Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.
-
Upload
curtis-murphy -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.
![Page 1: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Advanced Writing Rules
![Page 2: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
You Should Already Know
![Page 3: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
![Page 4: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
a. In a list
John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.
![Page 5: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
a. In a list
John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.
b. Separating extra information
Before school started, I ate breakfast at home.
![Page 6: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
a. In a list
John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.
b. Separating extra information
Before school started, I ate breakfast at home.
c. Joining two sentences
I love ice cream, but she loves cake.
![Page 7: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
You Should Also Know
![Page 8: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
![Page 9: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
![Page 10: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
dog water
cats absence
houses basis
establishment creation
haecceity fortitude
![Page 11: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
![Page 12: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
walk frighten think
talked stirring to cry
bought to change staying
to believe written avoid
![Page 13: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
![Page 14: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
blue strange expensive
cold injured creepy
hot forgotten crying
![Page 15: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
![Page 16: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
very frighteningly too never
so triumphantly quietly not
![Page 17: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
![Page 18: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs I We My
c. Adjectives Our Your You
d. Adverbs He She It
His Its Hers
Their Theirs
![Page 19: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs f. Prepositions
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
![Page 20: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs f. Prepositions
c. Adjectives of by near
d. Adverbs far from under
since before
![Page 21: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs f. Prepositions
c. Adjectives g. Articles
d. Adverbs
![Page 22: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs f. Prepositions
c. Adjectives g. Articles
d. Adverbs a an the
![Page 23: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs f. Prepositions
c. Adjectives g. Articles
d. Adverbs h. Conjunctions
![Page 24: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns e. Pronouns
b. Verbs f. Prepositions
c. Adjectives g. Articles
d. Adverbs h. Conjunctions
for and nor but or yet so
because when while although
![Page 25: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
![Page 26: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
![Page 27: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
![Page 28: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V N conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
![Page 29: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V N conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
![Page 30: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V N conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
I know that I love ice cream.
![Page 31: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V N conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
I know that I love ice cream.
I know that it is delicious.
![Page 32: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V N conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
I know that I love ice cream.
I know that because it is delicious...?
![Page 33: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Now That THAT’s Over
![Page 34: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Now That THAT’s Over
Time for Advanced Writing Rules
![Page 35: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What You Will Learn
![Page 36: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
![Page 37: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
![Page 38: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
3. Active Voice
![Page 39: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
3. Active Voice
4. Passive Voice
![Page 40: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
3. Active Voice
4. Passive Voice
5. Relative Pronouns
![Page 41: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
3. Active Voice
4. Passive Voice
5. Relative Pronouns and Clauses
![Page 42: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
1. Participles
![Page 43: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
1. Participles
All verbs have participles.
![Page 44: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
1. Participles
All verbs have participles.
They come in two forms:
Present and Past
![Page 45: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1. Participles
Present Participles are easy to remember.
![Page 46: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
1. Participles
Present Participles are easy to remember.
They always end with –ing.
![Page 47: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1. Participles
walking, playing, running, studying, writing
![Page 48: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
1. Participles
Past Participles aren’t as easy.
![Page 49: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1. Participles
They can be regular or irregular.
![Page 50: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
1. Participles
If the verb is regular,
it will most likely end with –ed
![Page 51: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
![Page 52: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk. Present
![Page 53: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk. Present
Yesterday, I walked.
![Page 54: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk. Present
Yesterday, I walked. Past
![Page 55: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk. Present
Yesterday, I walked. Past
The day before, I had walked.
![Page 56: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk. Present
Yesterday, I walked. Past
The day before, I had walked. Past Participle
![Page 57: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
1. Participles
If the verb is irregular,
it will look something like this:
![Page 58: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
![Page 59: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly. Present
![Page 60: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly. Present
Yesterday, I flew.
![Page 61: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly. Present
Yesterday, I flew. Past
![Page 62: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly. Present
Yesterday, I flew. Past
The day before, I had flown.
![Page 63: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly. Present
Yesterday, I flew. Past
The day before, I had flown. Past Participle
![Page 64: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
1. Participles
Participles are used for a number of things:
![Page 65: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
1. Participles
Participles are used for a number of things:
1. As adjectives
2. In the Perfect form
3. In the Progressive form
![Page 66: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
1. Participles
1. As adjectives
![Page 67: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
1. Participles
1. As adjectives
tempered steel, flavored ice cream, iced tea,
spoken word, shrunken head,
She is driven.
![Page 68: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
1. Participles
1. As adjectives (Past)
tempered steel, flavored ice cream, iced tea,
spoken word, shrunken head,
She is driven.
