Advanced Monitoring and Data Analytics in Power ... in Power Distribution Systems Hamed...

Advanced Monitoring and Data Analytics in Power Distribution Systems

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad

Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of California, RiversideAssociate Director, Winston Chung Global Energy Center

Director, UC-National Lab Center for Power Distribution Cyber SecurityDirector, Smart Grid Research Lab

Talk at UCR Solar Conference, 3/1/2018

Acknowledgements: A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, Z. Taylor, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, A. Van-Meier, L. Alvarez, C. Roberts, F. Megala, S. Ula, H. Akhavan-Hejazi, A. Martinez-Morales, M. Barth

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Monitoring and Data Analytics in Power Distribution UC Riverside 1 / 26

Power Grid

WesternInterconnection

Grand Coulee Dam

CAISO Control Room Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant

230 kV Substation

City of Riverside (Population: 300,000)

Substation

……

Grid Edge

69 kV / 12 kV

≥ 230 kV

Transmission

Distribution


Power Distribution and Distributed Energy Resources

HunterSubstation

Circuit #1224 (12 kV)

1 MWh / 200 kW

460 kW

460 kW

UCR CE-CERT/ WCGEC


Power Distribution and Distributed Energy Resources

HunterSubstation

Circuit #1224 (12 kV)

1 MWh / 200 kW

460 kW

460 kW

UCR CE-CERT/ WCGECData Stream (1 min)

SCADA


Load Profile of Distribution Feeders

SCADA: Circuit #1224 (12 kV)


DER Signatures

Coordinated Measurements: Circuit #1224 (12 kV)


DER Optimization

Stochastic Online Optimization: Feeder Peak Load Shaving

97 kW


Power Grid


Grand Coulee Dam


230 kV Substation


Substation

……

Grid Edge

69 kV / 12 kV

≥ 230 kV

Transmission

Distribution


Power Grid


Grand Coulee Dam

CAISO Control Room

Transmission Lines

Substations

Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∠𝑉)

𝑉 ∠𝑉

Phasor Representation

≥ 230 kV

Transmission


Measuring Phasors

PMU Sensor

FFT ↦ Fundamental Component


𝑉 ∠𝑉



Measuring Phasors

PMU Sensor



𝑉 ∠𝑉


TimeReference


Measuring Phasors

PMU Sensor



𝑉 ∠𝑉


TimeReference

GPS Satellites

Synchro


Application of Synchrophasors

30 fps



𝑃12 ∝ Ð𝑉1 −Ð𝑉2

30 fps

RPAD

200 Miles

Bus 1

Ð𝑉1

𝑉1 Ð𝑉1

Bus 212P

𝑉2 Ð𝑉2Ð𝑉2

0.59 Hz0.64 HzInter-area Oscillations

Stability Analysis

Model Validation



𝑑𝑓

𝑑𝑡∝ 𝑃Supply−𝑃Demand

GPS-SynchronizedFrequency Measurements

Power Plant Location

Sensor Location

Loss of Power PlantWesternInterconnection

GPS-SynchronizedFrequency Measurements


Power Grid


Grand Coulee Dam


230 kV Substation


Substation

……

Grid Edge

69 kV / 12 kV

≥ 230 kV

Transmission

Distribution


Distribution Synchrophasors

• New Technology

• Augmented PMUs or Power Quality Sensors

• Features

• Reporting Rate: 120 fps

• Three-Phase

• Both Voltage and Current

• Deployment

• Few pilot projects, including in Riverside, CA

• Advantages and Applications

• Yet to be Explored

D-PMUs /

Micro-PMUs (PSL)

100,000 More Data Points than Smart Meter



Medium Voltage Low Voltage

Circuit 6

...

...

Substation: 69 kV / 12 kV

OLTC Fuse

Cap Bank

CircuitBreaker



Circuit 6

...

...

Substation: 69 kV / 12 kV

OLTC Fuse

Cap Bank

CircuitBreaker

Medium Voltage Low Voltage


Event/Signature Analysis

Sensor

Phase A

120 fps



Sensor

120 fps



Sensor

120 fps

Question: Is this event worth studying?


Problem Statement

Distribution Substation

OtherFeeders

…

1 2

3-5

8-1

2

6 7 13

14-19

20 28 29 30

21

-27

𝐼𝑢 ∠𝐼𝑢𝑉𝑢 ∠𝑉𝑢,

Questions:

