxL xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ :ki6 x'g' pkof]uL x'G5 . l ;xefuLx¿n] lbPsf s'g} ;'emfj Go'hlk|G6 jf rsaf]8{df n]Vg g5'6f];\ eGg]df Wofg lbg'k5{ . l ;xdlt ePkl5 dfq} ltgnfO{ ;xhstf{ / ;d"xsf ;xefuL ;a}n] ;xh} b]Vg] 7fpFdf 6fF:g] .

p2]Zo

l o; ;qsf] cGTodf ;xefuLn] lnË / n}lËstfsf af/]df a'‰g]5g\ .

;do l () ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l /+lug snd, ;fbf sfuh, Go'hlk|G6, PS; -X_ / jfO{ -Y_ n]lvPsf sfuhsf 6's|fx¿ .

# = ln· / n}+l·stfsf ljifodf hfgsf/L

;xhstf{n] ugã{kg]{ k"j{tof/L!= ;fgf / p:t} /+usf sfuhdf 6'qmfdf # j6f X / Pp6f Y x'g]u/L n]Vg] . -pbfx/0fsf nflu 5nkmndf @) hgf ;xefuL 5g\ eg] !% j6f X / % j6f Y ePsf] sfuhsf 6'qmf tof/ ug'{k5{ . _

@= X dWo] !) j6f nfO{ Pp6f a6\6fdf / afFsL % j6f nfO{ Y ;Fu ld;fP/ csf]{ a§fdf /fVg] .

lqmofsnfk

!= ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ :jfut ug]{ .@= cl3Nnf] ;ftfsf] ;qdf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{#= ;q ;~rfngsf] gLlt lgod :d/0f u/fpg] .

!@ !#

@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ @÷@ hgfsf] hf]8Ldf ljefhg ug]{ . -pbfx/0fsf nflu !* hgf ;xefuL 5g\ eg] ( j6f hf]8L agfpg] ._

#= ;xefuLsf] ;+Vof lahf]/ /x]5 eg] ;xhstf{ klg ylkP/ hf]8L agfpg] .

$= k|To]s hf]8Ln] cnu cnu a6\6faf6 Ps Psj6f sfuhsf] 6'qmf lgsfNg] .

%= sfuhsf] 6'qmf cfcfˆgf] hf]8Ldf Ps csf{nfO{ b]vfpg] t/ csf]{ hf]8LnfO{ gb]vfpg] . uf]Ko /fVg eGg] .

^= b'j} hgfsf] sfuhdf X / X ePdf 5f]/L tyf X / Y ePdf 5f]/f hGd5 eGg] .

&= k|To]s hf]8LnfO{ ;fbf sfuhsf] kfgf / /+lug snd lbg] .

*= k|To]s hf]8LnfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ k/]sf] lrXg cg';f/sf] aRrfsf] lrq agfpg eGg] . lrq agfpFbf h:tf] agfpg cfFp5 To:t} agfpg eGg] .

(= ;a} hf]8Ln] lrq agfO;s]kl5 hxfF a;]sf] 5 ToxLFaf6 c¿n] b]Vg] u/L cfˆgf] lrq b]vfpg] .

!)= b]vfpg] hf]8Lx¿dWo] b'O{ hgf 5f]/f / b'O{ 5f]/Lsf] lrq kg]{ u/L $ j6f hf]8Lsf] lrqnfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu ;xhstf{n] 5fGg] .

5f]/f

!= skfn 5f]6f]@= kfOG6 nufPsf]#= df]6f]$= cUnf]%= ;6{ nufPsf]

pbfx/0f

5f]/L

!= skfn nfdf]@= k|ms nufPsf]#= 6Lsf nufPsf]$= ;fgf]%= kftnf]^= u'nfaL /+usf] klx/g&= k/]nf nfdf]*= r'/L nufPsf](= sfg 5]8]sf]

!%= ;xefuLn] eg]adf]lhd 5f]/fdf ePsf dflysf s'/f 5f]/Ldf x'g ;Q}mg / To:t} u/L 5f]/Ldf ePsf dflysf s'/f 5f]/fdf xF'b}g eg]/ 5nkmn ug]{ . ;dfhn] 5f]/f jf 5f]/L egL b]vfpg] u/]sf ljz]iftf afns jf aflnsfsf] lnËdf eGbf klg ;fdflhs dfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . JolQmsf] hGdhft u'0fx¿sf] ;f6f] ;dfhn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] dlxnf / k'?ifsf ljz]iftfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbG5 .

!^= ca xfdL 5f]/f jf 5f]/Lsf] lnË s;/L lgwf{/0f x'G5 < lnËsf] cfwf/df zf/Ll/s agfa6df s] s] kl/jt{g cfFp5 < eGg] af/]df Pp6f n]v k9]/ 5nkmn ug]{5f}F egL ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg]/ ;Gbe{ ;fd|uL k9\g], b]vfpg], 5nkmn u/fpg] .

-;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M !_

s = ;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM ln· lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ -h]g]l6s km/d];g_ dflg;sf] lnË lgwf{/0fdf X / Y qmf]df]hdsf] e"ldsf x'G5 . k'?ifsf] jLo{df ;fdfGotM X / Y b'j} qmf]df]hd kfOG5 eg] dlxnfdf b'O{j6f X qmf]df]hd x'G5 . cfdfsf] X qmf]df]hd dfq} x'g] ePsfn] ;Gtfgsf] lnË lgwf{/0fdf pgsf] e"ldsf t6:y /xG5 .

k'?ifsf] jLo{df /x]sf] qmf]df]hf]daf6 dfq ue{sf] aRrfsf] lnË lgwf{/0f x'g] ePsfn] aRrf 5f]/f jf 5f]/L x'g'df k'?ifsf] dfq e"ldsf x'G5 .

cfdfsf] qmf]df]hd lktfsf] qmf]df]hd

5f]/f5f]/L

!$ !%

!!= c¿ ;xefuLnfO{ lrq x]/L 5f]/f jf 5f]/L s;sf] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg ug{ nufpg] .

!@= Pp6f Go'hlk|G6 dfly 5f]/f / csf]{ Go'hlk|G6df 5f]/L n]v]/ leQfdf 6fF:g] .

!#= 5f]/f elgg'sf sf/0fnfO{ 5f]/f n]lvPsf] Go'hlk|G6df n]Vg] / 5f]/L elgg'sf sf/0fnfO{ 5f]/L n]lvPsf] Go'hlk|G6df l6kf]6 ug]{ .

!$= ;a} hf]8Ln] k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 Go'hlk|G6af6 5f]/Lsf ljz]iftfx¿ k9]/ ;'gfpg';\ / 5f]/fdf o:tf ljz]iftf x'g;S5 ls ;Q}mg eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg] . o;}u/L 5f]/fx¿sf] ljz]iftf k9]/ ;'gfPkl5 5f]/Ldf To:t} ljz]iftf x'g;S5 ls ;Q}mg eg]/ ;f]Wg] .

v = ;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM zf/Ll/s agfa6sf] leGgtf dlxnfx¿n] ue{wf/0f ug{;Sg] ePsfn] ue{wf/0f ug]{ / lglZrt ;do;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg] e"ldsf pgLx¿df k'?ifsf] eGbf k[ys / ljlzi6 x'G5 . of] afx]s dlxnf / k'?ifdf x'g] leGgtfx¿ pgLx¿ x's]{a;]sf] kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xf] .

kã?ifsf] lrq -c+usf] gfd ;lxt_ dlxnfsf] lrq -c+usf] gfd ;lxt_

u = ln·sf ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs dfGotf jf:tljstf eGbf km/s x'G5 .

xfdL ;a} laxfg p7\5f}F, lrof gf:tf vfG5f}F, g'xfp5f}F, s]xL g s]xL sfd u5f}+{F / ;fFemdf k'gM vfgf vfG5f}F, ;'Tg hfG5f}+ / k'gM laxfg p7\5f}F . ;+;f/e/sf dlxnf jf k'?ifn] x/]s lbg ;fdfGotM o:t} g} u5{g\ . t/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s kl/l:yltcg';f/ xfd|f sfdx¿ s]xL km/s x'g ;S5g\ .

g]kfnsf] Pp6f ufpFdf hGd]sL dlxnfn] laxfg p7]b]lv /ftL ;'Tg] a]nf;Dd 3/cfFugdf sfd ul5{g\ . x'g;S5, k'?if 3/aflx/ sfd u5{g\ t/ g]kfns} ;x/df a:g] 8fS6/, lzlIfsf dlxnf laxfg p7]kl5 ljBfno jf c:ktfn hflG5g\ / ;fFem 3/ kmls{lG5g\ . ;x/df a:g] csf]{ k'?if 8fS6/ jf k'?if lzIfsn] latfpg] lbg klg pgsf] ;dsIfL dlxnfs} h:t} x'G5 .

dlxnf / k'?ifn] p:t} sfo{ ;x/df ug{ ;S5g\ eg] ufpFdf klg ug{ ;S5g\ . xfd|f] ;x/df xf];\ jf ;+;f/sf w]/} ljsl;t d'n'sdf, dlxnf / k'?ifn] ug]{ sfdx¿ pgLx¿sf] lnËdf cfwfl/t geP/ Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . cj;/ k|fKt u/] eg] dlxnf tyf k'?ifn] cfk"mnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿aLrsf] jf:tljs km/s ;Gtfg hGdfpg] e"ldsf / ;Gtfg ;fgf] x'Fbf :tgkfg u/fpg]df ;Lldt x'G5 .

jLo{ y}nL

d"qfzo

k|f]:6]:6 u|GyL

pksf]if

d"qdfu{

c08sf]if

lnËc08sf]ifsf] y}nL

:tg

k]mnf]lkg 6\o'a

l8Dafzo

uef{zo

of]gLjfXo ;tLR5b

!^ !&

$= n}l·s e"ldsf

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ $ j6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ .

k|f/De != ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ :jfut ug]{ .@= cl3Nnf] ;ftfsf] ;qdf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{#= ;q ;~rfngsf] gLlt lgod :d/0f u/fpg] .

d kã?if ePsfn] ;S5ã ===

================================================== ================================================== ==================================================

d dlxnf ePsf] eP ;Sy]F ===

================================================== ================================================== ==================================================

p2]Zo

l n}lËs dfGotf / n}lËs leGgtf;Fu ltgsf] ;DaGw ;xefuLx¿nfO{ :ki6 agfpg]

;do l () ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l /+lug snd, Go'hlk|G6

lqmofsnfk

%= dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿n] cfk"m dlxnf ePsf]] 7fg]/ 5nkmn ug{ / tnsf] kmf/d eg{ eGg'xf];\ –

^= ;d"xsfo{ ;lsPkl5 ;a} ;dIf k|:t't ug{ cg'/f]w ug]{ .

&= ;a} ;d"xn] k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 yk 5nkmnsf nflu tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] – s= of] rf6{df n]lvPsf] afx]s dlxnfn] ug{ g;Sg] s'g} sfd atfpg ;Sg'x'G5 <v= of] rf6{df n]lvPsf] afx]s k'?ifn] c¿ s'g sfd ug{ ;Q}mgg\ eGg] atfpg ;Sg'x'G5 <

l cGTodf, dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu s'g e"ldsf pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ s;n] lg0f{o u5{ < o:tf lg0f{o s]df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ jf s] af6 k|]l/t x'G5g\ < s'g} JolQmn] ck]lIfteGbf km/s e"ldsf ckgfPdf s] x'G5 < eGg] k|Zg ;f]Wg] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

l dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf kSs} klg s]xL zf/Ll/s leGgtf 5g\ - pbfx/0fsf nflu hGd lbg], :tgkfg u/fpg], h'Fufbfx|L cfpg]h:tf _ t/ ltgsf] ck]lIft e"ldsf, ;f]r / hLjgz}nL eg] zf/Ll/s IfdtfeGbf k|foM n}lËs dfGotfx¿af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ .

l n}lËstf e]befjsf] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] . e]befjsf c¿ sf/0f /+u, hft, ju{, wd{, Ifdtf, gful/stf cflb x'g\ . oL s'g} klg Pscsf{af6 :jtGq¿kdf ;~rflnt x'Fb}gg\ . oL ;a} Pscsf{df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ .

d kã?if ePsf] eP ;Sy]F ===

================================================== ================================================== ==================================================

d dlxnf ePsf]n] ;S5ãã ===

================================================== ================================================== ==================================================

@= b'O{j6f ;d"xnfO{ dlxnf ;d"x / b'O{ j6fnfO{ k'?if ;d"x gfdfsf/0f ug]{ .

$= k'?ifsf] ;d"xnfO{ o;cg';f/ 5nkmn u/]/ tnsf] kmf/ddf n]Vg eGg'xf];\ –

!* !(

l oL dWo] k|To]s leGgleGg kl/l:yltdf zlQmsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5g\ .l ;dfhdf ljBdfg /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, ;fdflhsh:tf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿n] e]befjnfO{ c¿ a9fpF5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;x/sf dlxnf jf k'?ifsf nflu h:t} z}lIfs cj;/ t/fO{sf dlxnfsf nflu pknAw x'Fb}g . o;}u/L, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/sf cj;/ / sfg'gsf] kfngf klg ;dfg 5}g .l k'?if k|wfgtf, d[To' ;+:sf/ / dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx kl5sf lgif]wx¿h:tf wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts cEof;x¿n] e]befj cem a9fpF5g\ .l w]/} pvfg, egfOx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ xf]Rofpg], nf]Ug] dfG5]sf] ;]js, ;Gtfgsf] :ofxf/ ug]{ dflg; / r'nfrf}sfdf sfd ug]{ JolQmsf ¿kdf lrlqt u/]]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] JolQmsf] dfq x}g ;d'bfos} kf/:kl/s Jojxf/sf] z}nLnfO{ k|efljt u5{ / l;+uf] ;dfhsf] jftfj/0fdf c;/ k5{ . xfdLn] jf:tljs JolQmeGbf ?9L;Fu a9L cGtlq{mof ug]{ x'gfn] c;dembf/Lsf] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 / To;n] cGofotk{m pGd'v u/fpF5 . o;}n] ?9Lx¿ g} k"jf{u|xsf aLp x'g\ .

