AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL

7/23/2019 AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL

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1Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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AirTrafficControl

Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground

based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air.

The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is:

to separate aircraft to prevent collisions

to provide information and other support for pilots when able.

wcontrol systems to expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of airtraffic and help prevent midair collisions.



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r

ra c

on ro

ys em



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Transmissionof

Signals



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FlightProfile



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ar ous

g t

ro es

PreflightThis portion of the flight starts on the ground and includesflight checks, push

back from the gate and taxi to the runway.

TakeoffThe pilot powers up the aircraft and speeds down the runway.

altitude. En route The aircraft travels through one or more center airspaces

and nears the destination airport. Descent The pilot descends and maneuvers the aircraft to the

destination airport. Approach The pilot aligns the aircraft with the designated landing

runwa . Landing

The aircraft lands on the designated runway, taxis to the

destination gate and parks at the terminal.



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Objectivesoftheairtrafficservices

The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to:a) prevent collisions between aircraft.

b) prevent collisions between aircraft on the maneuvering area and

obstructions on that area.

.

d) provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient

conduct of flights.

e) notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of

search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.



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Divisionsoftheairtrafficservices

Theairtrafficservicescompriseof threeservicesidentifiedasfollows:

.

Areacontrolservice

Aerodromecontrolservice

.

3. Alertingservice



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Air

r ffi

n r l

rviAreaControlService:

The provision of air traffic control service for controlled flights,

Approach Control or Aerodrome Control to accomplish followingobjectives:

a) reventcollisionsbetweenaircraft

b)expediteandmaintainanorderlyflowofairtraffic

A roachcontrolservice:

Theprovisionofairtrafficcontrolserviceforthosepartsofcontrolled

flights associatedwitharrivalordeparture.

Aerodromecontrol

service:

Theprovisionofairtrafficcontrolserviceforaerodrometraffic,exce tfor those artsoffli htswhichareunderthe urisdiction

ApproachControl.



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F g t

n ormat on

serv ce:

Provideadviceandinformationusefulforthesafeandefficient

.

Alertin service:Notifyappropriateorganizationsregardingaircraftinneedof

searchandrescueaidandassistsuchorganizationsasrequired.



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sua

g

ru es

g s Visual flight rules (VFR)are a set of regulations which allow a pilot to

operate an a rcra t n weat er con t ons genera y c ear enoug to

allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than Basic VFR Weather

n mums, as spec e n t e ru es o t e re evant av at on aut or ty.

If the weather is worse than VFR minimums, pilots are required to

use Instrument Flight Rules. Meteorological conditions that meet the minimum requirements for

VFR f light are termed visual meteorological conditions (VMC).

If they are not met, the conditions are considered instrument

meteorological conditions(IMC), and a flight may only operate underIFR.

VFR rules require a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit, to controlthe aircraft's attitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft.

A VFR flight is "conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules



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An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual flight rules which wishes

to chan e to com liance with the instrument fli ht rules shall

Communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its current flight plan or

Submit a flight plan to the appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a clearance priorto proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.



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Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic control unit,VFR flights shall not takeoff or land at an aerodrome within a controlzone or enter t e aero rome tra c zone or tra c pattern: When the ceiling is less than 450M(1550 Ft) or When the ground visibility is less than 5KM.

g s s a no e opera e e ween sunse an sunr se, excepwhen exempted by air traffic control for local flights and such training

flights of f lying club aircraft as may be cleared by air traffic control.g s can no e opera e

Above FL50

At transonic and supersonic speeds

.

Expect when necessary for takeoff or landing or except by permissionfrom appropriate authority, a VFR flight shall not be flown ,

persons at a height less than 300M above the highest obstacle within a radius of

600M from the aircraft.15Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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INSTRUMENTFLIGHTRULES(IFRFLIGHTS)

Instrument flight rules (IFR) are regulations and procedures forflying aircraft by referring only to the aircraft instrument panel fornavigation.

Even if nothing can be seen outside the cockpit windows, an IFRratedpilot can fly while looking only at the instrument panel.

An IFRrated pilot can also be authorized to fly through clouds, using Airra c on ro proce ures es gne o ma n a n separa on rom o er

aircraft.

Training is normally done in simulated IFR conditions with training aidssuch as block alls to hel a ilot concentrate onl on the instrument anel.

Most scheduled airline flights operate under IFR.

Visual Flight Rules (VFR) are often used for sightseeing flights, aerialphotography, or lift services for parachute jumping.

Pilots flying under VFR are not permitted to fly through clouds. Manynoncommercial, private recreational aircraft also operate under VFRwhenever the sky is clear.

, ,clearance and maintaining separation from other aircraft using the see

andavoidconcept.



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IFRRules Allaircraftshallbeequippedwithsuitableinstrumentsandnavigation

equipmentappropriatetotheroutetobeflown.

Except when necessary for takeoff or landing or when specificallyaut or ze y t e appropr ate aut or ty, an s g t s a e own at

a level that is not below the established minimum flight altitude orwhere no such minimum flight altitude had been established

,above the highest obstacle located within 8KM of the estimated position ofthe aircraft.

Elsewhere at a level at least 300M above. An aircraft electing to change the conduct of flight from IFR to VFR

shall notify the app. Air traffic services unit specifically that the IFRflight is cancelled and communicate the changes to be made to its

.

When an a/c operating under IFR is flown in or encounters visualmeteorological conditions, it shall not cancel its IFR flight rules unlessit is anticipated and intended that the flight will be continued for areasonable period of time in interrupted visual meteorological

conditions 18Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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InstrumentFlight

pane an Enroute

Guidance



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BasedonATCusage:

Contro e Airspace: ATC services are provided throughout the majority of airspace,

and its services are available to all users (private, military, andcommercial).

When controllers are responsible for separating some or all

aircraft, such airspace is called"controlled airspace.

Uncontrolled Airspace: In contrast to "uncontrolled airspace is the airspace, where

.



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Based

on

ATC

Services India :ClassD: IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with air

,receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights.

VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.

Airs aces in terminal areas, control areas, control zones and aerodrome

traffic zones have been classified and designated as class D airspace.

IFR and VFR f lights are permitted, IFR flights are provided with air trafficcontrol service and are separated from other IFR f lights.

receive traffic information in respect of all other flights, as far as ispractical.

Class E is not be used for control zones.

Airspaces in designated ATS routes outside terminal areas, control areasand control zones, where air traffic control service is provided, have beenclassified and designated as class E airspace. 21Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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ClassF: IFR and VFR flights are permitted. All IFR flights receive an air traffic

,

requested. Airspaces in designated ATS route segments outside terminal areas,

,provided, have been classified and designated as class F airspace.

ass : IFRandVFRflightsarepermittedandreceiveflightinformation

serviceifrequested.

Airspacesother

than

those

in

Class

D,

Eand

Fhave

been

classified

and

designatedasclassGairspace.



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Applicationof

air

traffic

control

service

a)to

all

IFR

flights

in

airspace

Classes

D

and

E

b toallVFRfli htsinairs aceClassesD

c)toallspecialVFRflights

d)to

all

aerodrome

traffic

at

controlled

aerodromes.