1. What is the source location of this event?

2. What can we learn from this event?

𝐼𝑑 ∠𝐼𝑑𝑉𝑑 ∠𝑉𝑑 ,

Upstream Downstream


Background: Compensation Theory

_+ V

_+

Vpre

Ipre Z

pre

_+ V

post

Ipost Z

post

Vposts V

postr

Ipostsr

Vpre

s Vpre

rI

presr

Vs Vr Isr

I

Pre-Event



_+ V

_+

Vpre

Ipre Z

pre

_+ V

post

Ipost Z

post

Vposts V

postr

Ipostsr

Vpre

s Vpre

rI

presr

Vs Vr Isr

I

Pre-Event

Event

Post-Event



_+ V

_+

Vpre

Ipre Z

pre

_+ V

post

Ipost Z

post

Vposts V

postr

Ipostsr

Vpre

s Vpre

rI

presr

Vs Vr Isr

I

Pre-Event

Event

Post-Event

V_

+

Vr Isr

I

Equivalent Circuit

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑒

∆𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐼𝑝𝑟𝑒

Sou

rces

Rem

ove

d


Step 1: Extract Differential Synchrophasors

Upstream Sensor Downstream Sensor

𝐼𝑢∠𝐼𝑢

𝑉𝑢

∠𝑉𝑢

𝐼𝑑∠𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑑

∠𝑉𝑑




𝐼𝑢∠𝐼𝑢

𝑉𝑢

∠𝑉𝑢

𝐼𝑑∠𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑑

∠𝑉𝑑

∆𝐼𝑢 ∠∆𝐼𝑢

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt




𝐼𝑢∠𝐼𝑢

𝑉𝑢

∠𝑉𝑢

𝐼𝑑∠𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑑

∠𝑉𝑑

∆𝐼𝑢 ∠∆𝐼𝑢

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt

∆𝑉𝑢 ∠∆𝑉𝑢

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt

∆𝐼𝑑 ∠∆𝐼𝑑P

re-E

ven

t

Post

-Eve

nt

∆𝑉𝑑 ∠∆𝑉𝑑

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt


Step 2: Forward Nodal Voltage Calculation

∆𝑉1𝑓= ∆𝑉𝑢

∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮

∆𝑉𝑘𝑓= ∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)Forward




∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

Forward 𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)




∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

Pseudo-Measurements


(Feeder Data, Transformer Ratings)




∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1





∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

Forward

∆𝑉𝑘+1𝑓

= ∆𝑉𝑘𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑘 𝑍𝑘

Event Current (Unknown)

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)




∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

Forward

∆𝑉𝑘+1𝑓

≠ ∆𝑉𝑘𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓+ 𝑌𝑘∆𝑉𝑘

𝑓𝑍𝑘

Incorrect





∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

Forward

∆𝑉𝑘+1𝑓

≠ ∆𝑉𝑘𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1


𝑓𝑍𝑘


∆𝑉𝑛𝑓≠ ∆𝑉𝑛−1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑛−1∆𝑉𝑛−1

𝑓𝑍𝑛−1

⋮




∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮


𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

Forward

∆𝑉𝑘+1𝑓

≠ ∆𝑉𝑘𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1


𝑓𝑍𝑘


I

∆𝑉𝑛𝑓≠ ∆𝑉𝑛−1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑛−1∆𝑉𝑛−1

𝑓𝑍𝑛−1

⋮


Step 3: Backward Nodal Voltage Calculation

∆𝑉𝑛−1𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑛

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑑 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 𝑍𝑛−1

⋮

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown) Backward

∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑑

∆𝑉𝑘𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 +⋯+ 𝑌𝑘+1∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 𝑍𝑘





⋮

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1





𝑏 𝑍𝑘

∆𝑉𝑘−1𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑘


𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑘 𝑍𝑘−1

Event Current (Unknown)





⋮

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1





𝑏 𝑍𝑘

∆𝑉𝑘−1𝑏 ≠ ∆𝑉𝑘


𝑏 + 𝑌𝑘∆𝑉𝑘𝑏 𝑍𝑘−1

Incorrect





⋮

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1





𝑏 𝑍𝑘




∆𝑉1𝑏 ≠ ∆𝑉2

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 +⋯+ 𝑌2∆𝑉2

𝑏 𝑍1

⋮



Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1


II



⋮




𝑏 𝑍𝑘




∆𝑉1𝑏 ≠ ∆𝑉2

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 +⋯+ 𝑌2∆𝑉2

𝑏 𝑍1

⋮


Step 4: Event Location Identification

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown) BackwardForward

∆𝑉1𝑓, ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓, ∆𝑉𝑘

𝑓, ∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑓, ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑛

𝑓

∆𝑉1𝑏, ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑏 , ∆𝑉𝑘𝑏, ∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 , ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑛𝑏

Correct

Correct

Incorrect

Incorrect

Forward:

Backward:

𝑘 = argmin ∆𝑉𝑖𝑓− ∆𝑉𝑖

𝑏

𝑖

Φ𝑖

Discrepancy


Case Study: Computer Simulation

(a) Event at Bus 24; (b) Event at Bus 36; (c) Event at Bus 9

31 2 4 5

22 3031

32

33

34

3536

37 38 39

41

40

42

4344

6 7 8 9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617181920

21

23

24

25

26

27 28 29

Mic

ro-P

MU

1

Micro-PMU 2

Mic

ro-P

MU

4

Micro-PMU 3

Event Location

Event Location

Event Location

Discrepancy

IEEE

12

3-B

us

Test

Sys

tem


Case Study: Asset Monitoring

Three-Phase Switched Capacitor Bank

Rating: 3 x 300 kVAR = 900 kVAR

Volt/VAR Control

Onsite Switch On / Switch Off Controller

No Monitoring



Typical Issues:

Unbalanced Operation (Fuses) Switching Operation (Controllers)1 2



Typical Issues:

Unbalanced Operation (Fuses) Switching Operation (Controllers)1 2

Remote Monitoring?



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)

Location Identification

(Micro-PMU 2)

Event Bus: 25 (Correct)

DiscrepancyData Analytics



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)

Reactive Power Support

Slightly Unbalanced Operation

Phase B is always higher

Likely fuse blowing on C and A

Data Analytics



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)

Switching Transient

Two-Step 3-Phase Switch

Step 1: Phase C (Zero Crossing)

Step 2: Phase A/B (Possible Malfunction)

C

B

A

Data Analytics


Big Data Analytics

Raw Data Stream

(Terabytes Per Day)

Big Data Analytics

++++++

Asset Monitoring

State Estimation

Statistical Modeling

Dynamic Modeling

Cyber Security

DER Operation

Market Operation

…

Useful Information


Acknowledgement: Agencies and Institutions

Announcement: UC – National Lab Center on Power Distribution Cybersecurity

Advanced Monitoring and Data Analytics in Power ... in Power Distribution Systems Hamed...

Documents

Transcript of Advanced Monitoring and Data Analytics in Power ... in Power Distribution Systems Hamed...