;xhstf{sf] nflu ;'emfj

l zf/Ll/s sf/0fn] x'g] cj/f]wx¿ / ;fdflhs sf/0fn] x'g] cj/f]wsf aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg';\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu k'?if ;xefuLn] pgLx¿ k'?if ePsf sf/0f :tgkfg u/fpg ;Q}mgg\ jf aRrf hGdfpg

;Q}mgg\ eGg;S5g\ - zf/Ll/s sf/0f_ . oBlk, pgLx¿n] k'?if ePsfn] ltgn] ;f/L jf :s6{ nufpg ;Q}mgg\ klg eGg;S5g\ . -;fdflhs kIf_ ;fdflhs kIf / dlxnf Pj+ k'?ifsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;fdflhs cj/f]wdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ . 5nkmnaf6 ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] k'?if / dlxnfsf] s]xL lglZrt n}lËs e"ldsf lgwf{l/t u5{ tyf To;af6 k|foM n}lËs cfwf/df x'g] e]befj pTkGg x'G5 eGg] k]ml/ a'emfpg] .

u[xsfo{

cfhsf] sfo{qmddf ePsf] 5nkmnsf af/]df 3/df uP/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;Fu rrf{ ug'{;\ . n}lËs e"ldsfsf af/]df clxn] ePsf] 5nkmn / ;xdltsf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ lrQ a'‰g] u/L ;Demfpg ;Sg'x'G5 ls ;Sg'x'Gg eg]/ x]g'{;\ . of] l;sfOkl5 tkfOF{ cfˆgf] Jojxf/df s:tf] kl/jt{g ug'{x'G5 eg]/ ljrf/ ug'{;\ . csf]{ ;ftfsf] ;qx¿df tkfOF{sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df 5nkmn ul/g]5 .

% = clwsf/sf af/]df hfgsf/L

lqmofsnfk

!= ;xefuLx¿;Fu pgLx¿n] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;'g]sf jf hfg]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] ;d"xdf ;f]Wg';\ .

@= ;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/x¿nfO{ Go'hlk|G6df l6kf]6 u/L ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L st} 6fF:g] jf /fVg] .


p2]Zo

l ;xefuLx¿n] clwsf/sf af/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{5g\ . l clwsf/ / st{Jo s;/L Pscsf{df ;DalGwt x'G5g\ eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg]5g\ .

;do l () ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l 6fFl;g] sfuhsf kfgf -l:6sL gf]6;\_, snd, /+lug snd / Go'hlk|G6 .

@) @!

l dflg;x¿ lar e]befj ul/gã xãb}g .l n}l·s lx+;f ck/fw xf] .l afns / aflnsfn] ;dfg cj;/ kfpgã hGdhft clwsf/ xf] .

$= ;xhstf{n] lgDg adf]lhdsf] lgisif{ eGg]

%= ca Psl5gnfO{ bf];|f] syg pk/ ;f]rf}F .

;a} ;xefuLn] 5f]/Lsf] k9\g kfpg] clwsf/ xf] eg] afa'cfdfsf] pgnfO{ ljBfno k9\g k7fpg] st{Jo xf] eg]5g\ eg] ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ wGojfb eg]/ 5nkmn 6'U+ofpg] .

;xefuLx¿sf ljrf/ km/s km/s cfP eg] ;xhstf{n] 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ lgDgadf]lhd atfpg] .

xfd|f] ufFpdf ;fOdg eGg] Pshgf dfUg] 5g\ . Ps laxfg} pgL tkfO{Fsf] cfFugdf cfOk'u] . tkfOF{ st} hfg nfUg' ePsf] lyof] . ;fOdgn] tkfO{F;Fu kfFr ?lkofF dfu]] . tkfO{F;Fu kfFr ?lkofF v'b|f klg lyPg / tkfOF{nfO{ pgnfO{ k};f lbg dg nfu]g .

dflysf] j0f{g ;'gfO{ ;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg –!= ;fOdgn] k};f dfUg' clwsf/ xf] < @= tkfOF{n] ;fO{dgnfO{ k};f lbg}kg]{ afWotf -jf st{Jo_ xf] <

l ;fOdgsf] tkfO{F;Fu k};f dfUg] clwsf/ xf]Og . lsgeg] pgn] tkfO{FnfO{ k};f /fVg lbPsf lyPgg\ . k};f /fVg lbPsf] eP pgL;Fu dfUg] clwsf/ / lbg] tkfO{Fsf] st{Jo x'GYof] . l clwsf/ ePsf] JolQmn] bfaL u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . To;}n] klg ;fOdg;Fu dfUg] clwsf/ 5}g . l tkfO{Fn] pgnfO{ kfFr ?lkofF lbPsf] eP Tof] tkfOF{sf] bofn' efjgf xf], OR5f xf] t/ tkfOF{sf] st{Jo xf]Og . lbg] glbg] tkfO{Fsf] :jtGqtf xf] .

l dfgf}+, tkfO{sL 5f]/Ln] æafaf dnfO{ :s'n k9\g k7fpmÆ . eg]/ eg]sf] eP s] x'GYof] < To;/L tkfO{F;Fu eGg] 5f]/Lsf] clwsf/ xf] xf]Og < tkfO{sf] 5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg] st{Jo xf] ls x}g <

5f]/L jf 5f]/fsf] ljBfno hfg kfpg], k"0f{ vf]k kfpg], la/fdL x'Fbf pkrf/ kfpg], k]6e/ kf]lifnf] vfgf kfpg], :ofxf/ kfpg], s'6lk6, ;hfo, ufnLunf}haf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] ;a} clwsf/ x'g\ .

afa'cfdf jf cleefjssf ¿kdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg], 3/df k9\g] jftfj/0f agfOlbg], vf]k lbnfpg], pkrf/ u/fpg], kf]lifnf] vfg]s'/f v'jfpg], cfkm"n] klg s'6lk6 ufnLunf}h gug]{ / c¿n] ubf{ klg arfp ug]{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] .

;xhstf{n] clwsf/ / st{Josf]cGt/;DaGwdf /fHo jf /fHosf lgsfox¿ -h:t} M– ;/sf/, lhlj;, uflj; cflb_ sf] s] e"ldsf x'G5 t < eg]/ ;f]Wg] . 5nkmnnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg cl3sf] pbfx/0fdf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff lbnfpg /fHosf] st{Jo s] / afa'cfdfsf] st{Jo s] xf] egL ;f]Wg] .

;xhstf{n] tnsf] 6]an sf]/]/ clwsf/ / st{Josf] cGt/;DaGw / /fHosf lgsfo / afa'cfdf tyf cleefjssf] e"ldsfsf af/]df ;d"x sfo{ u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg] .

#= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tnsf] sygdf 5nkmn ug{ s]lGb|t ug]{ .

*=

(=&=

^=

@@ @#

dfgj clwsf/ eGgfn] s= ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} b]z, :yfgdf dflg;sf ¿kdf hGd]sf ;a} JolQmx¿sf s]xL ;dfg clwsf/ x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/g' . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;a}eGbf ul/a b]zdf hGd] klg jf ;a}eGbf wlg b]zdf hGd] klg s]xL clwsf/ ;dfg¿kdf pknAw x'G5g\ . h:t} M – afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ - k"0f{ vf]k, kf]if0f, :ofxf/ cflb_ v= oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|0ffnL leqsf s]xL cGt/f{li6o sfg'gn] lnlvt dfGotf lbPsf 5g\ h;dWo] ( j6f d"n dfgj clwsf/ sfg'gx¿ 5g\ .

afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/

afa'cfdfsf] e"ldsf / st{Jo

afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo

ljBfnosf] e"ldsf

;d'bfosf] e"ldsf

/fHosf] e"ldsf

............................. .............................

.............................

ICERD (International Convention on the Elimi-nation of All Forms of Racial Discrimination), ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), CEDAW (Convention on the Elimi-nation of All Forms of Discrimination against Women), CAT (Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child), ICMW (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families), CPED (International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance), and CRPD(Convention on the Rights of

Persons with Disabilities)

To;}u/L ;+;f/e/sf ;+ljwfgx¿n] cfˆgf b]zleq a;f]af; u/]sf dflg;x¿sf s]xL cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} dfGotf lbPsf x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ df}lns jf ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ klg elgG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] klg wf/f !! b]lv wf/f ## ;Dd :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, dlxnfsf] clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/, blnt ;d'bfosf] e]befj lj?4sf] clwsf/, :jf:Yo, lzIff, >d tyf /f]huf/, Gofonufot c¿ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L aflnu gful/sn] r'gfjdf ef]6 xfNg kfpg] clwsf/, g]kfnL gful/ssf ;Gtfgn] lg/Gt/¿kdf gful/stf kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ klg ;+ljwfgn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

!)=

u[xsfo{

3/df uP/ cfˆgL kTgL / 5f]/f5f]/L jf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:onfO{ cfkm"n] l;s]sf] s'/f af/] atfpg] .

@$ @%

^ = >dsf] d"Nof+sg


p2]Zo

l dlxnfn] 3/u[x:yLdf u/]sf] >d of]ubfgsf] d"Nof+sg .

;do l () ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l /+lug snd, Go'hlk|G6, xl/of] / /ftf] snd jf /+u

lqmofsnfk

!= a/fa/L ;+Vofdf kg]{ u/L ;xefuLnfO{ $ j6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ .

@= $ dWo] b'O{ ;d"xnfO{ dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsf / b'O{ ;d"xnfO{ k'?ifsf] e"ldsf ug'{k5{ eGg] .

#= k'?if ;d"xn] laxfg p7]b]lv /flt g;'Tbf;Dd ug]{ sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL -@$ 3G6] sfo{tflnsf_ Go'hlk|G6 sfuhdf tof/ ug]{ / o;/L ;"rL agfpFbf cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf k'?ifx¿sf] b}lgsL emNsg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ egL atfpg] .

$= dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ laxfg p7]b]lv /ftL g;'Tbf;Dd ug]{ sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL -@$ 3G6] sfo{tflnsf_ Go'hlk|G6 sfuhdf tof/ ug]{ . o;/L ;"rL agfpFbf cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿sf] b}lgsL emNsg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ egL atfpg] .

%= ;a} ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] cfcfˆgf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg] . k|:t'lt ubf{ ;d"xnfO{ k|:t'tstf{ cfkm} 5fGg cg'/f]w ug]{ .

^= Go'hlk|G6x¿nfO{ lnËut cfwf/df cnucnu 7fpFdf 6fF:g] . s]xL 5'6 jf yk eP ;xefuLnfO{ yk36 ug{ lbg] .

&= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ rf/j6f Go'hlk|G6dWo] Pp6f dlxnf ;d"xsf] Go'hlk|G6 / csf]{ k'?if ;d"xsf] Go'hlk|G6nfO{ yk 5nkmnsf nflu 5fGg nufpg] .

*= afFsL b'O{ Go'hlk|G6nfO{ lgsfNg] .

(= ;xhstf{n] b'j} Go'hlk|G6df n]lvPsf k|To]s sfddf cfDbfgL x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg] .

!)= cfDbfgL x'g] sfddf xl/of] lrGx nufpg] / cfDbfgL gx'g] sfddf /ftf] lrGx nufpg] .

!!= ca ;xefuLnfO{ tnsf] 36gf eGg] / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .

ædfgf}, tkfO{Fsf] 3/df kTgL jf cGo dlxnf la/fdL x'g'eof] jf cGt st} hfg'ePsf] a]nf Tof] sfd ug{s] nflu c¿ s;}nfO{ gf]s/Ldf /fVg'eof] eg] tL sfd u/]afkt tkfO{Fn] k};f ltg'{k5{ ls kb}{g xf]nf <Æ

!@= dlxnfsf] Go'hlk|G6sf] k|To]s a'Fbfdf uO{ Tof] sfd c¿ s;}nfO{ u/fP afkt ;/b/ slt k};f vr{ ug'{k5{ xf]nf egL ;f]Wg] / 5nkmndf cfPsf] ;/b/ d"NonfO{ k|To]s sfdsf] 5]pdf n]Vg] . dlxnfn] u/]sf] sfdsf] dfl;s d"No hf]8 u/L ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] .

!#= lgisif{ l ;a} >dsf] d"No x'G5 . dlxnfn] 3/df u/]sf] sfo{sf] dxTjnfO{ sb/ gug'{ cGofo ug'{ xf] . l dlxnfn] 3/df ug]{ sfo{ gul/lbg] xf] eg] k'?if sfddf hfg ;Sb}gg\ g t afnaflnsf

@^ @&

g} ljBfno hfg ;S5g\ .l dlxnf / k'?if b'j} 3/ aflx/ hflu/] 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] 3/sf] sfd ug{ tna lbP/ ;xof]uL /fv]sf] hxfFtxLF b]Vg kfOG5 . w]/} g]kfnL dlxnfx¿n] ;x/ jf c/adf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf ¿kdf sfd u/]/ k};f cfh{g u/]sf 5g\ . klZrdf d'n'sdf t 3/df sfd ug]{ dflg; / 3/aflx/ sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ a/fa/ Go"gtd Hofnf ;/x g} tna lbg'k5{ .l dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] ;fdflhs sfo{ ljefhg ;fdfGotM lnËut Ifdtf jf zf/Ll/s cGt/eGbf a9L n}lËs dfGotfsf] kl/0ffd xf] . ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfj

l ;xefuLx¿n] n]Vg cK7]/f] dfg]sf cj:yfdf o:tf lqmofsnfk k"0f{ ;qdf ug{ ;lsG5 . To;f] ug{ k/]df klxn] Go'hlk|G6df dlxnfn] @$ 3G6fdf ug]{ sfdsf] ;"rL lrq0f ug]{ / To;kl5 k'?ifsf] klg To;} ug]{ . b'j} lnËsf] sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ ePkl5 k"0f{ ;qdf To; ;"rLdf 5nkmn ug]{ .

& = c;dfg l:yltsf] sf/0fx¿

lqmofsnfk


p2]Zo;xefuLx¿n] ;fdfhdf ljBdfg c;dfg l:yltsf] d"n sf/0f kQf nufpg] ;Sg]5g\ .s;/L ;fdflhs dfGotfn] c;dfgtfnfO{ ghflgbf] lsl;dn] ;3fpF5 eGg]af/] ;d]t hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{5g\ .

;do () ldg]6 cfjZos ;fdu|L ;fbf sfuhsf] kfgf, snd, v]n v]Ngsf nflu k'Ug] v'nf 7fpF

l

l

l

l

@* @(

!= tn n]lvPsf zAbfanLx¿ c+lst aL;j6f cnu cnu lr6 agfpg] .