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Thepartsofairtrafficcontrolservice,shallbeprovidedbythevarious

unitsasfollows:

Areacontro service

Areacontrol

service

shall

be

provided:

a) byanareacontrolcentre(ACC);or

b) bytheunitprovidingapproachcontrolserviceinacontrolzoneorinacontrolareaoflimitedextentwhichisdesignatedprimarilyforthe

provisionof

approach

control

service,

when

no

ACC

is

established

pproac contro serv ce

Approachcontrolserviceshallbeprovided:

a)byanaerodromecontroltoweroranACC,whenitisnecessaryordesirable

tocombine

under

the

responsibility

of

one

unit

the

functions

of

the

approach

controlserviceandthoseoftheaerodromecontrolserviceortheareacontrol

Service.

b)byanapproachcontrolunit,whenitisestablishedasaseparateunit.



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Aerodrome control service

.Operation of air traffic control service

In order to provide air traffic control service, an air traffic control unit shall:

,

or variations there from, and with current information on the actualprogress of each aircraft

,aircraft to each other

c) issue clearances and information for the purpose of preventing collisionbetween aircraft under its control and of ex editin and maintainin anorderly flow of traffic;

d) coordinate clearances as necessary with other units:

1) whenever an aircraft might otherwise conflict with traffic operated under

the control of such other units2) before transferring control of an aircraft to such other units.

Information on aircraft movements, together with a record of air Traffic controlclearances issued to such aircra t, shall e so displayed as to permit readyanalysis in order to maintain an efficient flow of air traffic with adequate

separation between aircraft. 27Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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UNIT2



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AREACONTROLCENTER Inair traffic control, an Area Control Center (ACC), also known as

a Center, is a facility responsible for controlling instrument flightrules aircraft en route in a particular volume of airspace (a FlightInformation Region) at high altitudes between airport approaches anddepartures.

A Center typically accepts traffic from, and ultimately passes traffic to,the control of a Terminal Control Center or of another Center.

Most Centers are operated by the national governments of thecountries in which they are located.

The general operations of Centers worldwide, and the boundaries ofthe airspace each Center controls, are governed by theICAO



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AreaNavigation(RNAV): Area Navigation(RNAV) is a method ofInstrument Flight Rules(IFR)

nav gat on t at a ows ana rcra tto c oose any course w t n a networ

ofnavigation beacons, rather than navigating directly to and from thebeacons. This can conserve flight distance, reduce congestion, and

.

operation on any desired course within the coverage of station

referenced navigation signals or within the limits of a self contained31Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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Required NavigationPerformance(RNP): Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is a type of Performance

between two, 3 dimensionally defined points in space. RNAV and RNP

systems are fundamentally similar.

The ke difference between them is the re uirement for onboardperformance monitoring and alerting.

A navigation specification that includes a requirement for onboard

navigation performance monitoring and alerting is referred to as an RNPspec cat on. ne not av ng suc a requ rement s re erre to as anRNAV specification.

RNP also refers to the level of performance required for a specific.

An RNP of 10 means that a navigation system must be able to calculate itsposition to within a circle with a radius of 10 nautical miles.

An RNP of .3 means the aircraft navigation system must be able tocalculate its position to within a circle with a radius of 3 tenths of anautical mile. 32Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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RNPaidedRNAVRoute:



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Verticalseparation

Between the surface and an altitude of 29,000 feet(8,800 m), no aircraft should come closer verticallyt an 1,000 eet or 300 meters n t ose countr esthat express altitude in meters), unless some form

.

, ,closer than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), except in

Minima (RVSM) can be applied.34Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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HorizontalseparationIf any two aircraft are separated by less than the

vertical separation minimum, then some form ofz x .

Herewediscussmoreon

Lateralseparation

Lon itudinalse aration



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Longitudinalseparation If two aircraft are not laterall se arated, and are followin tracks

within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are

said to be following the same route and some form oflongitudinal separation must exist.

Longitudinal separation can be based upon time or distance asmeasure by DME. The golden rule is the 15 minute rule: no twoaircraft followin the same route must come within 1 minutesflying time of each other.

In areas with ood nav aid cover this reduces to 10 minutes; if the

preceding aircraft is faster than the following one then this canbe reduced further depending of the difference in speed.

Aircra t w ose trac s isect at more t an 45 egrees are sai tobe crossing, in this case longitudinal separation cannot be

applied as it will not be very long before lateral separation will37Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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Flightplans aredocumentsfiledbypilotsoraFlightDispatcher

with

the

local

Civil

Aviation

Authority

(e.g.

.



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Clearances

are

issued

solely

for

expediting

and

separatingairtrafficandarebasedonknowntrafficconditionswhichaffectsafetyinaircraftoperation.



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Rules The issuance of air traffic control clearances by air traffic

control units constitutes authority for an aircraft to proceed.

ATC units shall issue such ATC clearances as are necessarto prevent collisions and to expedite and maintain anorderly flow of air traffic.

ATC clearances must be issued early enough to ensure thatthe are transmitted to the aircraft in sufficient time for itto comply with them.



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flight When a flight plan specifies that the initial portion of a

flight will be uncontrolled, and that the subsequent,

shall be advised to obtain its clearance from the ATC unit

in whose area controlled flight will be commenced.

When a flight plan specifies that the first portion of a flight,

be uncontrolled, the aircraft shall normally be cleared tothe point at which the controlled flight terminates.



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DefinitionOn routes defined by designated significant points,

position reports shall be made by the aircraft whenv , ,

designated compulsory reporting point.

Additional reports over other points may be requestedby the appropriate ATS unit.



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Contentsofvoicepositionreports1)aircraftidentification

2)position

3)time

4)flightleveloraltitude,includingpassinglevelandc eare eve notma nta n ngt ec eare eve

5)nextpositionandtimeover

ensu ngs gn can po n .



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dependentsurveillance(ADS)

The position reports shall be made automatically tot e ATS unit serving t e airspace in w ic t e aircra tis operating.


AircraftIdentificationB i ADS

Meteorologicalinformation wind speed


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BasicADS latitude

windspeed winddirection wind ualit fla

longitu e altitude time figureofmerit

temperature turbulence(ifavailable) humidity(ifavailable)

Shorttermintent latitudeat ro ectedintent oint

track

ground

speed rateofclimbordescent

Airvector

longitudeatprojectedintentpoint altitudeatprojectedintentpoint time

of

projection

distancefromcurrentpointtochangepoint trackfromcurrent ointtochan e oint

heading MachorIAS rateofclimbordescent

Projectedprofile

altitudeatchangepoint predictedtimetochangepoint

Extendedprojectedprofile(inresponsetoaninterrogationfromtheground

system) estimatedaltitudeatnextwaypoint estimatedtimeatnextwaypoint (next+1)waypoint estimatedaltitudeat(next+1)waypoint

nextwaypoint estimatedaltitudeatnextwaypoint estimatedtimeatnextwaypoint (next+1)waypoint estimatedaltitudeat(next+1)waypoint

estimatedtimeat next+1 waypoint estimatedtimeat next+1 waypoint

(next+2)

waypoint

estimatedaltitudeat(next+2)waypoint estimatedtimeat(next+2)waypoint [repeatedforupto(next+128)waypoints]



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UNIT3



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55Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

Aradarsystemwillnormallyconsistofa

number

of

integrated

elements,

including

radar

sensor(s),


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radar

data

transmission

lines,

radar

data

processing

system,

p y .

56Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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HowRadarWorksRadio Detection and Ranging

A signal, at constant intervals is sent

throu h the area to be monitored usin a

antennae.

the part of the signal.

A receiver receives the signal which is

translated into a dot on the CRO

57Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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ExampleofRadaruseinanAircraft

58Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

Primary Surveillance Radar


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Ai rport Surveil lance RadarApproach control primary radar used to detect and display an aircraft's

position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth

information but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR

.

Ai r Route Survei llance Radar

Air route traffic control center ARTCC rimar radar used rimaril

to detect and display an aircraft's position while en route between

terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air

traffic control service when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In

some instances, ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal

ra ar serv ces s m ar o u usua y more m e an ose

provided by a radar approach control.

Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

s es gne or use as a an ng a ra er an an a or

sequencing and spacing aircraft. PAR equipment may be used as aprimary landing aid or it may be used to monitor other types of

approaches. It is designed to display range, azimuth, and elevation

information. Two antennas are used in the PAR arra , one scannin

a vertical plane, and the other scanning horizontally. Since the

range is limited to 10 miles, azimuth to 20 degrees, and elevation to

7 degrees, only the final approach area is covered.59Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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60Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

Aradarsystemwillnormallyconsistofa

number

of

integrated

elements,

including

radar

sensor(s),

radar data transmission lines radar data processing system


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radar

data

transmission

lines,

radar

data

processing

system,

p y .

61Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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HowRadarWorksRadio Detection and Ranging

A signal, at constant intervals is sent

throu h the area to be monitored usin a

antennae.

the part of the signal.

A receiver receives the signal which is

translated into a dot on the CRO

62Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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ExampleofRadaruseinanAircraft

63Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

Primary Surveillance Radar


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Ai rport Surveil lance RadarApproach control primary radar used to detect and display an aircraft's

position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth

information but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR

.

Ai r Route Survei llance Radar

Air route traffic control center ARTCC rimar radar used rimaril

to detect and display an aircraft's position while en route between

terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air

traffic control service when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In

some instances, ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal

ra ar serv ces s m ar o u usua y more m e an ose

provided by a radar approach control.

Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

s es gne or use as a an ng a ra er an an a or

sequencing and spacing aircraft. PAR equipment may be used as aprimary landing aid or it may be used to monitor other types of

approaches. It is designed to display range, azimuth, and elevation

information. Two antennas are used in the PAR arra , one scannin

a vertical plane, and the other scanning horizontally. Since the

range is limited to 10 miles, azimuth to 20 degrees, and elevation to

7 degrees, only the final approach area is covered.64Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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radarandnonradarcontrol Appropriate arrangements shall be made in any air traffic

control unit using radar to ensure the coordination of

control, and to ensure the provision of adequate separationbetween the radarcontrolled aircraft and all othercontro e a rcra t.

,

between radar controllers and nonradar controllers.

65Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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Emergencies In the event of an aircraft in, or appearing to be in, any

form of emergency, every assistance shall be provided by,

may be varied according to the situation.

The progress of an aircraft in emergency shall bemonitored and (whenever possible) plotted on the radar

,

position information shall be provided to all air trafficservices units which may be able to give assistance to thea rcra t.

66Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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FLIGHTINFORMATIONSERVICE Recording and transmission of information on the progress

of flights

Transfer of responsibility for the provision of flight

information service

Transmission of information

67Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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Airtrafficadvisoryservice The objective of the air traffic advisory service is to make

information on collision hazards more effective than it

service.

Air traffic advisory service does not deliver clearances butonly advisory information and it uses the word advise or .

68Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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ALERTINGSERVICE When so required by the appropriate ATS authority to

facilitate the provision of alerting and search and rescue, ,

into designated areas or along designated routes, shallcomply with the provisions detailed in rules, concerningt e su m ss on, comp et on, c ang ng an c os ng o aflight plan.

69Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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Whoisresponsible When alerting service is required in respect of a flight operated

through more than one FIR or control area, and when the position ofthe aircraft is in doubt, responsibility for coordinating such serviceshall rest with the ATS unit of the FIR or control area:

1) within which the aircraft was flying at the time of last airground radiocontact;

2 a e a rcra was a ou o en er w en as a r groun con ac wasestablished at or close to the boundary of two FIRs or control areas;

3) within which the aircrafts intermediate stop or final destination pointis located: a) if the aircraft was not equipped with suitable two way radio

communication equipment; or b) was not under obligation to transmit position reports.

70Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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COORDINATION COORDINATION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF FLIGHT COORDINATION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC

ADVISORY SERVICE COORDINATION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC

CONTROL SERVICE

COORDINATION BETWEEN ATC UNITS PROVIDING AIR TRAFFICSERVICE WITHIN CONTIGUOUS CONTROL AREAS

COORDINATION BETWEEN A UNIT PROVIDING AREA CONTROLSERVICE AND A UNIT PROVIDING APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE

COORDINATION BETWEEN A UNIT PROVIDING APPROACH CONTROL

COORDINATION BETWEEN CONTROL POSITIONS WITHIN THE SAMEUNIT

AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION STATIONS

71Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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AE1014AE1014 -- AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND AERODROME DESIGNAIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND AERODROME DESIGN

72Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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INSTRUMENTRUNWAYINSTRUMENTRUNWAY

Runways

Numberandorientationofrunways

Manyfactorsaffectthedeterminationoftheorientation,sittingandnumberof.

Theusabilityfactor,asdeterminedbythewinddistribution,whichisspecifiedhereunder.

Theali nment

of

the

runwa

to

facilitate

the

rovision

of

a roaches

conformin

to

theapproachsurfacespecifications.

When a new instrument runway is being located, particular attention needsto be given to areas overwhichaeroplaneswillberequiredtoflywhenfollowing

,obstaclesintheseareasorotherfactorswillnotrestricttheoperationoftheaeroplanes

for

which

the

runway

is

intended.

The number and orientation of runwa s at an aerodrome shall be such thatthe usabilityfactor of theaerodromeisnotlessthan95percentfortheaeroplanesthattheaerodromeisintendedtoserve.

73Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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INSTRUMENTRUNWAYINSTRUMENTRUNWAY

Inthe

application

of

3.1.1

itshall

be

assumed

that

landing

or

take

off

of

aeroplanesis,innormalcircumstances,precludedwhenthecrosswind

C 37km/h(20kt)inthecaseofaeroplaneswhosereferencefieldlengthis1500morover,exceptthatwhenpoorrunwaybrakingactionowingto

somefrequency,acrosswindcomponentnotexceeding24km/h(13kt)shallbeassumed;

24 m 13 n ecaseo aerop anesw osere erence e eng s

1

200

m

or

up

to

but

not

including

1

500

m;

and

C 19km/h(10kt)inthecaseofaeroplaneswhosereferencefieldlengthisess an1200m.

74Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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RUNWAYRUNWAYActuallengthofrunwaysPrimaryrunway

Theactual

runway

length

to

be

provided

for

aprimary

runway

shall

be

adequate

to

meet

the

operationalrequirementsoftheaeroplanesforwhichtherunwayisintendedandshallbenot

operationsandperformancecharacteristicsoftherelevantAeroplanes.

[Note1.CThisspecificationdoesnotnecessarilymeanproviding foroperationsby thecriticalaeroplaneat itsmaximummass.]

