Advance production technology of

Submitted by-Pawan Kumar NagarM. Sc. (Pomology)Reg. No. 04-26902015

LITCHI Botanical Name : Litchi chinensis Origin : South China Order : Sapindales Family : Sapindaceae Subfamily : Sapindoideae Inflorescence : Panicle Chromosome no. : 2n =30 Edible part : Aril Type of pollination : cross pollination Mechanism of pollinate o : Insect Growth curve : Double sigmoid

Plant Description:

HEIGHT- less than 19 m (62 ft)The bark is grey-black, the branches a brownish-redROOT- shallow rootedLeaves-compound with leaflets in 2-4 pairsFlowers -small, yellowish-whiteInflorescence- compound racemeFruit type-  nut, contain:- aril- 70-86% peel-8-15% seed-4-18% Edible portion- fleshly arilPollination system: cross pollinated crop

Nutritional value

Energy : 276 kJ (66 kcal) Carbohydrates :16.5 g Dietary fiber : 1.3 g Vitamin C : 72 mg (87%) Fat : 0.4 g Protein : 0.8 g Calcium : 5 mg (1%) Magnesium : 10 mg (3%) Phosphorus : 31 mg (4%)

 

`China` is the biggest producer of litchi in the world.India rank second in the the world(Area & Production).In India litchi is grown on large scale in Bihar.State rank – `Bihar`(area & production) `West Bengal`(productivity)

AREA & PRODUCTION

Litchi growing state

State Area(Ha.)

Production(MT)

Productivity(MT/Ha.)

Bihar 27.7 221.7 8.0

West Bengal 5.9 61.4 10.5Assam 4.1 18.7 4.6Punjab 1.2 11.6 10.0Orissa 3.5 10.2 2.9Tripura 1.7 9.0 5.1Jharkhand 1.5 7.5 5.0Uttaranchal 7.8 7.5 1.0Nagaland 0.8 4.0 5.1Others 4.0 4.5 -TOTAL 58.2 356.2 6.1

State-wise Area, Production & Productivity of Litchi

ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT

Litchi is subtropical fruit Bearing tree is much affected by

HOT WIND causing fruit cracking

Alluvial soil with good drainage is suitable for litchi orchard.

It can grow in wide range of soils from light sandy to heavy clay.

SOIL

The temperature should not go beyond 40.5 0C in summer and below freezing point in winter

TEMPERATURE

VARIETIESEARLY-dehradoon(fruit have an attractive colour), Early badam (seedless variety) , muzzafarpur, shahiMEDIUM- rose santed, McleanLATE- seedless late(late bedana), calcttia, china

PROPAGATION Through Seed

Through vegetative.

Litchi seed loses its viability with in 4-5days of its extraction from the fruit.

The trees raised from seeds are very slow to come into bearing and may take 10-12 years to come to bearing.

In vegetative propagation technique, litchi can be propagated through cutting, budding, layering and grafting.

AIR LAYERING(in the month June-July) is the Commercial method of propagation.

SEED

VEGETATIVE

PROCESS OF AIR LAYERING

Details Usual PracticePlanting Time • August – September

• Planting may be done in spring and early summer if irrigation facility is available

Planting Distance • 10×8m.• Average no. of plants- 200 per ha.

Size of pits • 1x1x1 m (pits are dug a few weeks prior to planting)Filling of pits • Pits are left undisturbed initially for a period of 15-20 days.

• Filled with top soil mixed with manures and fertilizers @ 20-25 kg FYM, 2 kg bone meal and 300 g muriate of potash per pit.

Planting • Square system of planting is usually followed.• A small hole is made at the centre of the pit and the desired material is planted.

Water is applied immediately after planting

 

Planting

Age of the plant (in years)

 Manure/Fertilizer applied (per plant/year in kg)

FYM CAN (Calcium ammonium nitrate)

Super phosphate Muriate of potash

1-3 10 - 20 0.3-1.00 0.2-0.6 0.05-0.15

4-6 25 - 40 1.0-2.0 0.75-1.25 0.20-0.30

7-10 40 – 50 2.0-3.0 1.50-2.0 0.35-0.45

Above 10 60 3.5 2.25 0.60

Nutrient management

Methods- Basin or ring system of irrigation is recommended. Two irrigations at an interval of 45 – 60 days during winter

months is required for bearing litchi trees. The trees are irrigated from flowering onwards until the

completion of the post-harvest flush. However, the growers normally irrigate the tree at 7 to 10

days interval from panicle emergence to fruit harvest or until the post-harvest flush appears

Irrigation

Intercultural Operations

Mulching- The farmyard manure, compost or straw may be used for soil mulching.

Cutting down of tall growing weeds in the orchard and spreading them over the soil is another method of mulching the soil.

Training & Pruning- After planting, a certain amount of pruning is often necessary to give proper shape to the litchi plant

Once the desired shape is achieved, no pruning is usually necessary, except the removal of dead or diseased branches

Weed control

Weeds compete with the trees for water and nutrients. Mulches used include wheat, barley or rice straw, hay, sorghum stubble and similar materials.Reduce costs by growing mulch material between the rows for later slashing.

Maturity index

colour change to deep red flattened of tuberclessmoothening of epicarp

Stages of maturity

Harvesting

Depending on the tree age there are four growth phases in litchi plants young non-bearing stage (1-3 years),

young bearing stage (6-10 years), junior adult bearing stage (11-20 years) senior adult bearing stage (21 years

and above). Harvesting is usually done in May and June. The fruits are harvested in bunches along with a portion of the

branch and a few leaves.

80-150 kg fruits/tree.Storage temp:- 0 -1 °c with 80-85% RH.Stogae life:- 3-4 weeks.Grade used in litchi:-extra class, grade-I, grade-II.

Yield and storage

s.r no Disease name Causal organism symptom management1 Fruit fly Bactocera dorsalis 5 gm.

trichloroform with 10 ltrs of water

2 Fruit borer Cryptophlebia illepida

fenvolarate @ 0.01%

3 Eriophide mite Acaria litchi Pruning and apply spinosyn.

4 Bark eating caterpillar

Inderbella tetragonis Plugging the hole with formalin

5 Red rust algae Sulphur spray 3 times in autumn and spring.

Pests of litchi

Physiological disorders of litchis.R no Disorder

nameCausing by symptom management

1 Little leaf Zn deficiency Aplly ZnSo4

2 Fruit crack Excess water with high temperature

Irrigate properly

3 Chicken tongue Embryo abortion Properly pollinate the plant

4 Sun burn Direct exposure of sun light Practice of sod culture

Uses of litchi fruit

THANK YOU

http://WWW.AMN.SITE90.NET

REFERENCES:

Handbook of Horticulture by K. L. Chadha Management of Horticultural crops by Singh H. P. Fruit crops by T. Radha and Mathew Instant Horticulture Edition 11 by S. N. Guptha Fruits by Ranjeet singh