The Role of Islamic Management in Building Ethicsin Organizations

Mohd Fuad Mohd SallehFaculty of Business and Accountancy

Universiti Selangor (UNISEL)fuadsalleh@unisel.edu.my

Abstract—Business scandals and ethical misconduct causedmillions of dollars in losses, left behind damaged organizations,forced them to close their business and left thousands ofemployees jobless without any future guarantee or security. Thisincident has left scholars and managers asking what role theymight have played to curb these ethical scandals and what rolethey can play in the solutions. Scholar and managers collectivelyhave responded to the ethical challenges that we face inorganizational life. Some scholarship assesses the current state ofethics in management education, helping us to diagnose andtackle the realities of unethical behavior. Part of the solution tothis problem is to design and develop courses and programs in abetter way, integrate business and management learning withethical conduct. Scholars should focus on which standards shouldbe advanced. Indeed, what connects these diverse discussions is aclear recognition that educational components designed to solvethe ethical quandaries we face will require a multifaceted andcomprehensive approach. Religions and philosophical schools ofthought have always played a significant role in the developmentof human values and behavior which has a great impact tobusiness and corporate management. Research also suggests thatthe encouragement religious principles in business can lead tobenefits in the areas of creativity, honesty and trust, personalfulfillment, and commitment, which will ultimately lead toincreased corporate and business performance. It is whereIslamic Management come into place where the foundations,principles, and practices will give impact in developing ethicalstandard to organizations. Islamic Management will bringstudents and managers back to basic where they cannot put asidethe role of religion in safeguarding management practices inorganization.

Keywords-islamic management; islamic ethic; honesty;professional; curriculum

I. INTRODUCTION

Muslim community has long possess a strong belief on thetruth of their religion, Islam, and the highness of Islam as away of life. This belief is supported by a convincing, greathistory. The birth and presence of Islam is intended to solvethe problems and improve the situation because the Prophetwas sent to spread Islam to improve the human nature ofmankind. Starting after the Hijrah of the Prophet SAW toMedina, Islam began to grow rapidly, and it has successfullytraveled to almost all continents. However, since the 12thcentury, with the rise of the European world (renaissance), theIslamic world seemed to have experienced a great deal of

failure and failed to produce something significant to thehuman life until the end of the Islamic Khilafah rule in Turkeywith the fall of Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan II bin Abdul MajidKhan, The last Islamic Caliphate, on April 27, 1909.

This is what awaits Muslims in the face of Western power.They feel strong but the power is embedded in history. Thefact is they are weak; not only weak but confused. Hence, it isnot surprising when Napoleon Bonaparte and his scientistsmade demonstrations of chemical experiments in Egyptsometime before , the scholars at that moment were excitedand commented, "this is indeed a real magic!" Comments faraway from the foundation of knowledge as they never learnand be exposed to chemistry!

It's time to rebuild the greatness of Islam. One way isthrough education by reproducing sources of reference basedon Islamic knowledge written by Muslims themselves. Theworld is now looking at Islam as a hope to work and solve theproblems faced by humans. This is evidenced by the rapiddevelopment of the Islamic Banking and Financial Systemwhich has been accepted in more than 105 countries and isgrowing from only one institution in 1973 now there are 622institutions offering Islamic banking with the total assetsvalued at USD1.9 trillion . The Islamic Banking and FinancialSystem is growing rapidly in non-Muslim countries. Inaccordance with the fastest growing religion today, allMuslims hope that a reference to the Islamic management andethics of Islam can be provided for the world's eyes, toovercome, or at least to reduce, the problem faced in today'scorrupt management world.

Religions and philosophical schools of thought havealways played a significant role in the development of humanvalues and behavior which has a great impact to business andcorporate management [1]. Research also suggests that theencouragement religious principles in business can lead tobenefits in the areas of creativity, honesty and trust, personalfulfillment, and commitment, which will ultimately lead toincreased corporate and business performance [2].

Muslims have long believed in the truth of their religion,Islam, and the height of this life span. They have a great andconvincing history. Indeed the birth and presence of Islam inthe world is to overcome and improve the situation becausethe Prophet was sent to spread Islam to improve the humannature. Starting after the Hijrah of the Prophet SAW to

5th Annual International Conference on Management Research (AICMaR 2018)

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Medina, Islam began to grow rapidly and successfully traveledto almost all continents.