!= d'l:nd lszf]/L

@= d'l:nd lszf]/

#= v]tLkftL ug]{ dlxnf

$= 3/d"nL dlxnf

%= xh'/ af

^= ljBfnosf lzIfs

&= k'?if ls;fg

*= sn]h :gfts o'js

(= hghflt o'js

!)= uflj; ;lrj

!!= a]/f]huf/ k'?if

!@= k|wfg cWofks

!#= dlxnf k|x/L

!$= xh'/ cfdf

!%= k'/f]lxt jf kl08t

!^= ;'s'Daf;L k'?if

!&= ld:qL

!*= cleefjs gePsf

afnalfnsf

!(= pRr hftsL wgL dlxnf

@)= dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf

@!= b'O{ ;Gtfgsf lktf Psn k'?if

@@= SofDk; k9]sL blnt dlxnf

@#= ljBfno guPsL blnt dlxnf

@$= u};;df sfd ug]{ dlxnf

@%= rf/ ;GtfgsL cfdf u[lx0fL

@^= b'O{ ;GtfgsL cfdf Psn

dlxnf

;a} lr6x¿nfO{ k6\ofP/ Pp6f a6\6fdf /fVg] / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps Psj6f lr6 lgsfNg nufpg] . ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] lr6 c¿nfO{ gb]vfO{ uf]Ko /fVg eGg] .

rf}/df Pp6f t];f]{ /]vf tfg]/ ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ pQm /]vfdf pleg nufpg] .

cfkm"n] kfPsf] lr6df n]lvPsf] JolQm g} cfkm" ePsf] 7fgL Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{5 egL ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] .

;xefuLnfO{ ;xhstf{n] d s]xL k|Zg u5'{, tL k|Zgdf cfkm" ;Ifd ePsf] nfU5 eg] Ps kfOnf cufl8 ;g]{ / ;Ifd 5}g eGg] nfU5 eg] hxfFsf] txLF pleg eGg] .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ tn lbPsf !# j6f k|Zg kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg] . k|To]s k|Zgkl5 ;a}n] kfOnf ;f/] jf g;f/]sf] / k|Zg a'em] jf ga'em]sf] s'/fdf rgfvf] x'g] .

@=

#=

$=

%=

^=

tkfO{Fx¿n] k]6e/ vfgf vfg kfpg'x'G5 <

tkfO{Fx¿;Fu /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg 5 <

tkfO{Fx¿;Fu ef]6 xfNg] clwsf/ 5 <

tkfO{F ufpFsf] xf6ahf/df PSn} hfg ;Sg'x'G5 <

tkfO{FnfO{ ! nfv ?lkofF rflxPsf] 5 . tkfOF a}+sdf uO{ C0f lng ;Sg'x'G5 <

:yfgLo dlGb/df eO/x]sf] k"hfdf tkfO{F hfg ;Sg'x'G5 <

3/df ;fFemdf 6]lnlehg jf /]l8of] x]bf{ ;'Gbf cfk"mnfO{ dg nfu]sf] sfo{qmd x]g{ jf ;'Gg kfpg'x'G5 <

Pp6f :yfgLo ;+:yfdf ;fdfGo n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] sd{rf/Lsf] kb vfnL 5, tkfO{Fn] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg'x'G5 <

tkfO{Fn] vfgf gksfP klg sfd gu/]klg 3/df vfgf vfg kfpg'x'G5 <

afa'cfdfsf] ;DklQ efua08f ubf{ tkfO{Fn] klg ;dfg c+z kfpg'x'G5 <

tkfO{;Fu cfˆg} sdfOsf] b;xhf/ ?lkofF 5 . tkfO{Fn] pQm k};f s;}nfO{ g;f]wL vr{ ug{ kfpg'x'G5 <

tkfO{Fn] afv|fkfng ug'{ePsf] 5 . Pp6f v;L a]Rg dg nfUof] eg] tkfO{Fn] 3/;Nnfx gu/L cfˆg} lg0f{on] dfq} a]Rg ;Sg'x'G5 <

tkfO{F ;d'bfosf] 5nkmndf cfˆgf] ljrf/ lgw{Ss eP/ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 <

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

(=

!)=

!!=

!@=

!#=

k|Zg ;lsPkl5, ;a}nfO{ cfkm" k'u]sf] 7fFpdf g} /f]lsP/ pleg eGg] .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ a:g eGg] / tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg nufpg]

s= ;a}n] Pp6} 7fpFaf6 v]n ;'? u/]sf eP klg sf]xL c¿eGbf w]/} cufl8 k'u], sf]xL hxfFsf] txLF /x] . of] s] eof] / lsg o:tf] eof] eGg] tkfO{FnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 <

&=

*=

#) #!

v= JolQmx¿aLr s:tf] k|sf/sf] cGt/ lyof] < hft, ju{, lnË, z}lIfs k[i7e"ldh:tf leGgtfn] v]nsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ s;/L k|efljt u/] < u= xfd|f lardf ePsf ;fdflhs, cfl{y{s, n}lËs cflb leGgtfn] s]xL JolQmnfO{ clGtd /]vfdf / s]xLnfO{ k5fl8 kf/]sf x'g\ eGg]df tkfO{F ;xdt x'g'x'G5 <

3= ;a} hgf ;dfg¿kdf cufl8 k'Ugsf nflu tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfo / ;dfhdf s] s:tf kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ <

lgisif{ ;fdflhs lje]bsf] Pp6f d"n sf/0f lnËsf cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ leGg Jojxf/ ul/g] k|rng xf] . dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ul/g] leGg} Jojxf/ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t geO{sg l:yltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . Tof] l:ylt cfkm}df c;dfg Jojxf/sf] kl/0ffd xf] . h:t} – aflnsf ePsfn] 5f]/LnfO{ ljBfnodf k9fOFb}g, pRrlzIffsf lgldQ k7fOFb}g, rfF8} ljjfx ul/lbG5f}F . To;}n] pgL g t lzlIft x'lG5g\, g t gf]s/L ug{ ;lS5g\, g t Joj;fo g} ug{ jf, g]t[Tj g} lng ;lS5g\ . pgL;Fu 3/leq a:g], 3/sf] sfd ug]{ afx]s csf]{ pkfo klg x'b}g . pgn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fpg jf k9\g ;3fpg ;lSbgg\ . g t 3/sf] lx;fa g} /fVg ;lS5g\ g t kltsf] sfddf d2t g} ug{ ;lS5g\ .

csf]{lt/ hlt g} lzlIft ePklg blnt ;d'bfosf dflg; wfld{s k"hfdf ta;Dd ;dfg¿kdf ;xefuL u/fOFb}gg\ ha;Dd ;dfhdf hflt prlgrsf] lje]b /lx/xG5 . lzIffn] blnt e]befjnfO{ s]xL c+z;Dd sd t unf{ t / ;fdflhs / wfld{s dfGotfsf] cGTo xF'b}g .

dlxnfx¿ ;dfh k"0f{ ;'/lIft geP;Dd 3/af6 :jtGq¿kdf aflx/ cfpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;n] ubf{ 3/aflx/sf ;a} sfd ug]{ bafa k'?ifdf g} /xG5 h'g s'/fn] k'?ifnfO{ g} xfgL x'G5 . 3/leqsf] sfd k'?ifn] ug{ x'b}g eGg] dfGotfn] klg k'?ifnfO{ cfˆgf ;Gtfg / kTgL;Fu efjgfTds¿kdf glhs x'g] / ;do latfpg] cj;/af6 jl~rt agfpF5 .

oL cj:yfx¿sf] kl/jt{g xfdLaf6} ul/Pg eg] kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs c;Gt'ng ;w}F /xL g} /xG5 To;}n] xfdLaf6} w]/yf]/ kl/jt{g yfngL u/f}}F .

;xhstf{nfO{ ;ãemfj ;xefuLnfO{ pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs klxrfg o; cEof;df gk/f];\ eg]/ ljz]if ;fjwfg x'g'k5{ . ;SsnL klxrfgd} v]ndf ;fd]n x'g'k¥of] eg] To;n] ltgnfO{ c;xh cg'ej x'g;S5 . pgLx¿n] jf:tljs hLjgdf ePsf] gsf/fTds cg'ejsf] kL8f ;Demg ;S5g\ . o;}n] ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿sf] k[i7e"ldsf] lrq0f of] cEof; ;'? x'g'eGbf klxn] g} ug'{

l

cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

;Dej eP;Dd ;xefuLnfO{ pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs hLjgsf] eGbf 7Ls pN6f] klxrfg lbg] k|of; ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu csf]{ lnËsf] cg'ej xfl;n ug{sf nflu dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] / k'?ifnfO{ dlxnfsf] e"ldsf lbg] .

;xhstf{n] ;d"xsf] cfjZostf / ;xefuLx¿sf] ljj/0fcg'¿k klxrfg / sygx¿df yk36 jf k]m/abn ug{ ;S5g\ .

cEof; ug{ nfluPsf] 7fpFsf] :yfgLo ;Gbe{ / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ kl/ro l:nk -tn n]lvPcg';f/_ tof/ ug]{ .

sf]7fleq of] cEof; ug{ nfluPsf] eP ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sf]7fsf aLrdf ;f]emf] t];f]{ k+lQmdf pleg eGg';\ . of] cEof; sf]7faflx/ v'nf 7fpFdf ug{;s] a9L ;lhnf] x'g]5 .

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ 3/df cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L jf 3/sf afnaflnsfsf] v]nf}gf jf afNosfndf cfkm"n] v]Ng] u/]sf] jf v]Ng dg nfUf]sf] v]nf}gf Nofpg eGg'xf];\ .

l

l

l

l

u[xsfo{ -csf]{ ;ftfdf ;xefuLn] lnP/ cfpgãkg]{ ;fdu|L_

#@ ##

* = v]n / n}+l·stf


p2]Zol v]n / v]nf}gfaf6 afnaflnsfn] s;/L n}+lËs d"No / dfGotf l;S5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L xfl;n .

;do l !@) ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l afns / aflnsfsf leGgleGg v]nf}gf, Go'hlk|G6, ;fbf sfuhsf] kfgf, /+lug sndx¿

;a} ;xefuLn] v]nf}gf lnP/ cfPsf 5g\ 5}gg\ eg]/ lzi6tfk"j{s ;f]wk'5 ug]{ .

;xefuLx¿n] NofPsf v]n}gf ;q ;~rfng x'g] sf]7fsf] aLrdf /fVg nufpg] .

b'O{ hgf ;xefuLsf] Ps hf]8L agfpg eGg] .

!=

@=

#=

lqmofsnfk

hf]8LdWo] Ps hgfnfO{ aRrf / csf]{nfO{ afa'sf] e"ldsf v]Ng eGg] .

afa'sf] e"ldsf v]Ng] ;xefuLnfO{ sf]7fsf] aLrdf /fv]sf v]nf}gfdWo]af6 Pp6f v]nf}gf 5fg]/ Nofpg eGg] .

afa'sf] e"ldsfdf ePsf] ;xefuLn] v]nf}gf lnP/ cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ s;/L v]Ng], s] s] ug]{ eg]/ l;sfpg], u/]/ b]vfpg] / ;Fu} v]Ng] .

of] e"ldsfdf v]Ngsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ kfFr ldg]6 ;do lbg] .

Pp6f uf]nfsf/ 3]/f -j[Q_ agfP/ k|To]s hf]8LnfO{ pgLx¿n] ev{/} v]n]sf] v]nf}gfsf af/] ;d"xnfO{ b]vfpg / To;sf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .

klxnfM ;xefuLdWo] aRrfsf] e"ldsfv]n]sfx¿sf nflu tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg] –l of] lqmofsnfk ubf{ s:tf] nfUof] < o;af6 s] l;sfO eof] <l tkfO{Fn] s]6fsf] e"ldsf ug'{eof] ls s]6Lsf] < l tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf]] lnË lsg 5fGg'eof] <l tkfO{Fsf] afa'n] NofOlbPsf] v]nf}gfn] tkfOF{sf] lnË 5fGg] sfddf k|efj kf¥of] <

bf];|f]df, afa'sf] e"ldsf v]n]sfx¿sf nflu tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg] Ml of] v]n v]Nbf s:tf] nfUof] <

l tkfO{Fsf] hf]8L aRrfsf] e"ldsf 5f]/f jf 5f]/L s] lyof] < s]sf cfwf/df 5f]/f jf 5f]/L lgwf{/0f ug'{eof] < l tkfO{Fn] lnPsf] v]nf}gf cs}{ ePsf] eP tkfO{Fsf] hf]8L aRrfsf] lnË kl/jt{g x'GYof] < l tkfO{F ;fgf] s]6f 5Fbf slxNo} k'tnL v]nfpg' eof] < v]n]sf] eP lsg jf gv]n]sf] eP lsg <

;xhstf{n] ca xfdL ;a} tnsf b'O{j6f k|;+udf 5nkmn u5f}}F egL atfpg] .

s= k|;+u ! M k'tnL / aGb's v]nsf] k|efj u s]6fnfO{ aGb's v]Ng lbP/ xfdLn] lx+;s agfpg vf]h]sf xfF} <n s] afnsnfO{ cfkm"n] c¿nfO{ zlQm b]vfpg], lgoGq0fdf lng], rf]6 k'¥ofpg], s'6lk6 ug]{ cflb s'/f xfdLn] l;sfO/fv]sf t 5}gf} < n 5f]/fnfO{ ;w}F lhTg, h] u/]/ klg cfkm"dfly x'g l;sfO/x]sf t 5}gf} < n d]xgt ug{, cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf bfh'efO, lbbL alxgL, ;fyLefOsf] efjgf a'‰gaf6 jl~rt u/]sf t xf]Ogf}{ . xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 , v]ndf jf k9fOdf hf] klg cl3kl5 eO/xG5 . n s]6fnfO{ ;]gf jf k|x/Ldf hfg jf 3/aflx/sf sfddf pTk|]/0ff t lbO/fv]sf 5}gf} <

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u s]6LnfO{ k'tnL ydfP/ xfdLn] p;nfO{ ;fg}b]lv :ofxf/sf] sfd lbO/x]sf t 5}gf} < n xfd|f 5f]/LnfO{ xfdLn] 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] x]/ljrf/dfq ug{ l;sfO/x]sf t 5}gf} <n dfof u/]/ af]Ng], sf]/Laf6L ul/lbg], sk8f ldnfOlbg]h:tf sfddfq ltd|f] xf] eg]sf t 5}gf} < n s] o;} sf/0fn] aflnsfx¿sf] 3/ aflx/sf sfdx¿df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ u'Dg] / cfTdljZjf; sd x'g] t xf]Og <

v= k|;+u @ M 3/cfFugdf v]lng] v]n / d}bfg jf 3/6f9f v]lng] v]nsf] k|efju s]6fx¿nfO{ 3/aflx/ v]Ng lbP/ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg u¥of}F .u ;dfhdf s]6fx¿nfO{ dfq :jtGqtf klg lbof}F To;n] cfTdljZjf; klg ljsf; u/fof] . t/ p;nfO{ 3/ leqsf sfdx¿df ;xefuL gagfP/ – s= cfˆgf nflu cTofjZos b}lgs¿kdf hfGg'kg]{ h:t}M s= vfgf ksfpg], n'uf w'g], 3/cfFug ;kmf /fVg klg l;sfPgf} . v= p;n] 3/leqsf] sfdsf] dxTj / pQm sfd ubf{ nfUg] d]xgtsf] ;Ddfg ug{ klg l;sfPgf} . u s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/leq ;Lldt /fv]/ v]n d}bfg jf 3/ aflx/sf] cj;/x¿ s]6fsf nflu dfq agfOof] . ;dfh t b'j}sf] xf] t/ If]qut agfOof] .

u 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;sf] k"0f{ cj;/af6 jl~rt u¥of}F .u s]6fx¿nfO{ ;fg}b]lv s]6Lx¿ cfkm" ;dfg 5}gg\ eGg] e|d l;h{gf ug{ klg d2t u¥of}F . pgLx¿;Fu ;Fu} v]Ng], Ps csf{sf] ljrf/ a'‰g] cj;/af6 klg jl~rt u¥of}F . To;n] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf lje]bnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof] . s]6Lx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ sdhf]/ agfO/Xof] .