[Note2.CBothtakeoffandlandingrequirementsneedtobeconsideredwhendeterminingthelengthofrunwaytobeprovidedandtheneedforoperationstobeconductedinbothdirections

oftherunway.]

. , ,slope,humidityandtherunwaysurfacecharacteristics.]

[Note4.CWhenperformancedataonaeroplanesforwhichtherunwayisintendedarenotknown,guidanceonthedeterminationoftheactuallengthofaprimaryrunwaybyapplicationof

eneralcorrectionfactorsis ivenintheICAOAerodromeDesi nManual Part1.

75Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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RUNWAYRUNWAYSecondaryrunway

Thelengthofasecondaryrunwayshallbedeterminedsimilarlytoprimary

runwaysexcept

that

itneeds

only

to

be

adequate

for

those

aeroplanes

whichrequiretousethatsecondaryrunwayinadditiontotheother

cent.

Runwayswithstopwaysorclearways

Wherearunwayisassociatedwithastopwayorclearway,anactualrunwaylengthlessthanthatresultingfromapplicationof3.1.6or3.1.7,asappropriate,maybeconsideredsatisfactory,butinsuchacaseany

,

compliance

with

the

operational

requirements

for

take

off

and

landing

of

theaero

planes

the

runway

is

intended

to

serve.

o e. u anceonuseo s opwaysan c earways sg ven n ac men ,Section2.]

76Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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WIDTHOF

RUNWAYSWIDTH

OF

RUNWAYS

Widthofrunways

Thewidth

of

arunway

shall

be

not

less

than

the

appropriate

dimension

specified

in

the

following

tabulation:

Codeletter

Codenumber A B C D E F1a 18m 18m 23m B B B

3 30m 30m 30m 45m B B4 B B 45m 45m 45m 60m

a. Thewidthofaprecisionapproachrunwayshallbenotlessthan30mwherethecodenumberis1or2.

[Note1.C

The

combinations

of

code

numbers

and

letters

for

which

widths

are

specified

have

been

developedfortypicalaeroplanecharacteristics.]

Note2.CFactorsaffectin runwa widthare ivenintheICAOAerodromeDesi nManual Part1.

77Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


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RUNWAYSRUNWAYSMinimumdistancebetweenparallelrunways

Whereparallelnoninstrumentrunwaysareintendedforsimultaneous

use,the

minimum

distance

between

their

centre

lines

shall

be:

C210mwherethehighercodenumberis3or4;

C150mwherethehighercodenumberis2;and

C120mwherethehighercodenumberis1.

[Note.CProcedures forwake turbulencecategorizationofaircraftandwake

containedin

the

ICAO

Procedures

for

Air

Navigation

Services

C

Rules

of

the

AirandAirTrafficServices(PANSRAC),Doc4444,PartV,Section16.]

78Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


79/206

RUNWAYSRUNWAYSWhereparallelinstrumentrunwaysareintendedfor

simultaneous

use

subject

to

conditions

specified

in

the

ICAOPANS

RAC

(Doc

444)

and

the

PANS

OPS

(Doc

1 , o ume , em n mum s ance e ween e rcentrelinesshallbe:

1035

m

or

n epen ent

para e

approac es;

C915mfordependentparallelapproaches;

C760mforindependentparalleldepartures;

C760mforsegregatedparalleloperations;

79Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


80/206

RUNWAYSRUNWAYSexceptthat:a) forsegregatedparalleloperationsthespecifiedminimumdistance:

1) maybedecreasedby30mforeach150mthatthearrivalrunwayis,

2) shallbeincreasedby30mforeach150mthatthearrivalrunwayisstaggeredawayfromthearrivingaircraft;

b) forindependentparallelapproaches,combinationsofminimumdistancesandassociatedconditionsotherthanthosespecifiedintheICAOPANSRAC(Doc4444)maybeappliedwhenitisdeterminedthatsuchcombinationswouldnotadverselyaffectthesafetyofaircraftoperations.

[Note.CProceduresandfacilitiesrequirementsforsimultaneousoperationsonparallelor

near

parallel

instrument

runways

are

contained

in

the

ICAO

PANS

RAC

(Doc

4444),PartIVandthePANSOPS(Doc8168),VolumeI,PartVIIandVolumeII,PartsIIandIIIandrelevantguidanceiscontainedintheICAOManualof

mu taneous perat onson ara e or ear ara e nstrument unways oc9643).]

80Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


81/206

81Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


82/206

82Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


83/206

83Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


84/206

CONTENTSCONTENTSAerodromedata

Basicterminology

Aerodromereferencecode

Aerodromereferencepoint

Aerodromeelevation

Aerodromereferencetemperature

84Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


85/206

WINDROSEWINDROSEAwindrosegraphicallydepictswindvelocities,directions,

andtheirprobabilityofoccurrenceinaformatresemblingacompass

85Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


86/206

86Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


87/206

AERODROMEREFERENCECODE

87Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


88/206

AerodromeReference

Point

Anaerodromereferencepointshallbeestablishedforan

aerodrome.

Theaerodromereferencepointshallbelocatedneartheinitialorplannedgeometriccentreoftheaerodromeand

.

Thepositionoftheaerodromereferencepointshallbemeasuredandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservices

authority

in

degrees,

minutes

and

seconds.

88Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

l


89/206

ExampleAlNajafAlAshrafInternationalAirport

AerodromeReferencePointcoordinates

N3159.4,

E044

24.2

89Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

d l i


90/206

Aerodromeelevation

Theaerodromeelevationandgeoidundulationattheaerodromeelevationpositionshallbemeasuredtotheaccuracyofonehalfmetre

orfoot

and

reported

to

the

aeronautical

information

services

authority.

Foranaerodromeusedbyinternationalcivilaviationfornonprecisionapproaches,theelevationandgeoidundulationofeachthreshold,theelevationoftherunwayendandanysignificanthighandlow

accuracyofonehalfmetreorfootandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservicesauthority.

Forprecisionapproachrunway,theelevationandgeoidundulationof

thethreshold,

the

elevation

of

the

runway

end

and

the

highest

elevationofthetouchdownzoneshallbemeasuredtotheaccuracyofonequartermetreorfootandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservicesauthority.

90Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

E l


91/206


Elevation

32.9M

(108

ft)

91Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


92/206

Aerodromereferencetemperature Anaerodromereferencetemperatureshallbedetermined

for

an

aerodrome

in

degrees

Celsius.

Theaerodromereferencetemperatureshallbethemonthlymeanofthedailymaximumtemperaturesforthehottest

thehighestmonthlymeantemperature).Thistemperatureshallbeaveragedoveraperiodofyears.

92Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

E l


93/206


ReferenceTemperature

43.8C

93Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


94/206

information Thefollowingdatashallbemeasuredordescribed,asappropriate,foreach

facilityprovidedonanaerodrome:

runwayC

true

bearing

to

one

hundredth

of

adegree,

striprunwayendsafetyareastopway,

taxiwayCdesignation,width,surfacetype;

apronCsurfacetype,aircraftstands;

theboundariesoftheairtrafficcontrolservice;

clearwayClengthtothenearestmetreorfoot,groundprofile;

,

locationand

radio

frequency

of

any

VOR

aerodrome

check

point;

locationanddesignationofstandardtaxiroutes;

distancestothenearestmetreorfootoflocalizerandglidepathelementscomprisinganinstrumentlandingsystem(ILS)

94Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


95/206

information(Cont) Thegeographicalcoordinatesofeachthresholdshallbemeasuredand

reportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservicesauthorityindegrees,minutes,secondsandhundredthsofseconds.