![Page 69: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
1. Participles
1. As adjectives
crying baby, sleeping sickness,
running team, flying squirrel
![Page 70: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
1. Participles
1. As adjectives (Present)
crying baby, sleeping sickness,
running team, flying squirrel
![Page 71: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
1. Participles
2. In the Perfect form
![Page 72: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
1. Participles
2. In the Perfect form
I have driven. She has wanted. They have been.
I had tried. She had seen. We had agreed.
![Page 73: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
1. Participles
2. In the Perfect form (ALL Past)
I have driven. She has wanted. They have been.
I had tried. She had seen. We had agreed.
![Page 74: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
1. Participles
3. In the Progressive form
![Page 75: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
1. Participles
3. In the Progressive form
I am reading. She is leaving. We are studying.
I was trying. She was hoping. We were planning.
![Page 76: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
1. Participles
3. In the Progressive form (ALL Present)
I am reading. She is leaving. We are studying.
I was trying. She was hoping. We were planning.
![Page 77: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
![Page 78: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
We start with a participle.
![Page 79: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
We start with a participle.
The Present participle implies that the action is happening at the same time.
![Page 80: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
We start with a participle.
The Past participle implies that the action is being done to the subject.
![Page 81: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.
![Page 82: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.
![Page 83: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.
![Page 84: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.
Past
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.
![Page 85: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house. This is happening at the same time.
Past
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.
![Page 86: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house. This is happening at the same time.
Past
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history. This is happening to the subject.
![Page 87: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
3. Active Voice
![Page 88: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
3. Active Voice
The Active Voice is found in most sentences.
![Page 89: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
3. Active Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
![Page 90: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
3. Active Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
In this sentence, we have a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O).
![Page 91: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
3. Active Voice
Adv. S V O
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
In this sentence, we have a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O).
![Page 92: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
![Page 93: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
The Passive Voice is different from the Active Voice in a number of ways.
![Page 94: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Here is the sentence from earlier.
![Page 95: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
Here is the sentence from earlier.
![Page 96: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
Here is the sentence from earlier.
We will change it to the Passive.
![Page 97: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
![Page 98: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. S V O
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
![Page 99: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. S V O
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
A Passive sentence is in OVS order.
![Page 100: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. O V S
Yesterday, a novel read Sarah.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
A Passive sentence is in OVS order.
![Page 101: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. O V S
Yesterday, a novel read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
![Page 102: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. O V S
Yesterday, a novel read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
![Page 103: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. O V S
Yesterday, a novel was read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
![Page 104: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. O V S
Yesterday, a novel was read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
And we add a preposition:
![Page 105: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
4. Passive Voice
Adv. O V S
Yesterday, a novel was read by Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
And we add a preposition:
![Page 106: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
![Page 107: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
2. Whom
3. Which
4. Whoever
5. Whomever
6. That
![Page 108: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
![Page 109: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who is a Subject Pronoun!
![Page 110: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who is a Subject Pronoun and refers to a previous noun
![Page 111: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
![Page 112: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
![Page 113: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
![Page 114: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
…or plural nouns
![Page 115: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
…or plural nouns
Students who read are good students, indeed.
![Page 116: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
…or plural nouns
Students who read are good students, indeed.
![Page 117: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
![Page 118: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom is an Object pronoun and refers to a previous noun.
![Page 119: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
![Page 120: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
![Page 121: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
![Page 122: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
…or plural nouns
![Page 123: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
…or plural nouns
Professors, whom I respect, rarely retire.
![Page 124: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
…or plural nouns
Professors, whom I respect, rarely retire.
![Page 125: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which
![Page 126: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns.
![Page 127: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers to previous nouns.
![Page 128: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers to previous nouns.
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
![Page 129: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers to previous nouns.
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
![Page 130: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever
![Page 131: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who
![Page 132: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
![Page 133: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
![Page 134: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.
![Page 135: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.
Whoever is always singular.
![Page 136: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.
Whoever is always singular.
![Page 137: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever
![Page 138: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom
![Page 139: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom, but…
![Page 140: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom, but…
Whomever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
![Page 141: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom, but…
Whomever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whomever I told to wash dishes had better do it soon.
![Page 142: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That
![Page 143: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which
![Page 144: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
![Page 145: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
That is “restrictive.”
![Page 146: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.
![Page 147: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
This means there is only one tree.
The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.
![Page 148: Advanced Writing Rules. You Should Already Know 1.Where Commas Belong.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d0e5503460f949e2f49/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
This means there is only one tree.
The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.
This means there are several trees (but I’m talking about a specific one).