!@ = lgisif{M ;xhstf{n] tnsf] lgisif{ k9\g] jf cfˆg} tl/sfn] ;qsf] lgisif{ atfpg] –…;fdflhsL/0f eg]sf] ;fg}b]lv ;dfhn] dflg;x¿nfO{ vf; lsl;dsf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k|efj ug'{ xf] . n}+lËs e"ldsfsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs dfGotfx¿n], afa'cfdfn] cfkmF}n] u/]sf] sfo{ / egfOn] la:tf/} s]6f / s]6LnfO{ Ps vfnsf] e"ldsfdfq lgjf{x ug{ afWo kf5{ eGg] xfdLn] dflysf] 5nk-mndf b]Vof}F . xfdLn] 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ plQs} ;+j]bgzLn, afa'cfdfnfO{ ;dfg dfof jf :ofxf/ ug]{, gd| x'g] agfpg] xf] eg] b'j}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbg'k5{ / ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ .Ú

u[xsfo{ cfˆgf] 3/df 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu pgLx¿nfO{ dg nfu]sf] v]n s] xf] < pgLx¿n] v]Ng kfPsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf v]n v]Ng k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / cfkm"n] klg ;fdu|L cflb h'6fOlbg] .

( = lx+;f M n}l·s cfwf/df xãg] lx+;f

lqmofsnfk


p2]Zol o; lqmofsnfksf] cGTo;Dddf ;xefuLx¿ n}lËs lx+;fnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .

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cfjZos ;fdu|L l Go'hlk|G6, sfkL sndx¿ / 6]k

;xefuLnfO{ of] ;qdf e"ldsf clego -;fgf] gf6s_ x'g]5 egL atfpg] .

e"ldsf clego -;fgf] gf6s_ df xfd|}| 3/kl/jf/df eO/x]sf lx+;f b]vfpg] k|of; ul/g]5 eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] . gf6såf/f kl/jf/leqsf] lx+;f b]vfOg] ePsfn] ;d"xdWo]af6 :j]R5fn] afa', cfdf / !)÷!@ jif{sf] aRrfsf] e"ldsf v]Ngsf nflu xft p7fpg eGg] .

xft p7fpg]x¿dWo] tLghgf -afa', cfdf / aRrf_nfO{ ;xhstf{n] 5fGg] .

;a} ;xefuLn] ;'Gg] u/L gf6ssf] ljifoj:t' atfpg] .

gf6ssf] ljifoj:t' M– æ;fFem kvsf] a]nf 5 . afa' lbge/ sfd u/]/ 3/ kms{Fb}5g\ . pgL yfs]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ lbSs nfu]sf] 5 . cfdf klg lbge/sf] sfdn] yfs]sLl5g\ . pgnfO{ cem} km';{b 5}g . a]n'sfsf] vfgfsf] nflu ;fdu|L h'6fpg nfu]sL 5g\ . aRrf klg :s'naf6 kms]{/ cfFugdf v]Nb} 5 .

afa' cfFugdf cfOk'u] . aRrf afa'n] cfkm"nfO{ ;fdfg NofOlbg'ePsf] 5 ls eGg] cfzfdf glhs} cfFp5 / ;f]W5 . a'jfn] ems]{/ aRrfnfO{ æptf efuÆ eG5g\ . aRrf klg lrQ b'vfP/ s'gfdf a:5 .

afa'n] cfdfnfO{ lrof Nofpg cfb]z lbG5 . cfdf cfkm" Jo:t ePsf sf/0f Psl5g s'g{ elG5g\ . TolQs}df afa' l/;n] cfdfnfO{ ufnL ug{ yfN5g\ . cfdf klg emls{P/ hafkm nfpFl5g\ .Æ

gf6s x]/L ;s]kl5 ;a} zfGt x'g eGg'xf];\ / bz{snfO{ tnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg';\ –

l e"ldsf clego x]bf{ tkfO{FnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] <l e"ldsf clegodf tkfO{Fn] s'g k|sf/sf] lx+;f b]Vg'eof] <

ca, aRrfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng] ;xefuLnfO{ afa'cfdfaLrsf] ljjfbn] cfkm"df k/]sf] c;/ atfpg cg'/f]w ug]{ .

xfd|f] ;d'bfodf x'g] lx+;fsf 36gf s] s] x'g\ egL ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg] / cfPsf pQ/x¿nfO{ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L Go'hlk|G6df l6Kg] .

;xhstf{n] lx+;f ;fdfGotof kfFr k|sf/sf] x'G5 egL atfpg] / dflysf 36gfx¿ dWo] s'g s'g 36gf s'g k|sf/sf] lx+;fleq k5{g\ egL 5nkmn ub}{ ;q 6'+Uofpg] .

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lx+;fsf] k|sf/

zf/Ll/s - s'6\g], lk6\g], ws]Ng], y'Gg] lxsf{pg], kfgL cflb vGofpg], ;fdfgn] xfGg] cflb _

dfgl;s jf efjgfTds - ufnL ug]{, wDSofpg], gfd /fVg], ;/fKg], 8/qf; b]vfpg] _

of}ghGo - ha{h:tL, 8/qf; jf wDsL lbP/ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] of}g lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg' _

a]jf:tf ug]{ - vfgf vfg glbg], cf}ifwL pkrf/ gu/fpg], la/fdL x'Fbf x]/rfx gug'{ _

cfly{s lx+;f - kTgLnfO{ 3/aflx/ sfd ug{ glbg', p;sf] sdfO, wg;DklQ dfl;lbg] _

;xhstf{nfO{ ;ãemfj ;xefuLx¿nfO{ e"ldsf clegoaf6 dgdf b'Mv nfUg klg ;S5 eGg] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ e"ldsf clego x]bf{ cK7]/f] nfu]/ aflx/ hfg dg nfu] h'g;'s} a]nf klg hfg kfpF5g\ egL lbg';\ .

;xefuLx¿n] kfqx¿sf] gfd /fVbf ;xefuLx¿dWo] s;}sf] gfd gk/f];\ eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t u/fpg nufpg] . e"ldsf lgjf{xf ubf{ ;xefuLsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] l:yltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ jf ;d'bfodf ljjfb x'g] l:ylt gNofpg ;r]t x'g] .

!) = lx+;f M n}l·s lx+;f ;DaGwL dfGotfx¿

lqmofsnfk


p2]Zol o; lqmofsnfksf] cGTo;Dddf ;xefuLx¿n] n}lËs lx+;f;DaGwL dfGotfnfO{ ;dfnf]rgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .

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;dfhdf s]xL k|rlnt egfOx¿ x'G5g\ . tL egfOx¿n] xfd|f] Jojxf/nfO{ lgb]{lzt u5{ . oL egfOx¿ ;'Gb} hfFbf xfdLnfO{ oL egfOx¿ ;To x'g\ ls eGg] efg k5{ .

oL sygx¿ ;xL jf unt ;xefuLnfO{ 5'§\ofpg nufpg] .

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dflysf x/]s sygdf 5nkmn ug]{ .

5nkmn eO;s]kl5 x/]s sygsf ;Gbe{df tnsf] lgisif{ k9]/ ;'gfpg] .

hfF8/S;L vfg], nfu' kbfy{sf b'Jo{;gL jf tgfjdf k/]sf] k'?ifn] kTgL / afnaflnsfnfO{ s'6lk6 ug]{] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . Psftkm{ nfu'kbfy{sf] ;]jgn] dflg;sf] ;xL unt 5'§\ofpg] ;f]rnfO{ k|efj kf5{ . csf]{tkm{ zf/Ll/s / cfly{s xflg;d]t k'¥ofpF5 . hfF8/S;L vfPsfn] lx+;f u/]sf] x'F eg]/ k'?ifx¿n] rf]lvg jf hf]lug rflxF ldNb}g . dfbs kbfy{n] lx+;f u/fpF5 eg] To;af6 c;n k'?ifn] 6f9} a:g'k5{ .

dlxnflj?4 x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lx+;f wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts ljifodfq xf]Og . of] sfg'gL ljifo klg xf] . g]kfnsf] k|rlnt sfg'gn] dlxnf, k'?if, afnaflnsf ;a}dfly ul/g] lx+;fnfO{ b08gLo ck/fw egL ;dfg ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt jf k|rngn] dlxnfnfO{ s'6lk6 ug{ kfOG5 eGg' sfg'gsf] pNn+3g ug'{ xf] .

s'6fO vfg] dlxnfn] slxNo} klg ædnfO{ s'6Æ eg]sf x'Fb}gg\ . g pgLx¿nfO{ s'6fO vfFbf cfgGb g} x'G5 . s'6lk6n] dlxnfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 . s'6lk6n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿n] cfTdljZjf; g} u'dfpF5g\ . dlxnfdfly s'6lk6 x'Fbf JolQmsf ¿kdf

syg ! M hfF8/S;L, nfu' kbfy{ / tgfjn] k'?ifx¿nfO{ dlxnf;Fu b'Jo{jxf/ u/fpF5g\ .

syg @ M dlxnfnfO{ s'6lk6 ug]{ Jojxf/ ;f+:s[lts ljifo xf] .

syg # M dlxnfn] cfˆg} Jojxf/n] ubf{ s'6fO vfG5g\ .

syg $ M kl/jf/leq x'g] lx+;f cfk;L dfldnf xf] .

syg % M dlxnfn] dlxnfdfly emg\ w]/} lx+;f u5{g\ .

syg ^ M 3/ laufg{df dlxnf s} t xft x'G5 .

syg ;xL untpgLx¿sf] cl:dtfdf rf]6 k'U5 eg] pgLx¿n] cfk"m ckx]lnt ePsf] 7fG5g\ .

Psn] csf{nfO{ s'6\g' dfgjLo dof{bfljk/Lt klg xf] . s'6lk6 ug'{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg xf]Og . k'?ifn] dlxnfnfO{ jf dlxnfn] k'?ifnfO{ jf k'?ifn] k'?ifnfO{ jf dlxnfn] dlxnfnfO{ jf hf];'s}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ s'6lk6 ug'{ b08gLo ck/fw xf] . s'6lk6 eg]sf] h:n] u/] klg s'6lk6} xf] .

gftf ;DaGw h] eP klg s'6lk6 lx+;fTds ck/fw} x'G5 . 3/leq x'g] s'6lk6 cfk;L dfdnf geO{ 3/]n' lx+;f xf] . 3/]n' lx+;f ;DaGwL P]gn] 3/leq x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s'6lk6, ufnLunf}h, lx+;fnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] 5 . c¿n] b]Vb}gg\, cfˆgL kTgL xf], cfˆg} s]6fs]6L x'g\ eGb}df 3/leq s'6lk6 ug]{ 5'6 x'Fb}g . sfg'gsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}b]zsf gful/s x'g\ / pgLx¿n] ;dfg ;+/If0f kfFp5g\ . 3/]n' lx+;f ug]{ pk/ glhssf] k|x/L sfof{no, dlxnf cfof]u jf lhNnf cbfntdf ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5 . ph'/stf{ sf] klxrfgnfO{ uf]Ko /flvG5 .

dlxnfn] dlxnfdfly emg\ w]/} lx+;f u5{g\ eGg] egfO unt xf] . k'?ifx¿n] cfˆgf] lx+;fTds Jojxf/nfO{ n'sfpg] pkfodfq xf] . ;+;f/e/ ;/sf/L lgsfodf k/]sf] k'?iflj?4sf] / dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fsf] ph'/Lx¿nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] dlxnfn]

dlxnflj?4 u/]sf] lx+;fsf] ph'/L Go"g 5 . g]kfndf bfOhf] gkfPsf] lgxF'df, a'xf/Ln] 5f]/f gkfPsf] lgx'Fdf ;f;'x¿n] lje]b / lx+;f u/]sf] s]xL 36gf b]lvPsf 5g\ . w]/} ;do;Dd k'?ifjfbL ;f]rsf aLrdf x'ls{PsL dlxnfn] k'?ifn] h:t} ;f]Rg yflN5g\ / dlxnfk|lt s} dfgjLotf u'dfpFl5g\ . pgsf] k|of; cfˆgf] klt / 5f]/fnfO{ v';L kfg{ ;dlk{t x'G5 . pgn] cfˆgf] cl:tTjnfO{ cfˆgf] 5f]/f / kltsf] cl:tTjleq ljno u/fO;s]sL x'G5g\ .