Thegeographicalcoordinatesofappropriatetaxiwaycentrelinepointsshallbemeasuredandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservices

authority

in

degrees,

minutes,

seconds

and

hundredths

of

seconds.

Thegeographicalcoordinatesofeachaircraftstandshallbemeasuredand

reported

to

the

aeronautical

information

services

authority

in

degrees,minutes,secondsandhundredthsofseconds.

95Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


96/206

information(Cont) Thegeographicalcoordinatesofsignificantobstaclesintheapproach

, v yaerodromeshallbemeasuredandreportedtotheaeronautical

information

services

authority

in

degrees,

minutes,

seconds

and

tenths

ofseconds.

Thebearingstrengthofapavementintendedforaircraftoframpmassgreaterthan5700kgshallbemadeavailableusingtheaircraft

classification

number

C

avement

classification

number

ACN

PCN

methodby

reporting

all

of

the

following

information:

thepavementclassificationnumber(PCN); pavementtypeforACNPCNdetermination;

su gra estrengt category;

maximumallowable

tire

pressure

category

or

maximum

allowable

tirepressurevalue;and .

96Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

( )


97/206

information(Cont) Preflightaltimeterchecklocation

Declareddistances

takeoffrunavailable;

takeoffdistanceavailable;

acceleratestopdistanceavailable;and

landingdistanceavailable.

Conditionofthemovementareaandrelatedfacilities

constructionormaintenancework;

rou horbrokensurfacesonarunwa ,ataxiwa orana ron;

Wateronarunway

Snow,slush

or

ice

on

arunway

Disabledaircraftremoval

Rescueandfirefighting

97Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

i f i ( )


98/206

information(Cont) Visualapproachslopeindicatorsystems

associatedrunwaydesignationnumber; For

an

AT

VASIS,

PAPI

or

APAPI

installation,

the

side

of

the

runway

, . . , nominalapproachslopeangle(s). minimumeyeheight(s)overthethresholdoftheonslopesignal(s).

Coordinationbetweenaeronauticalinformationservicesandaerodromeauthorities informationonaerodromeconditions theoperationalstatusofassociatedfacilities,servicesand

navigationaids

within

their

area

of

responsibility;

anyotherinformationconsideredtobeofoperationalsignificance.

98Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


99/206

DunsfoldAerodrome(UK)

99Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

General Info

Country United Kingdom

ICAO ID EGTD

Communications

Dunsfold Radio 119.100 Mhz (Air / Ground)

Time UTC 0(+1DT)Latitude 510702 N

Runways

ID Dimensions Surface PCN ILS


100/206

Latitude 510702 N

Longitude 003209 W07/25 1880 x 45 M ASPHALT 30 No

Elevation 172 feet amsl

Magnetic

Variation4 W

Operating AgencyDunsfold Park Ltd

ID Approach Threshold Runway

07/25 Yes Yes YesFuel

Operating Hours PPR: By appointment only

Contact +44 (0)1483 200 900 -

Jet A1 Available

Avgos Available

JoiningInstructions

CommunicationsPPR - Aircraft should call DUNSFOLD RADIO (119.100 Mhz) at the earliest opportunity

when inside 10nm of the aerodrome

Circuit Pattern

Runway 25 left hand

Circuit Height 1000ft QNH

At both ends of Runway 07/25 its width is twice that of the associated edge lights due to

Navigation Warnings

. ,

ensure that they are correctly lined up The base of the London TMA overhead is 2,500ft

The London Gatwick CTA is 1nm east of the aerodrome On occasions, high performance

military aircraft operate to and from Dunsfold Aerodrome

100Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC


101/206

runways

Whereparallelnoninstrumentrunwaysareintendedfor

simultaneoususe,

the

minimum

distance

between

their

210mwherethehi hercodenumberis or ;

150mwherethehighercodenumberis2;and

120mwherethehighercodenumberis1.

101Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

NATURE OF RUNWAY SURFACENATURE OF RUNWAY SURFACE


102/206

NATUREOF

RUNWAY

SURFACENATURE

OF

RUNWAY

SURFACE

Therunwa len thdeterminesthet esofaircraftthatma usethe

aerodrome,their

allowable

take

off

mass

and

hence

the

distancetheymayfly.

Therunwaysurfacetypemustbenotifiedas

bitumenseal;

asphalt;

concrete;

gravel;

grass;or

naturalsurface.102Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

DECLAREDDISTANCESDECLAREDDISTANCES

Declared distances are the available operational distancesnotified to a pilot for take off landing or safely aborting a


103/206

p

notifiedtoapilotfortakeoff,landingorsafelyabortinga .

runwayisadequatefortheproposedlandingortakeoffortodetermine

the

maximum

payload

permissible

for

alanding

or

takeoff.

takeoffrunavailable(TORA);

takeoff

distance

available

(TODA);

acceleratestopdistanceavailable(ASDA);

landingdistanceavailable(LDA);

103Magesh_M

Lecturer/REC

(TORA)isdefinedasthelengthofrunwayavailableforthe

ground

run

of

an

aeroplane

taking

off.

This

is

normally

the

full length of the runway; neither the SWY nor CWY are


104/206

g p g yfulllengthoftherunway;neithertheSWYnorCWYare.

(TODA)isdefinedasthedistanceavailabletoanaeroplaneforcom letion

of

its

round

run,

lift

off

and

initial

climb

to

ft.ThiswillnormallybethefulllengthoftherunwayplusthelengthofanyCWY

ASDA

isdefined

as

the

length

of

the

take

off

run

available

plusthelengthofanySWY.AnyCWYisnotinvolved.ASDA


(LDA)isdefinedasthelengthofrunwayavailablefor thegroundrunofalandingaeroplane.TheLDAcommencesattherunway res o


105/206



106/206



107/206



108/206


Supplementarytakeoffdistancesavailable(STODA).

For

TODA

having

an

obstacle

clear

gradient

of

more

than

1.6%,STODAmustbeprovided,exceptiftheSTODAisless


109/206

, p , p.

takeoffgradientsof1.6%,1.9%,2.2%,2.5%,3.3%and5%,up

tothe

gradient

associated

with

TODA.

In

calculating

STODA,caremustbetakentoensurethatashieldedobjectdoesnotbecomecriticalforthelessertakeoffdistances



110/206



111/206



112/206



113/206



114/206

AlNajafAlAshrafInternationalAirport

MainApron:

ConcretePCN43/F/C/W/T

114Magesh_MLecturer/REC

RUNWAYWIDTHRUNWAYWIDTH

the distance between the outside edges of the main gear


115/206

thedistancebetweentheoutsideedgesofthemaingearwheels

thedistance

between

wing

mounted

engines

and

the

ong u na ax so anaerop ane

thewingspan


Th idth f h ll b t l th th


116/206

Thewidthofarunwa shallbenotlessthantheappropriatedimensionspecifiedinthefollowing

tabulation:


AlNajafAlAshrafInternationalAirport


117/206

j p

1 RWY 10 28

2 BRG True and Mag 100T / 96 -16M 280T / 276 -16M

3 RWY dimensions9.842 ft x 147.6 ft

3000m x 45m

9.842 ft x 147.6 ft

3000m x 45m

4 PCN 43 43

oor nates

E 044 2320

E 044 2510

6 THR Elevation 115.932 ft 89.986 ft

7 Slope of RWY/SWY Unknown Unknown

8 SWY Dimensions Unknown Unknown

9 CWY Dimensions Unknown Unknown

10 Strip Dimensions Not calculated Not calculated

11 Obstacle free zone Not calculated Not calculated



118/206



119/206

VISUALAIDSFORNAVIGATION,VISUALAIDSFOR

SERVICES


Wind direction indicator


120/206




121/206

Anaerodromeshallbeequippedwithatleastonewind

directionindicator.