A. Islam and the Worldview

Although Western societies are superior in administrativeand management sector; however, in reality they have onlybegun university studies and set up a management faculty inthe early 1920s. Syracuse University was considered the firstuniversity to establish the Faculty of Management Studies in1919 followed by the University of Northern California in1929 [3]. Both were universities in the United States.Although the establishment of formal faculties began late, thecontribution of Western societies in the development ofmanagement knowledge began earlier with the introduction ofseveral classical and modern management theories.

Nevertheless, classical and modern management theoriesthrough Western-born humanitarian or behavioral approacheshave failed to produce tranquil workers who are alwaysdemanding that their economic and psychological needs bemet. Misappropriation and moral collapse among workershave become common scenes which is proof of the existenceof an unhappy soul. Langgulung describes mental health as "...the degree or extent of a person successfully adjusts internallybetween its various movers and impulses and also adaptsexternally to relationships with the environment around itIncluding objects and people." [4].

The weakness of the soul and the less resilient to theattraction of wealth causes man to lose his burden and fail tocomply with ethics. It not only affects non-professionals, butalso those who are considered to be very high in theirprofessional values. Many conglomerate companies have beenforced to close their business because of the actions of someunethical corporate officials. This is evidenced by the collapseof the Enron empire [5], World.com, Arthur Anderson,Lehman and other big names in various industries in theUnited States which are the leaders in world management andfinance as a result of unsustainable and unethical management[6].

To become a manager, an individual needs to equiphimself with the right management knowledge to easilyunderstand, plan, and then implement what is planned toachieve the goal of an organization whether profit-basedorganizations or non-profit organizations. But too fewmanagers are able to carry out such tasks well and perfectly,especially in mobilizing the advantages of individuals, groupsand teams in an organization.

The management theory that has been spearheaded by theWest, even though it has been practiced for so long, there isstill gap that need to be filled and completed. This gap existsbecause Western theories do not necessarily indicate the needto place religious values as an important element in assistingmanagers to manage the organization even though theorganization is comprised of a combination of people whohave the same or almost equal goals. Thus these theoriesdirectly lead to human provision for human well-being and theworld as a whole.

To form a prosperous society we cannot run away fromcooperating and helping each other because Islam cares aboutthe issues of mutual help in life and it is mentioned clearly inthe Qur'an:

"And help each other in virtue and piety (Al-Birr and At-Taqwa), but do not help in sin and transgression. And fearAllah. Verily, Allah is Severe in punishment. "(Al-Maidah, 5:2)

This verse was clarified by Prophet Muhammad PBUHwhen he said that his presence in this world is to lift-up Islamas the complete religion, to fill-up what was left by theprevious Prophets. Islam came to fill these loopholes or gapsas stated by the Prophet Muhammad PBUH in one of hisHadith which means:

"I was sent to complete your morals" [7][8]

This suggests that people actually have morals but they arenot perfect. This morality, if it is nurtured and understood bythe people, is the basis of ethical guidance in organizationallife. Therefore the Prophet came with Islam to guide thepeople and bring goodness and well-being to the whole world,coinciding with the purpose of the Word of God:

"And We have sent you(O Muhammad) not but as a mercyto the whole world (mankind, jinns, and all that exists)" (QSAl Anbiya: 107).

Nature encompasses human nature, the jinn and in whichthere are other living things and whatever is in the universesuch as the land, the trees, the hills, the mountains, thetrenches, the rivers, the lakes and Sea. Islam does not comewith theory but Islam comes with clear guidance because thenature of Islam itself is a practical one. Management in Islamtakes into account all of these which have a relationship eitherdirectly or indirectly. This is not addressed in Westernmanagement theory. Western theories only take into accountmatters relating to human beings and organizationsdisregarding their relation to nature. Western theories do notconnect people with nature.

This article is expected to advocate readers especiallyMuslims to think about the greatness of Islam and to highlightit in their daily lives in whatever situation they are.Management needs to be seen and evaluated from a newperspective of Islam and it needs to be viewed and assessedthoroughly. Islam comes with all the instructions that covervarious fields that are capable of producing a safe andprosperous life. Only the diligent Muslims strength to regainIslamic knowledge to be shared will contribute to the trust andconfidence of the community towards the ability of Islam togovern the world. The power of Islamic knowledge will beable to make human beings more ethical and with integrity inall circumstances and all organizations.