3/ lau|g] / ;k|g] Pshgfdf e/kg]{ s'/f xf]Og . 3/ lau|g] / ;k|g]{ s'/fdf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;a} jo:s ;b:osf] e"ldsf a/fa/ /xG5 . a'xf/Ln] 3/ lauf5{g\ jf dlxnfn] bfh'efO 5'6\ofpF5g\ eGg] egfO{ klg unt xf] . 3/sf ;d:ofsf af/]df ;a} ;b:oaLr 5nkmn x'g'k5{ . ;a}n] ;femf ;dembf/L agfpg'k5{ . a'xf/Lx¿n] 3/, bfh'efOx¿nfO{ hf]8]sf] pbfx/0fx¿ klg 5g\ .

xfd|f] ;dfh la:tf/} ;+o'Qm kl/jf/af6 6'qm]/ Psn kl/jf/tkm{ hfFb}5 . of] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g qmlds / :jfefljs xf] . o;sf] bf]if dlxnfnfO{ lbg ldNb}g .

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p2]Zol o; ;qsf] cGTo;Dd ;xefuLn] ljjfb / lx+;fsf af/]df a'‰g]5g\ . l ljjfb ;'Nemfpg] / lx+;f /f]Sg] pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{5g\ .

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;xefuLnfO{ tnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ – s= skf; sfsL{sf] kl/jf/df zflGt 5 jf ljjfb 5 < v= dflysf] ljjfb x'g' /fd|f] xf] jf g/fd|f] xf] <

;xhstf{n] ljjfb s;/L /fd|/L ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 / s;/L lx+;fdf kl/0ft x'g ;S5 egL tnsf a'Fbfx¿ ;xefuLnfO{ eGg] . xfd|f] kl/jf/ jf ;dfhdf ;w}F zflGt eO/xFb}g . xfdL ;a}sf] ljrf/ ;w} Pscsf{;Fu ldNb}g . To;}n] ljjfb x'g' :jfefljs xf] . ljjfbnfO{ 5nkmn u/L ;a}sf] lrQ a'emfO{ ;dfwfg lgsflnof] eg] ljjfb ToxLF 6'+luG5 / To;n] /fd|f] kl/0ffd klg NofpF5 . ljjfb ug]{ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ s'6lk6 u¥of], wDsfof] eg] Tof] ljjfb lx+;fTds x'g k'U5 . ljjfbnfO{ Ps kIfn] jf:t} u/]g, hah{:tL

cfˆgf] lg0f{o nfb\g vf]Hof] eg] klg Tof] ljjfb ;dfwfg ePsf] xF'b}g . Tof] ljjfb dgdf n's]/ a:5 / s'g} lbg l/;, cfj]usf ¿kdf lj:kmf]6 x'G5 . ljjfbdf hf] kLl8t eof] jf h;sf] s'/f ;'lgPg p;n] slxn] sfxLF ljb|f]x u5{ . To;n] ljjfbsf] csf]{ kIfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs¿kdf rf]6 k'U5 eg] slxn] sfxLF p;n] cfkm"nfO{ zlQmljxLg, dxTjljxLg cg'ej u5{ . p dfgl;s la/fdL x'g;S5 . p;n] cfTdxTof klg ug{ ;S5 .

;xhstf{n] skf; sfsL{sf] pbfx/0fdf s] s] kl/0ffd x'g ;S5g\ egL ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg] . ;xefuLx¿sf] pQ/ cfO;s]kl5 ;xhstf{n] skf; sfsL{sf] 3/sf] ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ - jf lx+;fdf kl/0ft x'g glbg_ s] s] ug]{ eg]/ ;f]Wg] . ;xefuLn] eg]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ a'Fbfut¿kdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L l6Kg] / s;}sf] yk ;'emfj eP 5nkmn u/L yk36 ug]{ .

ljjfbsf] ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Pg / ;a}nfO{ :jLsfo{ ;dfwfg lgsflnPg eg] Tof] ljjfb 3'ld/xG5, Pscsf{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ lk/f]ln/xG5 . aflx/ b]lvFb}g t/ Tof] dgdf u9]/ a:5 . csf]{tkm{ s]xL ljjfbx¿n] lx+;fsf] ¿k lnG5g\ / kl/jf/df lx+;fsf] rqm eP/ bf]xf]l/O/xG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tnsf lrqdf lx+;fsf rqmx¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 .

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s= z+sfn] hGdfpg] lx+;fsf] rqm v = dfbskbfy{ ;]jgn] hGdfpg] lx+;fsf] rqm

चरण - ६

चरण - ७ चरण - ४

चरण - ५

चरण - ३

चरण - २ चरण - १

चरण - ६

चरण - ७

चरण - ४

चरण - ५

चरण - ३

चरण - २

चरण - १

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;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ a/fa/ ;+Vofsf b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht u/fpg] .

b'j} ;d"xnfO{ sf]7f jf d}bfgsf] aLr efudf Ps csf{lt/ d'v kmsf{O{ b'O{j6f ;dfgfGt/ /]vfdf pleg eGg';\ . b'j}lt/ ;xefuLsf] ;+Vof a/fa/ x'g'k5{ .

Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ …sÚ / csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ …vÚ gfd /fVg';\ .

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ d'¶L v]n v]Ng nfu]sf] egL hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ . d'¶L v]n v]Nbf tnsf] lgodx¿ kfng ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f ;Demfpg'xf];\ . s= d'¶L kfg]{ ;xefuLx¿n] h'g xftdf d'¶L alnof] kfg{ ;lsG5 ToxL xftdf d'7L kfg{ eGg] . v= d'7\6L km'sfpg] ;xefuLn] b'j} xft nufP/ d'7L km'sfpg'kg]{ . u= d'¶L km'sfpgsf nflu sfps'tL nufpg], lrdf]6\g] h:tf unt sfo{ ug{ kfFFFFOb}g . 3= v]ne/ cfˆg} nfOgdf g} pleg'k5{ .

;d"x …sÚ sf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ d'7L kfg{ / ;d"x …vÚ sf ;xefuLnfO{ d'7L vf]Ng] k|of; ug{ eGg';\ . cfˆgf] ;fd'Gg] plePsf ;xefuLsf] d'7L vf]Ng nufpg] .

lqmofsnfksf nflu @ ldg]6sf] ;do lbg';\ .

;xefuLnfO{ …u/ u/Ú eg]/ xf}:ofpg';\ .

b'O{ ldg]6kl5 lqmofsnfk /f]Sg eGg';\ / slt hgfn] d'7L vf]Ng ;s] / slt hgfn] ;s]gg\ eg]/ x]g'{;\ .

ca ;d"x s / v sf aLrdf e"ldsf abNg';\ . o; k6s ;d"x …vÚ ;d"xsf ;xefuLn] d'7L kfg]{5g\ eg] ;d"x …sÚ sf ;xefuLn] d'7L vf]Ng]5g\ . ;a} tof/ ePkl5 …;'?Ú eg]/ v]n ;'? u/fpg';\ . o;sf r/0fsf] v]nsf nflu csf]{ @ ldg]6 lbg';\ .

b'O{ ldg]6 k'u]kl5 v]n /f]Sg';\ / ;xefuLx¿ slt hgfn] d'7L vf]Ng ;s] / slt hgfn] ;s]gg\ eg]/ x]g'{;\ .

ca ;xefuLx¿dWo] d'¶L vf]Ng]nfO{ ;f]Wg';\ – l v]n s:tf] nfUof] <l ss;n] d'7L vf]Ng ;s]] <s;/L ;kmn x'g'eof] <

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JolQmsf ¿kdf zlQm xfl;n ePsf] cg'ej ug'{ / ;dfhsf] zlQmzfnL ;d"x;Fu ;Da4 ePsf sf/0f cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;dflhs zlQmsf] cg'ej ug'{df /x]sf] cGt/sf af/]df rrf{ ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tsL s'g} dlxnfn] JolQmut¿kdf cfk"m zlQmzfnL /x]sf] cg'ej ug{;lS5g\ t/ ;d"xsf ¿kdf ToxfFsf dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs zlQmsf] cefj 5 . ;xefuLx¿n] sltko zlQmzfnL dlxnfnfO{ lrg]sf] pbfx/0f lbP eg] JolQmut¿kdf cfk"mnfO{ zlQmzfnL 7fGg' / ;dfhsf] zlQmzfnL ;d"x;Fu ;Da4 x'g' a]Unfa]Un} xf] eGg] a'Fbfdf Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ .

;d"x ljefhg ubf{ lahf]/ ;+Vof eP ;xhstf{ cfkm" klg ;xefuL x'g] .

l ss;sf] d'7L km':s]g < d'7\7L hf]ufO/fVg slt sl7g eof] <

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ of] v]ndf tkfO{Fsf] e"ldsf s] lyof] < s:tf] cg'ej eof] < egL ;f]wL kfn}kfnf] cfˆgf s'/fx¿ eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

d'7L v'nfpgsf lgldQ cfk;df s'/fsfgL jf ;dembf/L ePsf] lyof] < pgLx¿ Pscsf{nfO{ gb'vfO{sg d'7L vf]Ng ;kmn ePsf lyP < eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg';\ .

d'7L kfg]{x¿ ;d'bfodf clwsf/ ePsf JolQmsf k|tLs lyP . d'7L vf]Ng elgPsfx¿ rflxF clwsf/ vf]l;Psf jf clwsf/ kfpg ;+3if{ ul//x]sf JolQmx¿ lyP eGg] atfpg';\ . ;dfhdf clwsf/ ePsf / clwsf/ljxLgx¿sf aLrdf lbgx'F o:t} ;+3if{ eO/x]sf]5 / åGåsf] l:ylt ;d]t pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 .

lgisif{ M ;xefuLnfO{ zlQm s'g} ;d"xdf ;w}F /lx/xg] j:t' xf]Og . JolQm jf ;d"xx¿aLr cfpg]hfg] eO/xG5 eGg] a'‰g'k5{ eGg';\ . ;+;f/df sf]xL klg lhGbuLe/ zlQmzfnL eO/xg ;Q}mg . pbfx/0fsf nflu o'jf pd]/df s'g} afa' alnof] / zlQmzfnL x'g;S5 eg] a"9f] ePkl5 zlQmxLg x'G5 . ;fgf] 5Fbf zlQmxLg /x]sf 5f]/f jf 5f]/Lx¿ x's]{kl5 a"9f afa'eGbf zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ . o:tf s]6fs]6Ln] afa'n] ;fgf] 5Fbf cfk"m;Fuh:tf]

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To;}u/L, wgL / ul/a jf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿ aLrsf] Jojxf/ klg o:t} x'g;S5 eg]/ of] cEof;sf] ;dfkg ug'{;\ .

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p2]Zol ;xefuLx¿n] ;'dw'/ / ;sf/fTds ;DaGwsf ljz]iftfsf af/] dgg ug]{5g\ .

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;qsf] p2]Zosf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ e"ldsf lgjf{xsf lgldQ %÷% hgfsf] b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ . afFsL ;xefuLnfO{ gf6s cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .

gf6ssf] ljifoj:t' ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] .

ljifoj:t' M – …Pp6f kl/jf/df b'O{ bfh'efO{, pgLx¿sf kTgLx¿ / cfdf u/L kfFr hgf 5g\ . rf8kj{sf] a]nf 5 . vr{ h'6fpg' k/]sf] 5 . bfh'sf] cfDbfgL sd 5 eg] efOsf] cfDbfgL bfh'sf] eGbf a9L 5 . To;} ;dodf C0f klg ltg{' 5 . vr{ a]xf]g{ kl/jf/df tgfj 5 .Ú

Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ / csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ gsf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;d"x ;d"xdf uP/ tnsf a'Fbfx¿ uf]Ko ¿kdf eGg] .

b'j} ;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu % ldg]6 5nkmn ug{ lbg] .

;xhstf{n] cjnf]sgstf{{x¿nfO{ clego af6 cfk;L kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ;'dw'/ kfg{ l;Sg'kg]{ / ;'wfg'{kg]{ s'/fdf Wofg lbg cg'/f]w ug]{ .

k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ clego ug{ !) ldg]6 lbg] .

cjnf]sgstf{x¿sf] l6Kk0fL kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpg] . d'Vo d'Vo a'Fbf ;xhstf{n] l6Kg]] .

l ;Lldt cfonfO{ cltcfjZos vr{ Wofgdf /fvL kl/jf/df 5nkmn ug]{l kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] dgzfo a'‰g]l zfGt jftfj/0fdf ;xdltdf 6'ª\ofpg]

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tkfO{F @( jif{sf] o'jf x'g'x'G5 . tkfO{F 3/ glhs}sf] ljBfnodf k9fpg'x'G5 . tkfO{FsL kTgLn] klg 3/ aflx/ sfd ug'{x'G5 . kTgLsf] jrt pgn] cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ nufgL ug{ rfxg'x'G5 t/ tkfO{F pgsf] k};f ;d]tn] df]6/;fOsn lsGg rfxg'xG5 .

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o:tf] 36gfdf ;fdfGotM xfd|f] ;d'bfodf s;n] lg0f{o u5{ < s] x'G5 < qmdzM n]Vg] .

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;xhstf{n] tnsf] lgisif{ atfpg] Mk|To]s ;d:of jf cK7]/fsf ;dfwfg x'G5g\ . ;d:of ;dfwfgdf k'?ifsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf g} k'?ifjfbL ;f]r xf] . ;fg}b]lv xfdL ;a} k'?ifsf] lg0f{o b]Vb} / dfGb} cfPsfn] cfkm" dlxnf jf k'?if h'g lnËsf] eP klg k'?ifn] lg0f{o ug]{ xf] eGg] ;f]r xfdLdf /lx/x]sf] 5 .

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;a} ;xefuLnfO{ uf]nf] 3]/f agfP/ pleg nufpg] .

3]/fsf] aLrdf sfuhsf] 6'qmf /flvPsf] a§f /fVg] .

;xefuLdWo] OR5'snfO{ a§faf6 Pp6f Pp6f sfuhsf] 6'qmf lng nufpg], Tof] 6'qmf cfkm";Fu /fVg] / c¿nfO{ gb]vfpg eGg] .

sfuhsf] 6'qmf lng] ;xefuLnfO{ To;df n]lvPsf] k|Zg k9]/ Tof] sfo{ cfkmF}n] u/]sf] dx;''; ug{ eGg] .

