Aerobic ‘With Oxygen’. If exercise is not too fast and is steady, the heart

can supply all the oxygen muscles need.

Aesthetic Appreciation

To be able to see the beauty in a performance.

AgilityThe ability to change the position of the body quickly and to control the movement of the whole body.

Anabolic steroids

Drugs that mimic the male sex hormone testosterone and

promote bone and muscle growth.

Anaerobic ‘without oxygen’. If exercise is done in short, fast bursts, the heart cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles as the cells

use them.

AnorexicPertaining to anorexic; a

prolonged eating disorder due to loss of appetite.

Balance The ability to retain the body's centre of mass (gravity) above

the base of support with reference to static (stationary), or dynamic

(changing), conditions of movement, shape and

orientation.

Balanced diet

A diet which contains an optimal ratio of nutrients.

Beta blockers

Drugs that are used to control heart rate and have a calming

and relaxing effect.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the heart as it pumps

blood out of the heart and into the arteries (systolic high pressure)

and it is low when it relaxes between beats (diastolic).

Body composition

The percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle and bone.

Cardiac output The amount of blood ejected

from the heart in one minute.

Cardiovascular fitness

The ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time.

CholesterolCholesterol is a blood fat which

the body needs in moderate amounts.

Circuit training

A set of 6 to 10 exercises performed at stations in an

organised pattern. Each exercise is performed for a specified

number of repetitions or for a prescribed time before moving

on to the next exercise.

Competence

The relationship between: skill, the selection and application of

skills, tactics, strategies and compositional ideas; and the

readiness of the body and mind to cope with the activity. It

requires an understanding of how these combine to produce

effective performances in different activities and contexts.

Cooper’s run test

A test of cardiovascular fitness.

CoordinationThe ability to use two or more

body parts together.

Cross training

Using more than one training method.

Diuretics

Drugs that elevate the rate of bodily urine excretion.

Ectomorph

A somatotype, individuals with narrow shoulder and narrow hips,

characterised by thinness.

Endomorph

A somatotype, individuals with wide hips and narrow shoulders,

characterised by fatness.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A type of peptide hormone that increases the red blood cell

count.

Exercise

A form of physical activity done to maintain or improve health

and/or physical fitness.

Fartlek training

This type of training allows an athlete to run at varying speeds, over unmeasured distances, on

different terrain.(fartlek is the Swedish for ‘speed

play’).

FitnessThe ability to meet the demands

of the environment.

FITTFrequency, intensity, time and

type (used to increase the amount of work the body does, in order to achieve overload).

FlexibilityThe range of movement possible

at a joint.

Health A state of complete mental,

physical and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of

disease and infirmity.

Health-related

exercisesExercise which is undertaken

primarily to improve health and fitness for life.

Healthy, active

lifestyle A lifestyle that contributes

positively to physical, mental and social wellbeing, and that

includes regular physical activity.

Heart rate

The number of times the heart beats each minute.

Hypokinetic disease

A disease related to too little activity. (hypo means under or

too little: kinetic means energy or activity).

Hypertrophy

Scientific term for an increase in the size of muscle.

Individual differences/n

eedsMatching training to the

requirements of an individual.

Isometric contractions

Muscle contraction which results in increased tension but the

length does not alter, for example, when pressing against

a stationary object.

Isotonic contraction

Muscle contraction that results in limb movement.

Joint

A place where two or more bones meet.

ligamentsA tissue that joins bone to

bone.

Mesomorph

A somatotype, individuals with wide shoulders and narrow hips, characterised by muscularity.

Methods of training

Interval training, continuous training, circuit training, weight training, fartlek training, cross training.

Muscular Endurance

The ability to use voluntary muscles many times without

getting tired.

Muscle groups

Muscles may be arranged in groups according location and/or function e.g. the muscle of the

leg.

Muscular strength

The amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance.

Narcotic analgesics

Drugs that can be used to reduce the feeling of pain.

Obese

A term used to describe people who are very over weight.

Optimum weight

Best weight or desirable weight – the best weight a player

performs at.

Over fat

A way of saying you have more body fat than you should have.

Overload Fitness can only be improved

through training more than you normally do.

Overweight

Having weight in excess of normal (not harmful unless

accompanied by over fatness).

Oxygen debtThe amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which

would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at

rest (this results in a shortfall in the oxygen available).

PAR-QPhysical activity readiness

questionnaire.

PEPPersonal exercise programme.

Peptide hormones

Drugs that cause the production of other hormones.

Performance

How well a task is completed.

PESSCLPE and school sport club links.

Physical activity

Any form of exercise or movement; physical activity may

be planned and structured or unplanned and unstructured (in

PE we are concerned with planned and structured physical activity, such as a fitness class).

Power

The ability to do strength performances quickly (power =

strength x speed).

Progressive overload

To gradually increase the amount of overload so that

fitness gains occur, but without potential for injury.

Reaction time

The time between the presentation of a stimulus and the

onset of a movement.

Recovery

The time required for the repair of damage to the body caused by

training or competition.

Rehabilitation

Restoring (an injury) to its normal functioning state.

Rest The period of time allotted to

recovery.

Resistance training

Training that uses a resistance or force against which specific muscle groups must work e.g.

weight training.

Reversibility

Any adaptation that takes place as a consequence of

training will be reversed when you stop training.

RICERest, ice, compression, elevation (a method of treating injuries).

Role Models

A person you can aspire to, to make you into a better person.

Often have qualities that we would like to have.

Self-esteem

Respect for, or a favourable opinion of, oneself.

Skill-related fitness

Exercise which may be undertaken primarily to improve sporting ability.

SMARTSpecific, measurable, achievable,

realistic, time-bound.

Socio-economic

status

May be based on a person’s income, education, and

occupation.

Somatotypes

Classification of body type.

Specificity

Matching training to the requirements of an activity.

Speed The differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a

movement or cover a distance in a period of time.

StimulantsDrugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, such as increased mental and/or physical

alertness.

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle

during one contraction.

Target zone

The range within which an individual needs to work for

aerobic training to take place (60-80 per cent of maximum

heart rate).

Tendons A tissue that joins muscles to

bone.

Training

A well-planned programme which uses scientific principles to

improve performance, skill, game ability and motor and physical

fitness.

Training thresholds

The boundaries of the target zone.

Underweight

Weighing less than is normal, healthy or required.