Awinddirectionindicatorshallbelocatedsoastobe

andinsuchawayastobefreefromtheeffectsofairdisturbancescausedbynearbyobjects.




122/206

Thelocationofatleastonewinddirectionindicator

should

be

marked

by

a

circular

band

15

m

in

diameter

1. w .

windindicatoratanaerodromeintendedforuseatnight.


Landing direction indicator


123/206


Landing direction indicator


124/206

Whereprovided,alandingdirectionindicatorshallbe

located

in

a

conspicuous

place

on

the

aerodrome.

Thelandingdirectionindicatorshouldbeintheform

.


Signalling lamp


125/206

Asignallinglampshallbeprovidedatacontrolledaerodromeinthe

aerodromecontroltower.

,signals,andof: Beingaimedmanuallyatanytargetasrequired; Givingasignalinanyonecolourfollowedbyasignalineitherofthetwo

o er

co ours;

an TransmittingamessageinanyoneofthethreecoloursbyMorseCodeupto

aspeedofatleastfourwordsperminute.

Thebeamspreadshouldbenotlessthan1 norgreaterthan3,with

negligible

light

beyond

3.

y intensityofthecolouredlightshouldbenotlessthan6000cd.


Signallinglamp


126/206


Signalpanels

and

signal

area


127/206

Thesignalareashouldbelocatedsoastobevisible

for

all

angles

of

azimuth

above

an

angle

of

10

300m.

Thesignal

area

shall

be

an

even

horizontal

surface

atleast9msquare.

The

colour

of

the

signal

area

should

be

chosen

to

contrastwiththecoloursofthesi nal anelsused,anditshouldbesurroundedbyawhitebordernotlessthan0.3mwide.


SignalArea

h l h b d l d h f


128/206

Thesignalsthatmustbedisplayedareawhitecrossiftheaerodromeisunserviceable.

movementareas.

Awhitedoublecrosswhenglideroperationsarebeing

conducted.

Inamajorglidingcentre,thedoublecrosssymbolis.


SignalArea


129/206



130/206


Runway


131/206


General At an intersection of two (or more) runways the markings


132/206

Atanintersectionoftwo(ormore)runwaysthemarkingsofthemoreimportantrunway,exceptfortherunwayside

stri emarkin ,

shall

be

dis la ed

and

the

markin s

of

the

otherrunway(s)shallbeinterrupted.

runwaymarkingsshouldbeasfollows: Precisionapproachrunway;

onprec s onapproac runway;an

Noninstrumentrunway.

Runwaymarkingsshallbewhite.



133/206


General Taxiway markings runway turn pad markings and


134/206

Taxiwaymarkings,runwayturnpadmarkingsandaircraftstandmarkingsshallbeyellow.

Apronsafetylinesshallbeofaconspicuouscolourwhichshallcontrastwiththatusedforaircraft

s an

mar ngs.

night,pavementmarkingsshouldbemadewithreflective

materials

designed

to

enhance

the

.


Runwaydesignation

marking

A runway designation marking shall be provided at


135/206

Arunwaydesignationmarkingshallbeprovidedat

thethreshold

of

apaved

runway.

Arunwaydesignationmarkingshallconsistofa

twodigit

number

and

on

parallel

runways

shall

be

supplementedwithaletter. ortwopara e runways: ;

forthree

parallel

runways:

"L"

"C"

"R";

" "" "" "" "


Runwaydesignation

marking


136/206


RunwayCentre

Line

Marking

A runway centre line marking shall be provided on


137/206

Arunwaycentrelinemarkingshallbeprovidedon

a

paved

runway.

Arunwaycentrelinemarkingshallbelocated

runwaydesignation

markings,

except

when

interrupted.

Arunway

centre

line

marking

shall

consist

of

aline

o un orm yspace s r pesan gaps.


RunwayCentre

Line

Marking


138/206


Thresholdmarking

A threshold marking shall be provided at the


139/206

Athresholdmarkingshallbeprovidedatthe

threshold

of

a

paved

instrument

runway,

and

of

a

v w yw is3or4andtherunwayisintendedforusebyinternationalairtrans ort.


Thresholdmarking


140/206


Wherearunwa thresholdis temporarily displaced


141/206

istemporarilydisplacedfromtheextremityofa

,shouldbeaddedtothethresholdmarking.

Atransversestripeshallbe. .


ARROWSWhenarunwaythresholdistemporarilydisplaced


142/206

y p y p

from

the

normal

position,

it

shall

be

marked.

Allmarkingspriortothedisplacedthresholdshallbe

convertedtoarrows.


AimingPoint

Marking

Anaimingpointmarkingshallbeprovidedateach


143/206

g p g papproachendofapavedinstrumentrunwaywherethe

,

.

Theaimingpointmarkingshallcommencenocloser

tothe

threshold

than

the

distance

indicated

in

the

appropriatecolumn


AimingPoint

MarkingLocation and Dimensions of the Aiming Point Marking


144/206

a. The greater dimensions of the specified ranges are intended to be used where

increased conspicuity is required.

b. The lateral spacing may be varied within these limits to minimize thecontamination of the markin b rubber de osits.

c. These figures were deduced by reference to the outer main gear wheel span

which is element 2 of the aerodrome reference code at Subpart D, Table 1-1.


Touchdownzone

marking

Atouchdownzonemarkingshallbeprovidedat


145/206

geachendofapavedrunwaywherethecode

.

ofrectangular

markings

symmetrically

disposed

abouttherunwaycentrelinewiththenumberofsuc pa rsre ate tot e an ng stanceava a e

and,where

the

marking

is

to

be

displayed

at

both


Touchdownzone

marking

Runway lengthPair(s) of markings


146/206

Runway length( ) g

less than 900 m 1

900 m up to but not including 1200 m 2

1200 m up to but not including 1500 m 31500 m up to but not including 2400 m 4

2400 m or more 6


RunwaySide

Stripe

Markings

Arunwaysidestripemarkingshallbeprovidedb h h h ld f d h h


147/206

betweenthethresholdsofapavedrunwaywherethere

shouldersorthesurroundingterrain.

Arunway

side

stripe

marking

shall

consist

of

astripe

placedalongeachedgeoftherunway.


Aimingpoint,touchdownzone

Markings


148/206


TaxiwayCentre

Line

Marking

Taxiwaycentrelinemarkingshallbeprovidedona

d i d h h d b


149/206

pavedtaxiway,andapronwherethecodenumber

guidancebetweentherunwaycentrelineandaircraftstands.