;xefuLnfO{ kfn}kfnf] cfˆgf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfdf n]lvPsf] k|Zg c¿ ;xefuLnfO{

;f]Wg nufpg] . ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf cfkm"n] ug]{

u/]sf]5 eGg] afa' jf x]/rfxstf{nfO{ xft p7fpg eGg] .

xft p7fpg]x¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cfcfˆgf] cg'ej atfpg nufpg] .

;a} k|Zg g;lsP;Dd of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ ug]{ .

tfnL ahfpg nufP/ ;a}nfO{ a:g cfu|x ug]{ .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ ev{/} u/]sf] cEof;sf ;DaGwdf tnsf k|Zg kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg] .l of] cEof; s:tf] nfUof] < l s'g s'/f ;'Gbf tkfO{FnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L crDd nfUof] <l xfd|f] ;dfhdf k'?ifx¿ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf x]/rfxsf af/]df 5nkmn u5{g\ <

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lgisif{M afa'n] :ofxf/;';f/ u/]/ x'sf{Psf 5f]/f5f]/Ldf lgDgcg';f/sf] ljz]iftf kfOPsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . dfof ug]{ / ;do lbg] lktf ePdf M 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO /fd|f] x'g] . 5f]/f5f]/L ;+j]bgzLn / ldng;f/ x'G5g\ .afa' clx+;fTds ePdf M 5f]/f sd l/;fxf x'G5g\ / n}lËs lje]b pk/ k|Zg p7fpF5g\ . 5f]/Lx¿;Fu afa' jf kl/jf/sf] k'?if cleefjssf] ;sf/fTds / lgs6 ;DaGw ePdf M 5f]/Lx¿ jo:s ePkl5 klg lx+;fTds x'b}gg\ / k"0f{tM cfTdljZjf;L / ;zQm x'G5g\ .afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ldn]/ k"/f ug]{ bDktL a9L ;'vL x'G5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/Lk|lt lhDd]jf/ afa'x¿ M a9L afFR5g\ / pgLx¿df pRr /Qmrfk, d'6' /f]u / dBkfgsf] s'nth:tf dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo ;d:of sd x'G5 .5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{ o'jf lktfx¿ M lx+;fTds ultljlwdf sd} ;+nUg x'G5g\ .


;xhstf{n] lgDg cj:yfdf 5nkmnnfO{ /f]Sg ;r]t x'g'k5{ M s'g} ;xefuLn] cg'ejsf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf csf]{ ;xefuLn] df}lvs b'Jo{jxf/ -ufnLunf}h_ u/]df jf af]Ng glbPdf

s'g} ;xefuLn] n}lËs e]befjk"0f{ wf/0ff k|s6 ug{ yfn]df .

t/ l6Kk0fL ug]{ JolQm;Fu ljjfb ug'{x'Gg . tLtf] s'/feGbf c¿nfO{ rf]6nfUg ;S5 eGg] ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ ;Demfpg'k5{ .

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afa'x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] x]/rfxdf s;/L cem a9L ;3fpg ;S5g\ egL kTgLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{ eGg] .

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;xefuLnfO{ of] ;qsf] p2]Zosf] af/]df atfpg] .

;xefuLnfO{ uf]nfsf/ 3]/fdf a:g nufpgf];\ .

of] ;qdf afa'sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df 5nkmn x'g] ePsfn] ;xefuLdWo] sf]xL cljjflxt x'g;S5f}+, s;}n] clxn];Dd 5f]/f5f]/L gkfPsf x'g;S5f}+, s;}n] of]hgf ul//x]sf x'g;S5f}+ / s;}sf 5f]/f5f]/L 7"nf ePsf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . h] eP klg of] 5nkmn xfdL ;a}sf nflu ;fGble{s ePsfn] Wofg lbP/ ;'Ggsf nflu :d/0f u/fpg] .

afa' eO;s]sfnfO{ tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg] M tkfO{Fsf] aRrf x'g] s'/f klxnf]k6s s;/L yfxf kfpg' eof] <tkfO{Fsf] slt j6f aRrf hGdfpg] eGg] of]hgf lyof] < sltj6f 5g\ <ue{jtL kTgLsf] :jf:Yo hfFr ug{ ;Fu} lnP/ hfg'eof] < s] tkfO{F kTgL ;'Ts]/L x'bfF pgL;Fu} x'g'x'GYof] <tkfO{F klxnf] k6s afa' aGbf s:tf] cg'ej ug'{eof] < s] tkfO{FnfO{ ;fgf gfgL :ofxf/]sf] s'g} cg'ej 5 <

ljjflxt t/ aRrf geO;s]sf jf lgs6 eljiodf klxnf] aRrf kfpg] ;xefuLnfO{ tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg] M

dgdf s] s] efjgf pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 tkfOsf] aRrf x'g] ldlt yfxf 5 < Toltv]/ tkfO{ sxfF x'g'x'G5 <ue{jtL kTgL;Fu tkfO{F klg :jf:Yo hfFr ug{ ;Fu} hfg'x'G5 < clxn];Dd sltk6s hfg' eof] < kTgLsf] ue{ s:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df kTgL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{x'G5 <uef{j:yfdf kTgLnfO{ eO/x]sf] cg'ejsf] af/]df tkfO{Fn] slQsf] Vofn ug'{ePsf] 5 <tkfO{Fsf] kTgLsf] Jojxf/df s] s] kl/jt{g b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <ue{jtL cfdfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] af/]df tkfO{FnfO{ hfgsf/L 5 <

ljjfx geO;s]sf ;xefuLnfO{ tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg] M ljjfxkl5sf] klxnf] lhDd]jf/L s] xf]nf <eljiodf ljjfx u/L 5f]/f5f]/L kfpg s] s;/L of]hgf ug]{ xf]nf < sltj6f aRrf kfpg] of]hgf 5 <tkfO{F klt kTgL b'j} sfd ug]{ ePdf, afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ s;/L ug'{k5{ xf]nf <tkfO{F kTgL;Fu} :jf:Yo rf}sL jf c:ktfn hfg'x'G5 <

lgisif{ MxfdLdWo] w]/}n] aRrf hGdfpg] of]hgf k|fo M agfPsf x'F'b}gf}+ . g t xfdLnfO{ afa'sf ¿kdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfsf af/]df s;}n]

hfgsf/L lbPsf g} x'G5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf afa'sf ¿kdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf afa' jf cleefjs eO;s]kl5 g} l;lsg] s'/f xf] . xfdL hfu?s ePsfn] cfˆgf ;fyLefOx¿nfO{ afa' x'gsf nflu ;/;Nnfx lbg / ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}F .

kTgL;Fu efjgfTds ;DaGw cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / To;sf] cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ . uef{j:yfsf ;dodf aRrfsf] afa'sf ¿kdf kTgL jf hLjg ;fyLsf] ue{sf r/0fx¿ hfGg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ue{j:yfdf dlxnfx¿n] zf/Ll/s / efjgfTds¿kdf y'k|} kl/jt{gx¿sf] cg'ej ug]{ x'gfn] xfdLn] xfd|f ue{jtL kTgL jf hLjg ;fyLsf] x]/rfxdf ;lqmo x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . kltsf ¿kdf xfdLn] pgLx¿n] kof{Kt cf/fd / kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f kfpg] ;'lglZrt\ ug'{k5{ . ;fdfGotM k/Dk/fut¿kdf 3/df xfdLnfO{ ue{jtL kTgLsf] x]/rfx ug]{ / glhs x'g] cj;/ ldNb}g t/ xfdLn] cfˆgL kTgLsf] glhs x'g] df}sf s;} g s;} u/]/ h'6fpg'k5{ . xfdL ;fdfGotM afa' ePsf] jf x'g nfu]sf] v';L c¿;Fu JoQm ub}{gf} . s'g} s'g} a]nfdf t xfdL afa' aGg nfu]sf]df nfhn] e't's} x'G5f}+ . xfd|f sf]xL ;fyL jf lgs6sf JolQmx¿;Fu dgdf nfu]sf s'/f, lrGtf / v';L atfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lktf ;d"x

klg xfd|f] efjgf / cg'ej Pscsf{;Fu cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ / c¿nfO{ klg ;d"xdf ;xefuL eP/ To;} ug{] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] 7fFp xf] . of] ;d"x afa' x'g nfu]sf jf x'g] ljrf/df ePsfx¿sf nflu ;d'bfodf ;Dks{ ;"q klg x'g;S5 .

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cfˆgf] kTgL;Fu cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] x]/ljrf/sf ;DaGwdf cfkm"n] ug{;Sg] ;xof]usf af/]df s'/fsfgL ug]{ . gjljjflxtn] cfˆgf kTgLsf] :jf:Yo l:yltsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng] .

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;qsf] p2]Zosf af/]df atfpg] .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps csf{;Fu g5f]Og] u/L a:g eGg] .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ Psfu| eO{ cfFvf lrDn]/ @ ldg]6;Dd cfˆgf] afNofj:yfdf cfˆgf] afa';Fu ljtfPsf] If0f :d/0f ug{ nufpg] .

;xhstf{n] @ ldg]6kl5 ;xefuLnfO{ cfFvf lg/Gt/ aGb u/L cfkm" lszf]/÷o'jf cj:yfdf k'u]sf] :d/0f ub}{ afa';Fusf] clj:d/0fLo If0f ;Demg cfu|x ug]{ . o;sf nflu klg @ ldg]6 ;do lbg] .

afa'sf] cg'kl:ylt lagf x's]{sf ;xefuLx¿ 5f}+ eg] cfˆgf] j/k/ ePsf] ;xof]uL k'?if -h:t} sfsf, 7'nfa'jf, xh'/a'jf_ ;Fusf] cg'ej ;Demg eGg';\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ la:tf/} cfFvf vf]Ng eGg';\ .

;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg';\ . h;h;nfO{ eGg dg 5 pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] cg'ejx¿ atfpg k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . s;}nfO{ cfˆgf] cg'ej atfpg] dg gnfu] afWo gePsf] s'/f klg atfpg'xf]; . afNosfn jf lszf]/cj:yfsf :d/0fx¿ /fd|f, g/fd|f, /dfOnf tyf b'Mv nfUbf x'g;Sg] ePsfn] ;xefuLnfO{ ;+j]bglzn x'g cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .

afNosfn jf lszf]/cj:yfsf] :d/0f ubf{, cfˆgf afa'sf ;DaGwdf lbdfudf cfPsf] If0f atfpg'xf]; .tkfO{Fx¿dWo] s;}nfO{ afa'sf] :d/0f ubf{ pxfFn] ug'{ePsf] dg gk/]sf] Jojxf/sf] klg ;Demgf cfof] <

;xhstf{n] ;xefuLx¿n] atfPsf afa'sf /fd|f tyf dg gk/]sf :d/0fx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] sfkLdf 5'6\6f 5'6\6} l6kf]6 ug]{ .

xfdLn] xfd|f] afNosfnsf] af/]df t 5nkmn u/\of}+ . ca Psl5g xfdLn] xfd|f ;Gtfg jf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ u/]sf] Jojxf/ dfyL 5nkmn ug]{5f}+ egL ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] .

;xefuLnfO{ tnsf] k|Zg ug]{ M s= xfdLn] xfd|f afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿n] hLjge/ ;DemL/xg] u/L /fd|f u/]sf 5f}F ls 5}Fgf}F <v= xfdLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿sf s x'g <

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afNosfndf xfdLdfly xfd|f afa', cfdf, cleefjsn] u/]sf] Jojxf/ xfd|f dgdf u9]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . tL s'/f xfd|f] cr]tg dgdf x'G5g\ h'g xfd|f] ;r]t dgnfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g .

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ha xfdL xfd|f ;Gtfg;Fu Jojxf/ u5f]{F xfd|f ltg} cg'ejx¿ xfd|f sfo{sf ¿kdf kl/0ft x'G5 . t;y{, xfdLnfO{ afNosfndf g/fd|f nfu]sf Jojxf/x¿ xfdLn] gbf]xf]¥ofpg ;r]t x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu afa'n] xfdLnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]/ x'sf{Psf lyP eg] xfdL klg 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cGhfgd} s'6\5f}F . To;}u/L afa'n] xfdLnfO{ v'n]/ ;fgfdf dfof, x]/ljrf/ u/]sf /x]g5g\ eg] xfdLnfO{ klg cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ v'n]/ dfof x]/ljrf/ ug{ cfpFb}g .

xfdLn] ;fgf] 5Fbf afa'sf] :ofxf/ kfPsf 5}gf}+ eg] afa'cfdf a"9f ePkl5 klg xfdLn] :ofxf/ ug{ hfGb}gf}F . dgdg dfof u/] klg b]vfpg ;Sb}gf]} . afa'cfdf / 5f]/f 5f]/L aLr Ps vfnsf] b'/L /xG5 o;sf] sf/0f xfdLnfO{ ;fg}b]lv Pscsf{nfO{ dfof ug]{, p;sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{, bofn' x'g] u/L x'sf{OPsf] xF'b}g .

5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfkm"k|lt klg glhssf] ;DaGw b]vfpg\, em\oflDdpg\, ;fgf;fgf s'/fdf klg s'/fsfgL u¿g\ eGg] xf] eg] xfdLn] cfˆgf ;Gtfg;Fu ;fg}b]lv v]Ng], v'n]/ dfof ug]{, pgLx¿sf] u[xsfo{ cflbdf ;xof]u ug]{, s'/f ;'Gg], k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ug'{k5{ eg] csf]{tkm{ ufnLunf}h ug]{, rsf]{ :j/df af]Ng], l/;fpg], s'6lk6 ug]{ ug'{xF'b}g .

afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf cfdf / afa' b'j}sf] pkl:ylt / ;+nUgtf rfxG5g\ . Tof] cfjZos klg x'G5 . cfdf / afa' b'j}sf] ;+nUgtfdf x's]{sf s]6fs]6Ldf a9L cfTdljZjf;, cWoogzLn :jefj, zfGt Jojxf/ x'G5 eg] pgLx¿sf] k|ltefsf] klg k"0f{ k|:k'm6g x'G5 eGg] y'k|} cWoogx¿af6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 .

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cfˆgf afnaflnsf cfkm";Fu slQsf] glhs cfFp5g\ ls cfFpb}gg\ egL ofb ug]{ . cfˆgf afnaflnsf;Fu glhs x'g pgLx¿sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf ;3fpg] . pgLx¿;Fu ;do latfpg], s'/fsfgL ug]{ / k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

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p2]Zol k'?ifx¿n] klg dlxnfx¿n] h:t}u/L :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] dx;'; u/fpg] .