II. METHOD

This study is theoretically a qualitative study, using libraryresearch approach. Qualitative research methods weredeveloped in the social sciences to enable researchers to studysocial and cultural phenomena. Qualitative method involvesan interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter; it

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attempts to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in termsof the meaning people bring to them. A study that tends tocollect data by observing or analyzing the contents of thedocument. Collection of data through literature study wherereferences are made to primary and secondary sourcesinvolving the use of books, research papers, theses, newspaperclippings, searches on the internet and the like.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Thought

There has been much talk about the idea of managementby various authors. Some wrote about the principles ofmanagement in Islam but use Western thoughts. They revisedand say it comes from Islam. Perhaps what they write is thetruth because the greatness of Islam has long been hidden ordestroyed by the end of the last Muslim Khilafah Othmaniahin Turkey on March 3, 1924. The values of humanity andjustice were also eroded by the collapse of Islamic rule. Islamhas experienced a period of decline because of the neglect ofits followers and human thought is dominated by Westernism.

However, Muslims continue to persevere and seek torevive the greatness of Islam and bring Islam back intosociety. Islamic principles are still strong in some Muslims,and it is able to meet the progress and face the challenges oftoday's era. Islam is not a human creation. Islam is God'screation and it is an absolute idea. Allah promises to help Hisservants who are convinced and devoted.

Therefore when we discuss Islamic thought, it must befrom Allah and end up with Allah. Islamic thought cannot beplaced on par with Western thought because Islamic thought ismuch higher than all human thought. Anything that God hasmade it necessarily bring goodness and Allah will guide thosewho seek his blessing as stated in the Holy Qur'an whichmeans:

"Indeed, there has come to you from Allah a light (ProphetMuhammad) and a book (al-Quran). Wherewith Allah guideswhom He pleases to the way of peace and brings them out ofdarkness to the glorious light by His permission and showsthem to the straight path."(Al-Maidah: 15-16).

Islamic thought is a thought based on the eternal sense oflife after death. Islamic thought is based on the basis thatcomes from God. Islamic thought is a complete thoughtaround all the systems that human beings need to live inprosperity. For example, Islam comes with a universaleconomic concept that can provide justice to nature. Islam isdeterred by non-repressive political concepts. Islam comeswith a management concept that connects humans with natureand its creators.

If we look at Islamic thought, it is comprehensive andcovers all areas of life and it brings goodness to other ideasother than Islam. To achieve that goal Islam has taught itsfollowers to start thinking by placing God's pleasure as theultimate goal.

B. Trust

In accordance with the basis of thought based on the beliefand belief in the existence of the Almighty to administer thewhole universe, then all the work for Islamic thinkers andscientists is and should be based on the belief that what theydo not only be judged By humans and creatures on earth butalso creatures in the sky. All acts and practices will be judgedand will receive a reward from Allah with a fair and equitableconsideration. These beliefs are based on the Word of Godwhich means:

"And I (Allah) created not the jinns and the people exceptthey should worship to Me (Alone)." (Adz-Dzaariyaat: 56)

Strictly speaking, each of these jinn and humans isdedicated to worshiping Allah. That is to say, whatever ismade by man, it must be his worship or himself/herself or hischarity to Allah SWT. No matter if the business is a matter ofseeking livelihood, developing a home, managing theeducation of children, himself or his family, regulatingsociety's association, developing economics, trading, instruggle and jihad and in whatever good sleep or take care orin our eating habits all day, everything must be worship toAllah.

Allah has clearly described in His other words in surah AliImran verse 191 which means:

"Those who remember Allah (always, and in prayers)standing, sitting and lying down on their sides, and thinkdeeply about the creation of the heavens and the earth(saying): 'Our Lord, You have not created this withoutpurpose, glory to You! Give us salvation from the torment ofthe fire.”

C. Practice

Islam is often mistaken for the mistakes made by Muslimsthemselves. The world's population includes those whopractice Islam often make Muslims a measure or benchmarkagainst Islam while Islam has provided a clear guideline onthe ways one should lead life. When the practice of Islam isnot entirely in accordance with the guidelines passed throughthe Qur'an and As-Sunnah, then there are errors and mistakesthat deface Islam, while Islam is not defective.

That is why Prophet Muhammad PBUH has beeninstructed in his Hadith which means:

"I leave you two things that you will not go astray foreveras long as you hold fast to both. The Book of Allah (Al-Qur'an) and my Sunnah."[7][8]

As a result of not following the Qur'an and the Sunnahcorrectly and completely then Muslims today have lost theirpower, lost dignity and self esteem and lost almost everything.Beliefs of Muslims to Islam have diminished and disappeared.It is no longer the basis of their practice, and they are driftingaway with the evil things that are increasingly eroding thespirit of Islamic practice within themselves.