Ataxiwaycentrelinemarkingshallbeatleast15cm nw t an cont nuous n engt except

whereitintersects

ataxi

holding

position

marking

interruptedbyaninformationmarking149Magesh_M Lecturer/REC

TaxiwayIntersection

Marking

Ataxiwayintersectionmarkingshouldbedisplayedatf d h


150/206

anintersectionoftwopavedtaxiwayswhereitis.

brokenline



151/206


Runwayturn

pad

marking

Wherearunwayturnpadisprovided,arunwayturnpadmarking shall be provided for continuous guidance to


152/206

markingshallbeprovidedforcontinuousguidanceto

enablean

aero lane

to

com lete

a180

de ree

turn

and

alignwiththerunwaycentreline.

runwaycentre

line

into

the

turn

pad.

Theradiusofthecurveshouldbecompatiblewiththe

manoeuvring

capability

and

normal

taxiing

speeds

of

the

aeroplanesforwhichtherunwayturnpadisintended.


Runwayholding

position

marking

Arunwayholdingpositionmarkingshallbedisplayed along a runwayholding position


153/206

displayedalongarunway holdingposition.

Atanintersectionofataxiwayandanoninstrument,nonprecisionapproachortakeoff

runway,

e

runway

o ng

pos on

mar ng

shallbe

as

shown

Wheretwoorthreerunwa holdin ositionsareprovidedatsuchanintersection,therunway

holdingposition

marking

closer

(closest)

to

the


Runwayholding

position

marking


154/206


Intermediateholding

position

marking

Anintermediateholdingpositionmarkingshouldbedisplayed along an intermediate holding position


155/206

displayedalonganintermediateholdingposition.

Anintermediateholdingpositionmarkingshall


Intermediateholding

position

marking


156/206


VORaerodrome

check

point

marking

WhenaVORaerodromecheckpointisestablished,itshallbeindicatedbyaVOR


157/206

, y

aerodromecheck

oint

markin

and

si n.

AVORaerodromecheckpointmarkingshallbe

cen re

on

e

spo

a

w c

an

a rcra

s

o

e

parkedto

receive

the

correct

VOR

signal.

AVORaerodromecheckpointmarkingshall

consistof

acircle

6m

in

diameter

and

have

aline

.


VORaerodrome

check

point

marking


158/206


ApronSafety

Lines

Apronsafetylinesshouldbeprovidedonapaved

apronasrequiredbytheparkingconfigurationsand


159/206

p q y p g g

.

Anapronsafetylineshouldbecontinuousinlength

andat

least

10

cm

in

width.

napronsa e y nes a no eco oure re w ereanaicraftwillcrosstheline


ApronSafety

Lines


160/206


InformationMarking

Whereitisimpracticabletoinstallaninformation

sign, the information should be conveyed through an


161/206

sign,theinformationshouldbeconveyedthroughan.

.

.


InformationMarking


162/206



163/206


General Anonaeronauticalgroundlightwhich,byreasonofits

intensity,configurationorcolour,mightprevent,orcause


164/206

confusion

in,

the

clear

interpretation

of

aeronautical

groun

g ss ou

eex ngu s e ,

screene

or

otherwisemodifiedsoastoeliminatesuchapossibility.

,

aeronauticalground

light

visible

from

the

air

within

the

areasdescribedhereunder:

thresholdandbeyondtheendoftherunwayextendingatleast4500minlengthfromthethresholdandrunwayendand750m

eitherside

of

the

extended

runway

centre

line

in

width.

,lengthshouldbeatleast3000m.

Instrumentrunwaycodenumber1;andnoninstrumentrunway:withintheapproacharea. 164Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


165/206


Protectedzones

Toprotectthesafetyofaircraftagainstthehazardouseffectsoflaseremitters,thefollowingprotectedzones


166/206

:

Alaserbeamfreeflightzone(LFFZ).

Alaser

beam

sensitive

flight

zone

(LSFZ).


Protectedzones


167/206


Elevatedapproach

lights

Elevatedapproachlightsandtheirsupportingstructuresshallbefrangibleexceptthat,inthat


168/206

g pport ono t eapproac g t ngsystem eyon 300mfromthethreshold:

m,the

frangibility

requirement

shall

apply

to

the

top

12

monly;and

Whereasupportingstructureissurroundedbynon

frangibleobjects,

only

that

part

of

the

structure

that

frangible.168Magesh_M Lecturer/REC

Elevatedlights

Elevatedrunway,stopwayandtaxiwaylightsshallbefrangible.


169/206

Theirheightshallbesufficientlylowtopreserve

aircraft.


Surfacelights

Lightfixturesinsetinthesurfaceofrunways,stopways,taxiwaysandapronsshallbesodesigned


170/206

w

v

y

w

ofanaircraftwithoutdamageeithertotheaircraftortotheli htsthemselves.


LIGHTINTENSITY

AND

CONTROL

Theintensityofrunwaylightingshallbeadequatefortheminimumconditionsofvisibilityandambient


171/206

w

w y

,

compatiblewiththatofthenearestsectionofthea roachli htin s stemwhen rovided.


Aerodrome light intensity settings

Number

ofIntensity setting (%:percentage of required

Lighting system

intensity

settings

output or cd:effective candelas)

(1) (2) (3)

HIGH INTENSITY LIGHTING

SYSTEMS:

P i i h CAT II & III


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Precision approach CAT II & III(ALSF-2):

- steady burning lamps

5 0.2% 1% 5% 25% 100%

- capacitor discharge lights 5450c

d

450c

d

2000c

d

2000c

d20000cd

Precision approach CAT I

(SSALR):- steady burning lamps

5 0.2% 1% 5% 25% 100%

450c 450c 2000c 2000c-

d d d d

Threshold and Wing bar lights 5 1% 5% 25% 100% 100%

Runway edge lights 5 0.2% 1% 5% 25% 100%

unway en g ts .

Runway centre line lights 5 0.2% 1% 5% 25% 100%

Taxiway centre line lights 5 0.2% 1% 5% 25% 100%172Magesh_M Lecturer/REC

Number of required Intensity setting (%:percentage of required output or

intensity settings cd:effective candelas)

(1) (2) (3)

1 2 3


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1 2 3

MEDIUM INTENSITY

LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Precision approach CAT I

MALSR : 3 4% 20% 100%

- steady burning lamps

- capacitor discharge lights 3 450cd 2000cd 20000cd

Simple approach light system3 300cd 1500cd 5000cd

Threshold lights 3 10% 30% 100%

Runway edge lights 3 10% 30% 100%

Runway end lights 3 10% 30% 100%


EmergencyLighting

Atanaerodromeprovidedwithrunwaylightingandwithoutasecondarypowersupply,sufficient


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forinstallationonatleasttheprimaryrunwayintheeventoffailureofthenormallightingsystem.

Wheninstalledonarunwaytheemergencylightss ou ,asam n mum,con ormtot e

configuration

required

for

a

non

instrument


AerodromeBeacon

Anaerodromebeaconshallbeprovidedateachaerodromeintendedforuseatnight,exceptwhen,inspecialcircumstances,thebeaconisconsideredbytheCertifying


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u or y as

unnecessary

upon

e erm na on

a

sno

requiredbyoneormoreofthefollowingconditions: theaerodromeislocatedonornearafrequentlyusednightVFR

theaerodrome

is

frequently

used

by

aircraft

navigating

visually

duringperiodsofreducedvisibility. itisdifficulttolocatetheaerodromefromtheairdueto

surroun ng g sor erra n.

Theaerodrome

beacon

shall

be

located

on

or

adjacent

to

lighting.