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o; ;qsf] p2]Zo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg] .

dlxnf / k'?if n]v]sf] a6\6fnfO{ sfo{qmd :ynsf] Ps 5]pdf /fVg] .

tL afs;x¿ eg]sf] ;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ lbPsf] e"ldsf xf] egL atfpg] .

dflg;, hgfj/ / la?jf cflbsf] lrq -jf j:t'_ nfO{ sf]7fsf] aLrdf /fVg';\ .

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;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] sf]7fsf] ljraf6 Pp6f lrq jf j:t' l6Kg eGg'xf];\ .

lrqdf ePsf lrhlah jf hgfj/x¿nfO{ dlxnf jf k'?ifdf h;n] /fd|/L x]/rfx ug{ ;S5 p;}sf] a6\6fdf /fVg eGg'xf];\ .

;a} lrqx¿nfO{ a6\6fdf /flv;s]kl5 ;xefuLnfO{ cfcfˆg} 7fpFdf kms{g eGg] . ;xhstf{n] afs; b]vfFpb} ;dfhn] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{ e"ldsf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr s;/L afF8]sf] 5 eGg] of] cEof;n] b]vfpF5 eGg] .

klxnf dlxnfsf] a§faf6 kfn}kfnf] k|To]s lrq lemsL ;xefuLnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . / lrqx¿nfO{ a§f glhs} ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L lkmFhfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .

To;}u/L k'?ifsf] a§faf6 klg kfn}kfnf] k|To]s lrq lemsL ;xefuLx¿nfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ / lkmFhfP/ /fVg'xf];\ .

ca k'?ifsf] a§fsf] glhs /fv]sf lrqx¿ Ps Ps u/L l6k]/ ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ b]vfpg]/ – æof] sfd dlxnfn] ug{ ;lS5g\ ls ;lSbgg\ <Æ æ;lSbgg\ eg] lsg<Æ eg]/ ;f]Wg] / ;xefuLaLr Psl5g 5nkmn ug{ lbg] . w]/} ;xefuLn] dlxnfn] klg ug{ ;S5g\ egL eg]kl5 ;f] lrqnfO{ ca dlxnfsf] a§fdf /flVbpmF t egL ;f]Wg] / x'G5 eg] kl5 /fVg] .

dlxnfsf] a§f glhs /x]sf lrqx¿ pk/ To;}u/L 5nkmn u/]/ k'?ifsf] a§fdf /fVg] .

lgisif{M:ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ sfd k'?if / dlxnf b'j}n] ;dfg¿kdf ug{;S5g\ . k'?ifn] ue{wf/0f ug{ / :tgkfg u/fpgdfq ;Sb}gg\ . ;fg}b]lv xfdLnfO{ ;dfh jf kl/jf/n] h'g e"ldsf lbof] xfdLn] ToxLdfq l;s]sf 5f}F / To;afx]s csf]{ sfd xfdLn] ug{ ;Sb}gf} h:tf] nfU5 . cj;/ kfpg] xf] eg] k'?ifx¿ klg s]6fs]6Lsf] :ofxf/;';f/ / 3/fo;L sfd ug{ plQs} ;Ifd x'G5g\ . To;}u/L dlxnfn] klg cj;/ kfPdf k'?if ;/x 3/aflx/sf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . k'/ftgjfbL ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfn] k'?ifn] ug'{kg]{ sfd / dlxnfn] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿ ljefhg ul/lbPsf] x'Fbf dlxnf jf k'?ifn] ;dfhn] tf]lslbPsf] sfdafx]s cGo sfd ug{ c;xh dfG5g\ . t/ clxn]sf] j}1flgs o'udf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] leGg e"ldsf ue{wf/0f / :tgkfgdfq xf] cGo s'/f cj;/, d]xgt / pknlAwdf e/k5{ .

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p2]Zol ;xefuLx¿n] afn:ofxf/ ;';f/sf] cEof; ug{ l;Sg]5g\ .

;do l !@) ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l Pp6f a]n'g jf aRrfsf] k'tnL -u'l8of_, Go'hlk|G6 / /+lug sndx¿ .



;a} ;xefuLnfO{ Pp6f uf]nf] 3]/fdf a:g nufpg] .

lqmofsnfk

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;a} ;xefuLnfO{ tnsf] 36gfdf clego ug'{k5{ egL atfpg'xf];\ . ætkfO{Fsf] 3/df xfn;fn} aRrf hGd]sf] 5 . aRrf /f]O/x]sf] 5 . p lsg /f]Psf] xf]nf egL tkfO{FnfO{ yfxf 5}g . tkfO{F PSn} x'g'x'G5 / aRrfsf] cfdf 3/aflx/ l5g\ . olt ;fgf] aRrfnfO{ tkfO{F s;/L kmsfP/ r'k nufpg'x'G5 .Æ Pp6f ;xefuLnfO{ Pp6f u'l8of jf km's]sf] a]n'g lbP/ of] /f]O/x]sf] aRrf xf] o;nfO{ kmsfpg'xf];\ eGg] / afFsL ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ aRrf /f]Psf] cfjfh lgsfNg'xf];\ eGg] .

Ps ldg]6kl5 ;xhstf{n] ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ /f]Psf] cfjfhnfO{ aGb ug{ eGg'xf];\ / aRrf af]ls/x]sf] ;xefuLnfO{ cfˆgf] aRrf glhs}sf] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ lbg eGg'xf];\ .

of] k|lqmof ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ kfn}kfnf] ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} qmdzM tnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ MtkfO{FnfO{ 3/df o:tf] l:ylt slxNo} k/]sf] 5 < 5 eg] s;/L kmsfpg'eof] <;fdfGotM aRrfx¿ dWo/ftdf ?g] u5{g\ . tkfO{Fsf] 3/df To:tf] x'Fbf tkfO{Fn] s] ug'{eof] <;fgf gfgLx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/df afa'x¿ lsg w]/} ;xefuL x'Fb}gg\ < pbfx/0f lbg';\ . aRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ afa'x¿nfO{ s]n] cK7]/f] kf5{ <

lgisif{M

gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ sfo{ cfdf / afa'sf] lhGbuLdf tgfjk"0f{ / ysfOnfUbf] eP klg /dfOnf] sfd xf] . lzz'x¿ /f]O/xG5g\ . w]/} bDktLsf nflu of] ;do lgs} tgfjk"0f{ x'G5 . cfdfafa'n] ug{;Sg] ;a}eGbf pQd sfd sfvdf lng] jf, dfof ug'{ / aRrfnfO{ s] rflxPsf] xf] eGg] kQf nufpg' g} xf] .

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cfdfn] sfvdf lnP/ 5ftLdf 6fF:g] ÷ ;'d;'Dofpg] u/]kl5 gjhft lzz' lsg ?g 5f8\5 <

lzz' ( dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf] sf]vdf /x]sf] x'gfn] clwsf+z ;fgf gfgLx¿ cfdfsf] d'6'sf] w8\sg;Fu kl/lrt jf cEo:t x'G5g\ . oxL kl/ron] ;fgf gfgLn] ;'/lIft cg'ej u5{g\ . lsgeg] gjhft lzz'sf nflu aflx/L ;+;f/ / jftfj/0f gf}nf] x'G5 . gjhft lzz'sf] k|fylds cfjZostf ;'/lIft cg'ej x'g' / c3fpGh]n b"w vfg kfpg' g} xf] . s'g} s'g} lzz'n] cfdfsf] uGw klg lrG5g\ / cfdfsf] uGw kfpg]lalQs} ltgn] cfk"mnfO{ ;'/lIft 7fG5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ ?g 5f8\5g\ .

lzz'n] xh'/cfdfnfO{ lrg]kl5 oxL Jojxf/ xh'/cfdfsf xsdf klg nfu' x'G5 . aRrf hGdg]lalQs} ltgsf] :ofxf/;';f/

306f aRrfnfO{ vfgf v'jfpg], g'xfpg], uLt ;'gfpg], v]nfpg] / n'uf nufOlbg]h:tf sfddf nufpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

xfdL xfd|f 5f]/Lx¿n] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg\ eGg] rfxfG5f}F eg] 5f]/Lx¿n] lbge/ ;do sxfF sxfF latfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljBfnoaf6 cfPkl5 5f]/Lx¿ clwsf+z ;do 3/sf sfdsfh u5{g\ . cfdfx¿nfO{ ;3fpF5g\ . 5f]/Ln] 3/sf] sfd ug]{ sf/0fn] ltgsf] k9\g], u[xsfo{ ug]{ ;do 36\5 h;n] pgsf] z}lIfs pknlAwdf klg afwf k'¥ofpF5 . xfdL k'?ifx¿n] 3/of;L / :ofxf/;';f/sf] sfddf efu lnof}F eg] 3/sf cGo k'?if ;b:ox¿n] klg of] sfd u5{g\ / 5f]/Lx¿n] ug]{ sfdsf] ef/ 36\5 . pgn] k9fOdf ;do a9L lbg ;lS5g\ . k9]sf 5f]/Lx¿sf] eljio /fd|f] x'G5 .

u[xsfo{‘

cfhsf] ;qdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf af/]df tkfO{FsL kTgLnfO{ atfpg';\ . cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :ofxf/df a9L ;do vr{ ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu aRrfnfO{ g'xfOlbg], gª sfl6lbg], n'uf wf]Olbg], u[xsfo{df ;3fpg]

aRrfx¿sf] hGd]b]lv jo:s gx'Fbf;Dd x/]s lbg pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dflg;s, af}l4s ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 . Tof] ljsf;sf sf/0fn] pgLx¿sf] :jefj klg kl/jt{g x'G5 . afa'cfdfn] emsf]{ gdfgLsg pgLx¿sf] :jfefljs ljsf;nfO{ a'‰g cfjZos x'G5 . cfdf / afa' b'j} hgf 3/aflx/ sfd u5{g\ eg] ltgn] aRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ / 3/wGbfsf] sfdsfh afF8Lr'F8L a/fa/ ug'{k5{ .3/aflx/ sfd ug]{ afa'x¿sf nflu klg aRrf;Fu efjgfTds ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ ljz]if;DaGw sfod /fVg sDtLdf lbgsf] !

l

l

l

d'Vo¿kdf cfdf jf xh'/cfdfn] ug]{ x'gfn] gjhft lzz'n] pgLx¿sf] sfvdf ;'/lIft cg'ej u/L ?g 5f8\5 . oxL sf/0fn] aRrf ?Fbf k'mNofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf cfdf jf xh'/cfdfsf] dfq} x'G5 eg]h:tf] nfU5 . t/ gjhft lzz';Fu glhs x'g vf]Hof] eg] h;n] klg To;f] ug{ ;S5 . o;f] ubf{ aRrf;Fu hLjge/ lgs6 ;DaGw sfod x'G5 . ev{/ hGd]sf] aRrf;Fu afa'n] klg kof{Kt ;do latfpg] xf] eg] aRrf;Fu pgLx¿n] klg lgs6 ;DaGw agfpg ;S5g\ .

(Source: Kangaroo mother care: a practi-cal guide. World Health Organization, Dept. of Reproductive Health and Research)

l

@) = c;n cleefjsTj -lx+;f/lxt cleefjsTj_

p2]Zol afnaflnsf x'sf{pg cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;+j]bgzLn x'g pTk|]l/t ug]{ . l ;sf/fTds cg'zf;gsf] tl/sfaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

;do l () ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l Go'hlk|G6, /+lug snd, Go'hlk|G6df tof/ ul/Psf :nfO8x¿


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xfd|f] ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfnfO{ x'sf{pFbf, k9fpFbf ul/g] /fd|f Jojxf/x¿ s] s:tf 5g\ / g/fd|f jf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/x¿ s] s:tf 5g\ ;xefuLnfO{ ;f]Wg] .

pgLx¿n] eg]sf] s'/fdWo] /fd|f Jojxf/x¿ nfO{ Pp6f Go'hlk|G6df / g/fd|fnfO{ csf]{ Go'hlk|G6df l6kf]6 ug]{ .

;xefuLnfO{ k'gM afnaflnsfnfO{ ul/g] tL Jojxf/x¿nfO{ lsg /fd|f] / lsg g/fd|f] eg]sf] egL ;f]Wg] .

xfdLn] u/]sf] s'g} sfdn] afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s rf]6 jf xflg k'U5 eg] To; lsl;dsf Jojxf/nfO{ g/fd|f Jojxf/ elgG5 . ;fdfGoeGbf ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s rf]6 jf kL8fn] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ hLjge/ k|efj kf5{g\ . ;fg}b]lv t;f{P/, wDsfP/ x'sf{Psf] afnaflnsfsf] cfTdljZjf; ;Fw} sdhf]/ x'g]u5{ . pm afa'cfdf jf cleefjs;Fu slxNo} glhs x'g ;Sb}g .

afnaflnsfnfO{ g/fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{ dg s'g} klg afa'cfdf jf cleefjsnfO{ nfUb}g . xfdLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ g/fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{sf k5fl8 d'VoM lgDg sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg .

s= afnaflnsf;Fu ;do latfpg] w}o{ / Ifdtf gx'g'

afnaflnsf;Fu afa'cfdf tyf cleefjsx¿n] yf]/} ;do latfpg'sf ljleGg sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . klxnf], pgLx¿ k|foM cfˆgf] 3/ Jojxf/sf] sfddf w]/} g} Jo:t /xG5g\ . bf];|f], pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] yf]/} ;do ;fyLefO;Fu lrof vfg, ukm ug{, dgf]/~hg ug{ ?rfpF5g\ . t];|f], 3/kl/jf/df cfOk/]sf ljleGg ;d:ofn] pgLx¿ tgfjdf x'G5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ l/; pl7/x]sf] x'G5 . rf}yf], slxn] sfxLF aRrfx¿ cfkmF}klg afa'cfdfsf tgfjsf sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . pgLx¿ la/fdL eO/xG5g\ h;n] ubf{ afa'cfdfnfO{ cfly{s lrGtf;d]t klg a9\5 . t/ aRrfx¿ la/fdL t rfx]/ ePsf xf]Ogg\ .

csf]{tkm{ afnaflnsf eg] afa'cfdf;Fu a9L x]nd]n, 3'nd]n x'g rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu afa'cfdf g} ;+;f/ x'g\ . pgLx¿ hlxn] klg afa'cfdf;Fu 6fFl;g, cfkm"lt/ ltgsf] Wofg tfGg rfxG5g\ .

Psftkm{ afa'cfdf Jo:t x'G5g\ / csf]{tkm{ afnaflnsf ;do rfxG5g\ .

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o;}n] kl/jf/df Ps lsl;dsf] ;+3if{ x'G5 . o; ;+3if{df afnaflnsf g} kLl8t x'g k'U5g\ . afnaflnsfn] hlt a9L ;do vf]h] Tolt g} a9L pgLx¿ ufnLunf}h, lx+;f jf b'Jo{jxf/df kg]{ hf]lvddf /x]sf] x'g;S5 .

v = afnaflnsf;Fu /fd|/L Jojxf/ ug]{ hfgsf/L / ;Lk gx'g'

xfdL;Fu ePsf] yf]/} ;dodf klg afnaflnsf;Fu /fd|/L Jojxf/ ug]{ ;Lk gePsfn] nfe k'Ug ;s]sf] x'Fb}g . 3/aflx/ jf kl/jf/leq hlt g} tgfa ePklg afnaflnsf;Fu Jojxf/ ubf{ To:tf s'g} ;d:ofn] k|efj kfg'{ xF'b}g eGg] xfdLn] 7fg]sf x'Fb}gf} .

afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO afa'cfdfsf] gSsnaf6 cf/De x'G5 . k|f/Dedf pgLx¿n] cfdfafa' / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] af]nLrfnL, xfpefp / Jojxf/sf] gSsn u5{g\ eg] la:tf/} kl5 ltgn] ljBfno, ;d'bfo 6LeL cflbaf6 klg gSsn ug]{ u5{g\ . xfdL 3/df s'6lk6 u5f{F}+, kmf]xf]/ af]N5f}F eg] afnaflnsfn] To;nfO{ t'?Gt} l;S5g\ . To:t}u/L xfdLn] h;/L aRrfnfO{ ufnL unf}h u5f}{F ;n] t'?Gt} Tof] l;S5 / c¿dfly k|of]u ul/xfN5 .

To;}n] xfdL afnaflnsfn] /fd|f] s'/f l;s'g\, c;n dflg; xf]pg\ eGg] rfxG5f}F eg] xfdL cfkm}F cg'zf;gdf a:g ;Sg'k5{ / xfdL cfkmF} p;sf nflu pbfx/0f aGg'k5{ .

ca xfdL b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht eP/ afnaflnsf;Fu s;/L Jojxf/ ug]{ eGg] af/]df 5f]6f] gf6s b]vfO{ 5nkmn u5f{}+ egL ;xefuLnfO{ atfpg] . ;xefuLdWo]af6 s ;d"xsf nflu # hgf / v ;d"xsf nflu # hgf u/L ^ hgf ;xefuLnfO{ cufl8 cfpg cfu|x ug]{ .

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ gf6ssf] lgDg syfj:t' atfpg] .

æ xl/axfb'/ / dbfgLsf] $ hgf 5f]/f5f]/L 5g\ . pgLx¿ b'j} v]tLkftL u5{g\ . Pslbg a]n'sf v]taf6 3/df cfpFbf s'v'/fsf] efn] x/fPsf] yfxf eof] . To; /ft s'v'/fsf] efn] e]l6Pg . ef]lnkN6 vf]Hb} hfFbf h]7f] 5f]/f sfG;fn] glhs}sf] k;ndf efn] a]lrlbPsf] aãlemof] . Æ

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b'j} ;d"xnfO{ ca 5f]/f;Fu s;/L Jojxf/ ul/G5 egL gf6såf/f b]vfpg nufpg] . gf6s tof/Lsf nflu !) ldg]6 ;do lbg] . afFsL ;xefuLnfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ e"ldsf lbg] .

;xhstf{n] k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ uf]Ko ¿kdf gf6ssf lgldQ tnsf] cg'R5]b k9\g lbg] jf atfpg] M

;d"x s M ;sf/fTds cleefjsTjsf] e"ldsf

xl/axfb'/ / dbfgL cfˆgf] 5f]/f sfG;fsf] Jojxf/b]lv lrlGtt eP . afa'cfdfn] Pscfk;df 5f]/fn] lsg To;f] u¥of] xf]nf egL kL/ dfg] . pgLx¿n] sfG;fnfO{ af]nfP/ sf/0f ;f]w] . sfG;fn] ;a} ;fyLx¿ l;g]df x]g{ a'6jn hfg] eg]sf] / cfkm";Fu k};f ge-Psf] clg afa'cfdf;Fu klg gePsfn] dfUg g;sL s'v'/f a]r]sf] eGof] . xl/axfb'/ / dbfgLn] s'v'/f sfG;f / efOalxgLsf] csf]{ sIffsf] k':ts / :s'nsf] kf];fssf nflu kfn]sf] xf] egL atfP / ca s;/L k':ts / kf];fs lsGg] xf]nf egL sfG;fnfO{ ;f]w] . afa'cfdfn] sfG;fnfO{ of] efn] c¿sf] eP o;/L ;fdfg n}hfg', a]Rg' rf]/L x'G5 eGg] ;DemfP . o;/L rf]/L ug]{ sfd g/fd|f] xf] . s;}n] ph'/ u¥of] eg] o:tf] sfd ug]{nfO{ k'ln;n] kqm]/ n}hfG5 . k'ln; rf}sLdf /fV5 . To;f] eof] eg] ltdLnfO{ klg b'Mv x'G5 .

xfdL afa'cfdf kl/jf/ ;a}nfO{ b'Mv x'G5 egL ;DemfP . afa'cfdfn] sfG;fnfO{ b'O{ dlxgfdf Psk6s l;g]df x]g]{ Joj:yf ldnfOlbg] afrf klg u/] . afa'cfdfn] sfG;f;Fu} ;'6'Ss s'v'/f a]r]/ unt sfd u/]sf]df sfG;fnfO{ s] ;hfo lbg] t egL ;f]w] . sfG;fn] ?Fb} …cab]lv To:tf] sfo{ ulb{g, afa'cfdfn] eg]sf] ;a} dfG5' Ú eg]] . afa'cfdfn] …ca s'v'/fsf] tLgj6f rNnf lslglbg] / tL rNnf 7"nf geP;Dd ltdLn] g} :ofxf/ ug'{k5{ . 7"nf] eP/ a]Rg] a]nf ePkl5 b'O{j6fsf] k};f afa'cfdfnfO{ lbg] / Pp6fsf] k};f ltdLn] cfkm" v';L vr{ ug]{ . x'G5 ls x'Fb}g< Ú egL ;f]w] . sfG;f /fhL eof] .

;d"x v M ;d'bfodf k|rlnt cleefjsTj

sfG;fsf] afa'cfdf l/;n] r'/ eP . sfG;fnfO{ vf]Hg lx8]F . sfG;f a]n'sf 3/ cfof] . afa'cfdfn] p;nfO{ ufnLunf}h ub}{ s'6] . sfG;f ?Fb} 3/af6 uof] . /ftL klg cfPg . ef]lnkN6 efOa}gLn] sfG;fnfO{ vf]h]/ NofP . afa'cfdfn] p;nfO{ ufnLdfq} ul//x] . sfG;fnfO{ dgdf 3/ 5f8]/ efUg kfP x'GYof] eGg] nflu/Xof] .

ca ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ gf6s s:tf] nfUof] < Pp6} 36gfdf b'O{ ;dfwfgaLr s] s] ;dfgtf lyof] / s] s] km/s lyof] egL ;f]Wg] .

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xfd|f] kl/jf/df ePsf ;d:ofnfO{ xfdLn] ;sf/fTds tl/sfn] lx+;f/lxt jftfj/0fdf ug{ ;S5f}F ls ;Sb}gf} xf]nf < egL ;f]Wg] .

lgisif{ M ;xefuLnfO{ tn n]lvPadf]lhd lgisif{ atfpg] –

s= ;a} afnaflnsfn] s]xL g s]xL unt sfd t u/L g} xfN5g\ . unt sfd lsg u/] eg]/ kQf nufpg'k5{ . To;sf lgldQ afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/ gb]vfO{sg ;f]Wg'k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] :jefj, pgLx¿sf j/k/sf ;fyLsf] bafadf ;fyL;Fu nfu]/ afnaflnsfn] u/]sf] sfo{ p;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 7Ls} klg x'g;S5 eGg] cleefjsn] a'‰g'k5{ .

v= afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] uNtL dx;'; ug]{ / cab]lv To:tf] sfo{ gug]{ jfrf u/fpg lgldQ afa'cfdfn] e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . To;sf lgldQ s'6lk6, uflnunf}hafx]s c¿ klg ljsNk x'G5g\ eGg] afa'cfdfn] a'\‰g'k5{ . ljsNk g} afnaflnsfsf] lgldQ ;hfo x'g;S5 t/ To:tf] ljsNk afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s xflg k'Ug] vfnsf] x'g'xF'b}g .

u= uNtL xfdL ;a} dflg;n] u5f}{F . ufnLunf}h, s'6lk6, b08;hfon] afa'cfdfk|ltsf] cfb/ 8/df kl/0ft x'G5 . afa'cfdf / aRrfsf] ;DaGw emg\ lau|G5 . ;sf/fTds ;hfo

-ljsNk_ n] ;DaGw ;'w|G5 . uNtL ug]{ aRrfn] uNtL dx;'; klg u5{ . To:tf] sfd bf]xf]¥ofpFb}g klg . …afa'cfdfn] dnfO{ df}sf lbPÚ eg]/ s[t1 klg x'G5 . p;sf] cfTdan a9\5 .

3= ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;a} afa'cfdf ;j{k|yd w}o{jfg\ x'g'k5{ . l/; tyf cfj]udf cfpg'x'Gg . ;d:ofsf af/]df kl/jf/sf jo:s ;b:o;Fu 5nkmn ug'{k5{ / lx+;f/lxt ljsNk kQf nufpg] k|of; ug'{k5{ .


u[xsfo{

oxfF 5nkmn u/]sf ljifodf kl/jf/df 5nkmn u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ s'6lk6 ug]{ afgLnfO{ /f]Sg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{xf];\ . afnaflnsfnfO{ unt sfd / ;xL sfd s] xf] eGg] af/]df atfpg], afnaflnsfn] abdf;L u/]df lsg To;f] u/] xf]nfg\ egL sf/0f vf]Hg k|of; ug'{xf];\, kl/0ffd atfpg'xf];\ , afnaflnsf;Fu} ldnL lx+;f/lxt lasNk vf]Hg nufpg'xf];\ .

&* &(

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p2]Zol ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf cfkm"n] ug]{ efjL sfo{sf] of]hgf agfpg d2t ug{]

;do l () ldg]6

cfjZos ;fdu|L l sfkLsnd, Go'hlk|G6, /+lug snd


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;qsf] p2]Zosf] JofVof ug{‘;\ .

;a} ;xefuLn] Ps csf{nfO{ b]Vg] u/]/ uf]nfsf/ 3]/f agfpg';\ .

;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ of] tflndsf] clGtd ;q xf] eGg] s'/f atfFpb} xfdLn] cfh;Dd s] l;Sof}F / s:tf] cg'ej eof] eGg] :d/0f u5f}{F eg]/ atfpg'xf];\ .

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ kfn}kfnf] cfˆgf] l;sfO jf cg'ej atfpg k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;xefuLsf] egfO ;lsPkl5 c¿ ;xefuLnfO{ tfnL ahfP/ :ofjf;L lbg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .

xfdLn] l;s]sf] s'/fcg';f/ ;d'bfodf kl/jt{g Nofpg xfdLn] s]xL ;femf k|lta4tf jf sfo{of]hgf agfpFm eg]/ ;xefuLnfO{ xf}:ofpFg'xf];\ .

;xefuLdWo] b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8LnfO{ ;d'bfodf ug'{kg]{ sDtLdf b'O{j6f sfd klxrfg ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{;\ . To;sf lgldQ % ldg]6 ;do lbg'xf];\ . cfkm"n] klxrfg u/]sf] sfd sfkLdf l6Kg eGg'xf];\ .

;xefuLx¿n] sfd klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 tnsf] 9fFrfcg';f/ ;femf of]hgfsf] vfsf agfpg Go'hlk|G6 lbg'xf];\ / eg{ eGg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk s;/L slxn] ;Dddf lhDd]jf/ JolQm

-;dãbfosf] sfo{of]hgf_

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;Gbe{ ;fdu|LAudrey F., et.al., 2005,Working with men on gender, sexuality, violence and health – trainers’ manual, SAHAJ, SAHAYOG, TATHAPI

Belbase, L., Heiberg, T., & Pillars, G., 2010, Engaging boys to stop violence. A step-by-step guide for initiating social change, Save the Children Sweden

Bhandari, N. & Karkara, R., 2005. Regional Capacity Building Workshop on Men, Caring and Fatherhood: Engaging men as partners in Healthier families, Save the Children Sweden

Bhandari, N., 2005. Strategies and tools for working withmen and boys to end violence against Girls, Boys, Womenand other Men, Save the Children Sweden, Regional Programme for South and Central Asia, Nepal

Choudhury, I. &Jabeen, S. F., 2008. Perception of Childrenon Parenting Practices, Save the Children Sweden, Regional Office for South & Central Asia, Nepal

Fernandes, A., Singh, S., et.al 2005. Trainer’s manual onWorking with Men on Gen-der, Sexuality, Violence and Health. SAHAJ, SAHAYOG, TATHAPI

Kato, J., Aguayo, P. & Mendoza, D., 2013, Program P: A Manual for Engaging Men inFatherhood, Caregiving, and Maternal andChild Health, Promundo, Cultura Salud, and REDMAS

Kato, J., Barker, G. & Avakyan, Y., 2013, A MenCare Fathers’ Group Manual for Sri Lanka, World Vision International, Promundo and Men Care Campaign

Kaufman, M., 2003. The AIM Framework: Addressing andInvolving Men and Boys to Promote Gender Equality andEnd Gender Discrimination and Violence, White Ribbon Campaign, Canada

Klindera, K., et.al. 2008, Engaging Boys and Men in Gender Transformation:The Group Education Manual, The ACQUIRE Project & Promundo

Men as Partners: A program for supplementing the training of life skills educators, Engender Health and Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa, 2001

Men for Gender Equality-Sweden, Fathers’ School: Step by Step, 2010

Ricardo, C. & Verani, F., 2011, Engaging Men and Boys in Gender Equality and Health, UNFPA

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