As a religious-minded employee, we need to realize thatthe day for all of us who are always working to work or obeyGod's commands so that we can work in this world. Islam

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teaches us that this world is the place for us to practice, tocultivate while in the hereafter is the time when we are toharvest the results. Therefore all work can be worship.

Allah has spoken in the Qur'an, surah al-Baqarah verse 21which means:

"O mankind! Worship your Lord (Allah), Who created youand those before you, so that you may become al-Muttaqin(the pious)."

This appeal calls upon all people regardless of theMuslims, the believers, the disobedient or the disbelievers. Inshort, every human being is required by God to worship Him.Anyone who worships Allah means simply devoting himselfor giving his help to Allah SWT alone.

As the Almighty, Allah SWT demands from every humanbeing to always, at all times and when giving worship andcharity to God. Therefore, we must know how we are to fillour efforts and our endeavors so that it becomes our worshipof Allah SWT. Ibadah is divided into three: basic worship, andsecond is ibadah furu '(branch) which is the main practice andthe third is general worship.

Basic worship is the main and important worship; includedare the six pillars of faith and the five pillars of Islam. The lawis fardhu ain that every person is obliged to believe and dogood to him. Without basic worship one does not believe.Ibadah branch or furu 'is related to fardhailull `charity (mainpractice). Among them are dhuha prayers, wishing prayers,prayer of tahajjud, certain dhikr and others.

While public worship includes all of our life activities thatwe do every day. Starting from our self-regulation, our wives,hometowns to educational matters, administering universities,economics, society, politics, to the problems of domestic andforeign. If we can think all events as Allah wills, then it willbe a worship that we will be rewarded. On the contrary, if weneglected to organize our live not according to the Shari'a, weare losing.

The fact is whatever work we do is worship, hence, it mustfollow five conditions. When each of our works met therequirements of these five conditions, then it will be acceptedas worship, as a charity and as a devotion to our Lord. Thefollowings are the five conditions:

1) Intent must be good2) Acts must be made legally/halal by sharia3) Implementation must be correct4) The ends must be correct5) Not leaving the basic thing (basic worship).

Islam also calls on us to do all our work with sincerity andget the best results in any kind of righteous work we do.

"Verily, Allah loves the work of His servant who issincere." (Narrated Abu Daud)

Observing this calls, Muslims are the ones who arejustified in the future, more diligent and more diligent in doingtheir jobs because there besides being part of the world'sprosperity, it is also a charity that God loves and earns thereward when doing so. On the contrary what we can see, non-

Muslims despite the fact that there is no bond between themwith the hereafter and the question of sin and reward, but theyare diligent in working, diligent efforts to be able to prosperthe world with what they want.

That is why in order to study, convey knowledge, manage theinstitutions of knowledge, including preaching to mankind inIslam or whatever our work, even in any area of our career,everything must be focused on seeking God's pleasure. Basedon this view, every Muslim worker needs to ask, "How farhave we done the work and charity in this world with the best,even how far have we been doing the work diligently, is itdone simply because it responds The command of God andhope for his blessings?"

D. Key Objectives Of Shariah (Maqasid Shari`Ah)

Islamic law is the Islamic law and regulation that governsthe whole of human life joints, whether 'Muslim' or 'not Islam'.Besides the laws and regulations, the Islamic Law is also aproblem solver throughout the whole life. To Muslims,Islamic Shariah is the most important and comprehensiveguide and perfect for all the problems of human life and thelife of this world. God's word s.w.t which means:

"On the whole We make thee (O Muhammad PBUH andlead thee) to carry a way full of the laws of religion; So followit and do not follow the lusts of those who do not know." (Al-Jathiah: 18).

This verse shows that God has made for ProphetMuhammad PBUH. And his people, clear paths of religiousaffairs.

Ibn 'Ashur (1366H) argues that Maqasid al-Shari'ah in hisgeneral concept is "the understanding and the secrets that canbe understood from the Islamic syariat in whole or in part hisprocess of conduct." Alal al-Fasyy (1966) And the secrets ofthe law determined by Islamic law. According to ar-Raysuniyy(1995), the simple explanations of Ibn 'Ashur and al-Fasi canbe summarized as "the objectives determined by the shari'a tobe achieved for the benefit of mankind".

The main objective of this Syariah has been merged intofive main elements:

• Maintain religion

• Maintain the safety of life and body

• Maintain purity of mind and sanity

• Maintain honor, dignity and heredity

• Maintain ownership and management of property

E. The Need For Islamic Management

Muslims believe in the truth of Islam. Islam has a greatand reassuring history. However, due to the incidents theIslamic world experienced the beginning of the 12th century,Muslims have failed to produce something significant to thehuman life. Hence, Islam continues to be underestimated bythe world's people until Islam re-emerged in the twentiethcentury. The century which saw the rise of Islam with thedevelopment of Islamic movements and the rise of Islamic

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science around the world began to be seen and given attentionby the world community. The Islamic Financial System hasbegun to be accepted and practiced by Islamic and non-Muslim communities in the East and West.This positive development needs to be utilized and fullymobilized by Islamic thinkers and Muslims entirely to rise byintroducing and bringing new ideas that further guarantee thecontinuity of human nature. The Islamic Management Systemneeds to be introduced as it is important to Islam and theMuslim world as well as human beings as complementary toall existing systems and as an alternative to those seeking asystem that can bring prosperity to life.Islamic approach to management is a new discipline inmodern education referred to as Islamic management. It seesorganizational management from the perspective ofknowledge derived from revelation i.e. the Qur'an and theHadith that results in the implementation in line with thebeliefs and practices of Islam.

F. Why Islamic Management Introduced

Islamic management should be introduced for the followingreasons:

A process for putting Islam as a complete andcomprehensive way of life.

Strengthen the search process of knowledge especiallyamong Muslims.

Strengthen the mindset of the home so that it issupported by true Islamic thought.

Liberate the minds of human beings from variousthought and theories that are incompatible with thevalues and principles of humanity.

Providing an enhancement space because conventionalapproaches have many disadvantages because theyoften split between theory and local cultural values.

G. The Source Of Islamic Management Knowledge

The main source of knowledge of Islam is from therevelation of the Prophet. The Islamic community today refersto the Qur'an as the main source of reference. This originalsource was translated, reviewed and scrutinized by the ProphetMuhammad's Hadith which became the second source ofIslamic sources of knowledge.

These two sources are then discussed and discussed byexperts of Islamic knowledge with additional sources such asijma 'and qiyas finally forming the basis of law known as theUsuul (Usuul) and the rules of fiqh (Qawa'id). Both withspecific rules in Islamic science are core in discussing theentire knowledge in Islam which includes various fieldsincluding devotion, management, administration, economy,social and business.

H. The Teaching Of Islamic Management Knowledge

There are many new challenges that managers need to facein this era of globalization today. Challenges of globalwarming management, environmental protection anddevelopment, human rights, borderless relationships, e-

commerce, cross cultures, ethical philosophy and more thatrequire management teams to deepen ethical and socialresponsibilities in performing daily tasks.

Too many ethical theories and philosophies practicedthroughout the world today. Among them are Kantianphilosophical traditions which assume that individuals (andorganizations) have a responsibility based on a set of coremoral principles that go beyond the narrow self-interest.Among the many philosophies practiced today includeAristotelian virtue ethics, Utilitarianism and EasternPhilosophy [9].

Islamic scholars need to show how Islamic management isable to introduce its ethical principles and responsibilities bytaking into account Western beliefs and holdings without theneed to confront them. We need to point out that ethicalphilosophy in Islam is the best and most complete. We mustalso point out that all the philosophies of the West have beenencompassed in the ethical and ethical philosophy of Islam.As an example of the concept of Islamic management basedon ‘Ubudiyah, Masuliah and Itqan (UMI) should be explainedto students who do not have the opportunity to study inconventional management lectures.

The concept of ‘Ubudiyah emphasizes the nature of man asservant of Allah. Therefore every human deed and daily workshould be in harmony with the shari'a revealed by Allah. It isbased on faith and taqwa to Allah. Cognition is the principleof trust and responsibility. Every human act and occupation isrelated to religion and involves the question of sin and reward.This principle emphasizes on the implementation of the taskwith full responsibility and accountability [10]. Itqan is theprinciple that emphasizes on akhlaq and righteous deeds.Every human being needs to be diligent, diligent andcommitted to the task. This will create good and excellentquality of work. It also involves a sincerity, or is called aquality work or we call it as itqan and it is from the teachingsof Islam which this teaching will save people in the world andin the hereafter[10].

There are many other concepts, principles and principles ofIslamic management that need to be learned. But the fact thattoo little of Islamic management is poured out and is taughtformally in institutions of higher learning (HEIs) especially tostudents who are not in the field of Islamic science studies.While studying at the Islamic faculty for example, his studentsare not exposed to management knowledge. This greatlydeters developmental knowledge. This has led to the fact thatIslamic knowledge only lingered in the environment ofreligious majors who caused its beauty to be understood andenjoyed by other students outside the field of Islamic studieswhich were also less exposed to Islamic-based science. Thiscan be seen and confirmed by the curriculum development formanagement and business studies programs as well asreligious study programs in any IPT. Islamic knowledge is toosmall to be included in the curriculum of study and modernmanagement science is very limited (if any) discussed in theclasses of Islamic studies.

In the government's attempt to introduce the Syariah Index,the country has been facing difficulties in gathering those whohave expertise in both fields. An Islamic academician

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specializing in management has a very limited knowledge ofthe fundamentals and policies of Islamic management. Thelack of reading material in Islamic management also makes itdifficult for academics and students to gain knowledge tounderstand the systems and characteristics of Islamicmanagement. If so, those who write books and papers orarticles related to management in Islam are comprised of thosewho attend formal education in conventional managementlectures. They boast themselves in writing these papers andpublications with very limited abilities. But it is feared that theviews expressed in the writing are inaccurate with the methodof Islamic knowledge. This situation is further complicated bythe lack of discourse and criticism of these publications byexperts from both fields: Islamic studies and managementstudies.

IV. CONCLUSION

An effort needs to be done and the government itselfthrough the Ministry of Education should understand theimportance of Islamic management to all students, Muslims ornon-Muslims. This subject shall be taught in schools andlecture rooms. This is important to ensure graduatesunderstand management from the Islamic side and to ensurethat Malaysia does not lack expertise in this area. The need forexperts and knowledgeable people to help the governmentprovide experts to support efforts to ensure Malaysia is acenter of excellence that emphasizes the education of IslamicManagement and everything related to Islamic knowledge.

The Ministry may provide guidelines for IslamicManagement subjects to be included in the curriculum ofstudy at the Faculty of Management, Economics or Businessand to incorporate management, business, and IslamicManagement courses at the Faculty of Islamic Studies. Inaddition, seminars, discourses and discussions betweendifferent faculties a Nurhafilah Musa (2014). PenerapanKonsep Mas'uliyyah dan Amanah dalam Pentadbiran Awamke arah Bersih Rasuah - Kajian di Majlis Perbandaran KotaBharu-Bandaraya Islam.nd organizations are conducted morefrequently and shall be encouraged. This is to enable these

faculties to provide more open space to assimilate to fill thepresent cascade due to the differentiation of orientation.

Government offices and other organizations may organizeseminar, discourse and workshop for their staffs to learn aboutIslamic Management. This encouragement can only bematerialized if it becomes a policy. Only with clear policies inschools and close collaboration between all faculties andschools will be possible in producing a more integrated andcomplete curriculum. Only with enough knowledge of Islamicmanagement will bring graduates back to nature, people willknow their self and their nature. In this way, it is expected tocurb misuse in corporate governance and governance as wellas to make them ethical employees, managers andentrepreneurs with integrity.

REFERENCES

[1] Rafik I. Beekun & Jamal A. Badawi. Balancing Ethical Responsibilityamong Multiple Organizational Stakeholders: The Islamic Perspective.Journal of Business Ethics. August 2005, Volume 60, Issue 2, pp 131–145

[2] Abuznaid, S. (2009) "Business ethics in Islam: the glaring gap inpractice", International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Financeand Management, Vol. 2 Issue: 4, pp.278-288

[3] Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University.http://whitman.syr.edu/whitman-experience/whitman-history/index.aspx

[4] H. Langgulung. Psikologi dan Kesihatan Mental di Sekolah-sekolah.Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.1983

[5] Merriam-Webster Dictinory. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kantianism

[6] F. Salleh. Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship education. SyarahanUmum di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) AMM, Mataram, NusaTenggara Barat, Indonesia pada 19 Ogos 2015.

[7] Al Haakim. Al-Mustadrak 2/613

[8] Al Bukhari. Adabul Mufrad no. 273

[9] Nurhafilah Musa (2014). Penerapan Konsep Mas'uliyyah dan Amanahdalam Pentadbiran Awam ke arah Bersih Rasuah - Kajian di MajlisPerbandaran Kota Bharu-Bandaraya Islam.

[10] N. A. A.Nik Mat, . Islam Boleh. Kelantan: Maahad ad-Dakwah Wal-Imamah.1995

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