Approachlighting

system

Theapproachlightingsystemdiffersaccordingto

runway:


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Noninstrumentrunway

Precisionapproach

runway

categoryI



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xamp e o approac an runway g ng

for runway with displaced thresholds



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Precision Approach CategoryI Lighting System178

Magesh_MLecturer/REC

Systems Avisualapproachslopeindicatorsystemshallbeprovided

toservetheapproachtoarunwaywhereoneormoreofthefollowingconditionsexits:


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Therunwayisnotservedbyanelectronicglidepathandtherunwayisusedbyturbojetorotheraircraftwithsimilarapproachguidance

Thepilotofanytypeofaircraftmayhavedifficultyinjudgingtheapproachdueto:

Inadequatevisualguidancesuchasisexperiencedduringanapproachoverwaterorfeaturelessterrainbydayorintheabsenceofsufficient

extraneouslights

in

the

approach

area

by

night,

or

s ea ng n orma onsuc as spro uce y ecep vesurroun ngterrainorrunwayslopes;


Systems Thepresenceofobjectsintheapproachareamay

involveserioushazardifanaircraftdescendsbelowthenormalapproachpath,particularlyiftherearenononv sua or o er v sua a s o g ve warn ng o suc


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v sua

or

o er

v sua

a s

og ve

warn ng

o

suc

objects;

Physicalconditionsateitherendoftherunwaypresentaserious

hazard

in

the

event

of

an

aircraft

under

shooting

oroverrunningtherunway;and

Terrainorprevalentmeteorologicalconditionsaresuchthat

the

aircraft

ma

be

sub ected

to

unusual

turbulence

duringapproach.


SystemsThestandardvisuala roachslo eindicatorsystemsshallconsistofPAPIandAPAPIsystemsconformingtothespecifications.


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PAPIorAPAPIshallbeprovidedwhenoneormore

accordancewith

the

following:

PAPIshallbeinstalledwherethecodenumberis3or4.

PAPI

or

APAPI

shall

be

installed

where

the

code

number

is


PAPIThePAPIsystemshallconsistofawingbarof4sharp

transitionmultilamp(orpairedsinglelamp)units

y y


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y

.

y

sideoftherunwayunlessitisphysicallyimpracticabletodoso.



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PAPI Sitt ing and Angle of Elevation Settings183


APAPITheAPAPIsystemshallconsistofawingbarof2sharp

transitionmultilamp(orpairedsinglelamp)units.


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Thesystemshallbelocatedontheleftsideofthe.



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APAPI Sit ting and Angle of Elevation Settings185



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Obstacle Protection Surface for Visual Approach Slope Indicator Systems186


HazardLights

Thedimensionsoftheflightmanoeuvringareashallpermitthecriticalaircraftarrivingand

h ll i i i


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theallengineoperatingoroneengineoutconfiguration.

Theobstaclefreeareashallbedeterminedbyraw ngarcso ara uso 2.3 centre oneac

runwaythresholdandjoiningthosearcswith

100mverticalobstacleclearance.187Magesh_M Lecturer/REC


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Flight Manoeuvring Area188


RunwayLead

In

Lighting

Systems

Arunwayleadinlightingsystemshouldbeprovidedwhereitisdesiredtoprovidevisualguidancealongaspecific

a roach

ath,

for

reasons

such

as

avoidin

hazardous

terrainorforpurposesofnoiseabatement.


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p p

shouldconsist

of

at

least

three

flashing

lights

in

alinear

or

clusterconfiguration.

Thesystemmaybeaugmentedbysteadyburninglights

wheresuch

li hts

would

assist

in

identifyin

the

system.


RunwayIdentification

Lights

(RILS)

Runwayidentificationlightsshouldbeprovided: atthethresholdofanonprecisionapproachrunway

where

it

is

not

ractical

to

rovide

other

visual

a roach

aids;or


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;

whereextraneousnonaeronauticalli htsorlackofdaytimecontrastdetractfromtheeffectivenessofapproach

lights

or

where

the

threshold

is

difficult

to

identifyandenhancedconspicuityisnecessary;and

wherearunwaythresholdispermanentlydisplaced

fromthe

runway

extremity

or

temporarily

displaced

conspicuityisnecessary.


RunwayEdge

Lights

Lowintensityrunwayedgelightsshallbeprovidedforarunwayintendedforuseatnightwherethecodenumberis

1

or

2.


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Mediumintensityrunwayedgelightsshallbeprovidedfor

is3or

4.

Highintensityrunwayedgelightsshouldbeprovidedonarunwayintendedfortakeoffwithanoperatingminimum

belowan

RVR

of

the

order

of

2600ft

(800m)

by

day.



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Runway Edge Light Mounting Height


RunwayThreshold

Lights

Runwaythresholdlightsshallbeprovidedforarunwayequippedwithrunwayedgelightsexcept

on

a

non

instrument

or

non

recision

a roach

runwaywherethethresholdisdisplacedandwing


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y p gbarlightsareprovided.

Therunway

threshold

lights

described

in,

shall

be

placedintwogroupssymmetricallydisposeda outt erunwaycentre inewit t eoutermostrunwaythresholdlightspositionedtoalignwith

therunwa

ed e

li hts

and

the

remainder

s aced

atintervalsof3m.


WingBar

Lights

Wingbarlightsshallbeprovidedonarunwaywherethethresholdisdisplacedtoindicatethelocationofthedisplacedthreshold.

.consistingof;


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g threelightswhenusedtomarkthelocationofadisplacedthresholdfora

runway30morlessinwidth;

four

lights

when

used

to

mark

the

location

of

a

displaced

threshold

for

a

runwaygreater

than

30m

in

width

but

not

greater

than

45m

in

width;

runwaygreaterthan45minwidth;and

sevenor

eight

lights

when

provided

on

aprecision

approach

runway

.



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Examples of Threshold and Wing Bar Lights195


RunwayEnd

Lights

Runwayendlightsshallbeprovidedforarunwayequippedwithrunwayedgelights.


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Runwayendlightsonarunwaylessthan45minwidthshallconsistofsixlightsarrangedintwogroups,andonarunway45mandgreaterinwidth,

.

unwayen g moun ngss a e rang e.


RunwayCentre

Line

Lights

RunwaycentrelinelightsshallbeprovidedonaprecisionapproachrunwaycategoryIIorIII.


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Runwaycentrelinelightsshallbefixedlightsshowingvariablewhitefromthethresholdtothepoint900mfromtherunwayend;alternatered

runwayend;andredfrom300mtotherunway


RunwayTouchdown

Zone

Lights

Touchdownzonelightsshallextendfromthethresholdforalongitudinaldistanceof900m,

exceptt at,

on

runways

ess

t an

1 00m

n

engt ,

th t h ll b h t d th t it d t


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thesystemshallbeshortenedsothatitdoesnot.

unidirectionallightsshowingvariablewhite.


StopwayLights

Stopwaylightsshallbeprovidedforastopwayintendedforuseatnight.

S li h h ll b fi d idi i l li h


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Stopwaylightsshallbefixedunidirectionallights.

.


TaxiwayCentre

Line

Lights

Taxiwaycentrelinelightsshallbeprovidedonarunwayformingpartofastandardtaxirouteand

lessthanavalueoft

AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL

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Transcript of AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL