Situational Awareness Using Distribution Synchrophasors ... · Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Situational...

Situational Awareness Using Distribution Synchrophasors:

Application to Asset Monitoring

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad

Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of California, RiversideAssociate Director, Winston Chung Global Energy Center

Director, UC-National Lab Center for Power Distribution Cyber Security

Talk at WCGEC ESTAP, 4/11/2019

Acknowledgements: A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, A. Von-Meier, L. Alvarez, C. Roberts, F. Megala, Z. Taylor

Situational Awareness Using Distribution Synchrophasors:

Application to Asset Monitoring

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad

Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of California, RiversideAssociate Director, Winston Chung Global Energy Center

Director, UC-National Lab Center for Power Distribution Cyber Security

Talk at WCGEC ESTAP, 4/11/2019

Acknowledgements: A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, A. Von-Meier, L. Alvarez, C. Roberts, F. Megala, Z. Taylor

Distributed Energy Storage

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Situational Awareness Using Distribution Synchrophasors UC Riverside 1 / 19

Distributed Energy Storage Resources

Circuit 6

...

...

Substation: 69 kV / 12 kV

OLTC Fuse

Capacitor Bank

CircuitBreaker

Batteries

Distribution Feeder



Circuit 6

...

...


OLTC Fuse

Capacitor Bank

CircuitBreaker

Batteries

Distribution Feeder

• They are often not monitored directly.



Circuit 6

...

...


OLTC Fuse

Capacitor Bank

CircuitBreaker

Batteries

Distribution Feeder


• They are potential targets for cyber attacks physical botnet



Circuit 6

...

...


OLTC Fuse

Capacitor Bank

CircuitBreaker

Batteries

Distribution Feeder



• We want to monitor their Health and Security?

Remotely!



Circuit 6

...

...


OLTC Fuse

Capacitor Bank

CircuitBreaker

Batteries

Distribution Feeder




Remotely!Micro-PMUs (GPS-equipped Phasor Sensors)



Circuit 6

...

...


OLTC Fuse

Capacitor Bank

CircuitBreaker

Batteries

Distribution Feeder




Remotely & Automatically!Micro-PMUs (GPS-equipped Phasor Sensors)


Event-Driven Study

Sensor

Phase A

120 fps

10,368,000 measurement points


Event-Driven Study

Sensor

120 fps


Phase 1: Event Detection

Sensor

Window

Anomaly Detection

Absolute Deviation Around the Median

120 fps



Sensor

Anomaly Detection


Slide Window

120 fps



Sensor

Anomaly Detection


Event 1

120 fps



Sensor

Anomaly Detection


Event 1

Window

120 fps



Sensor

Anomaly Detection


Event 1 Event 2

120 fps



Sensor

Anomaly Detection

Event 1 Event 2

120 fps

Current (𝐼)

Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)

Reactive Power (𝑄)



Sensor

Event 1 Event 2

120 fps

On Average: 500 Events Per Day Per Feeder


Phase 2: Event Classification

Micro-PMU 1 Micro-PMU 2

Class 1



Micro-PMU 1 Micro-PMU 2

Class 2



Micro-PMU 1 Micro-PMU 2Class 3



• Methodology:

Data Driven

Unsupervised Classification

Supervised Classification

Labeling Training Samples (Classes 1, 2, and 3)

Feature Extraction

Power Engineering

Model Based

Utility Records

2309 Events



• Classification Results:

Class 2: 296 1896

Class 1: 368 1434

Class 3: 1645 5018

Features

Detection Signal

Detection Window

Statistics

Difference

Correlation

min{𝑊}

𝑋𝑖 ∈ 𝐼, 𝑉, 𝑃, 𝑄

𝜎(𝑋𝑖)

𝑋𝑖𝑢 − 𝑋𝑖

𝑑

𝜌(𝑋𝑖 , 𝑌𝑖)




Class 2: 296 1896

Class 1: 368 1434

Class 3: 1645 5018

Features

Detection Signal

Detection Window

Statistics

Difference

Correlation

min{𝑊}


𝜎(𝑋𝑖)


𝑑


Training Data




Class 2: 296 1896

Class 1: 368 1434

Class 3: 1645 5018

Features

Detection Signal

Detection Window

Statistics

Difference

Correlation

min{𝑊}


𝜎(𝑋𝑖)


𝑑


Test Data




Class 2: 296 1896

Class 1: 368 1434

Class 3: 1645 5018

Features

Detection Signal

Detection Window

Statistics

Difference

Correlation

min{𝑊}


𝜎(𝑋𝑖)


𝑑


Tra

inin

g D

ata

Te

st

Da

ta


Phase 3: Event Source Identification

Distribution Substation

OtherFeeders

…

1 2

3-5

8-1

2

6 7 13

14-19

20 28 29 30

21

-27

𝐼𝑢 ∠𝐼𝑢𝑉𝑢 ∠𝑉𝑢,

Questions: What is the source location of this event?

𝐼𝑑 ∠𝐼𝑑𝑉𝑑 ∠𝑉𝑑,

Upstream Downstream

Class 3



_+ V

_+

Vpre

Ipre Z

pre

_+ V

post

Ipost Z

post

Vposts V

postr

Ipostsr

Vpre

s Vpre

rI

presr

Vs Vr Isr

I

Pre-Event

Event

Post-Event

V_

+

Vr Isr

I

Equivalent Circuit

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑒

∆𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐼𝑝𝑟𝑒

Sou

rces

Rem

ove

d

Theoretical Foundation: Compensation Theorem


Step 3-1: Extract Differential Synchrophasors

Upstream Sensor Downstream Sensor

𝐼𝑢∠𝐼𝑢

𝑉𝑢

∠𝑉𝑢

𝐼𝑑∠𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑑

∠𝑉𝑑




𝐼𝑢∠𝐼𝑢

𝑉𝑢

∠𝑉𝑢

𝐼𝑑∠𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑑

∠𝑉𝑑

∆𝐼𝑢 ∠∆𝐼𝑢

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt




𝐼𝑢∠𝐼𝑢

𝑉𝑢

∠𝑉𝑢

𝐼𝑑∠𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑑

∠𝑉𝑑

∆𝐼𝑢 ∠∆𝐼𝑢

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt

∆𝑉𝑢 ∠∆𝑉𝑢

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt

∆𝐼𝑑 ∠∆𝐼𝑑P

re-E

ven

t

Post

-Eve

nt

∆𝑉𝑑 ∠∆𝑉𝑑

Pre

-Eve

nt

Post

-Eve

nt


Step 3-2: Forward Nodal Voltage Calculation

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)Forward

∆𝑉1𝑓= ∆𝑉𝑢

∆𝑉2𝑓= ∆𝑉1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓𝑍1

⋮

∆𝑉𝑘𝑓= ∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓𝑍𝑘−1

∆𝑉𝑘+1𝑓

≠ ∆𝑉𝑘𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑘−1∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓+ 𝑌𝑘∆𝑉𝑘

𝑓𝑍𝑘

I

∆𝑉𝑛𝑓≠ ∆𝑉𝑛−1

𝑓+ ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌1∆𝑉1

𝑓+⋯+ 𝑌𝑛−1∆𝑉𝑛−1

𝑓𝑍𝑛−1

⋮


Step 3-3: Backward Nodal Voltage Calculation

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown) Backward

II

∆𝑉𝑛−1𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑛

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑑 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 𝑍𝑛−1

⋮

∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑑

∆𝑉𝑘𝑏 = ∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 +⋯+ 𝑌𝑘+1∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 𝑍𝑘

∆𝑉𝑘−1𝑏 ≠ ∆𝑉𝑘

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 +⋯+ 𝑌𝑘+1∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 + 𝑌𝑘∆𝑉𝑘𝑏 𝑍𝑘−1

∆𝑉1𝑏 ≠ ∆𝑉2

𝑏 + ∆𝐼𝑢 + 𝑌𝑛∆𝑉𝑛𝑏 +⋯+ 𝑌2∆𝑉2

𝑏 𝑍1

⋮


Step 3-4: Analysis of Discrepancy Index

Y1

Z1 Zn-1

Ik

Vn Vk

|Vd| V

d

|Id| I

dZ

u Zd

V2 Vn-1 V1

I1

Y2

I2

Yk

Ik

Yn-1

In-1

Yn

In

Downstream

|Vu| V

u

|Iu| I

u

Upstream

Zk-1 Vk-1

Ik-1

Zk Vk+1

Ik+1

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown) BackwardForward

∆𝑉1𝑓, ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑓, ∆𝑉𝑘

𝑓, ∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑓, ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑛

𝑓

∆𝑉1𝑏 , ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑘−1

𝑏 , ∆𝑉𝑘𝑏, ∆𝑉𝑘+1

𝑏 , ⋯ , ∆𝑉𝑛𝑏

Correct

Correct

Incorrect

Incorrect

Forward:

Backward:

𝑘 = argmin ∆𝑉𝑖𝑓− ∆𝑉𝑖

𝑏

𝑖

Φ𝑖

Discrepancy Index



31 2 4 5

22 3031

32

33

34

3536

37 38 39

41

40

42

4344

6 7 8 9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617181920

21

23

24

25

26

27 28 29

Mic

ro-P

MU

1

Micro-PMU 2

Mic

ro-P

MU

4

Micro-PMU 3

Event Location

Event Location

Event Location

Discrepancy Index

IEEE

12

3-B

us

Test

Sys

tem



31 2 4 5

22 3031

32

33

34

3536

37 38 39

41

40

42

4344

6 7 8 9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617181920

21

23

24

25

26

27 28 29

Mic

ro-P

MU

1

Micro-PMU 2

Mic

ro-P

MU

4

Micro-PMU 3

Event Location

Event Location

Event Location

Discrepancy Index

IEEE

12

3-B

us

Test

Sys

tem

Event Source Location



31 2 4 5

22 3031

32

33

34

3536

37 38 39

41

40

42

4344

6 7 8 9

1011

12 13

14

15

1617181920

21

23

24

25

26

27 28 29

Mic

ro-P

MU

1

Micro-PMU 2

Mic

ro-P

MU

4

Micro-PMU 3

Event Location

Event Location

Event Location

Discrepancy

IEEE

12

3-B

us

Test

Sys

tem

Event Source Location


• Data-Analytics Package for Distribution Synchrophasors

• Event Detection

• Event Classification

• Event Source Identification

• Case Study: Remote Asset Monitoring

Recap: Big Data?

Billions of Data Points

Device-Specific Event Signatures


• Data-Analytics Package for Distribution Synchrophasors

• Event Detection

• Event Classification

• Event Source Identification

• Case Study: Remote Asset Monitoring

Recap: Big Data?

Billions of Data Points

Device-Specific Event Signatures

Distributed Energy Storage


Case Study: Asset Monitoring

Three-Phase Switched Capacitor Bank

Rating: 3 x 300 kVAR = 900 kVAR

Volt/VAR Control

Onsite Switch On / Switch Off Controller

No Monitoring


Case Study: Asset Monitoring

Typical Issues:

Unbalanced Operation (Fuses) Switching Operation (Controllers)1 2


Case Study: (Remote) Asset Monitoring

Typical Issues:

Unbalanced Operation (Fuses) Switching Operation (Controllers)1 2

Remote Monitoring?



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)

Detection & Classification

Location Identification

(Micro-PMU 2)

Event Bus: 25 (Correct)

Discrepancy Index



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)


Reactive Power Support

Slightly Unbalanced Operation

Phase B is always higher

Likely fuse blowing on C and A



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)


Switching Transient

Two-Step 3-Phase Switch

Step 1: Phase C (Zero Crossing)

Step 2: Phase A/B (Possible Malfunction)

C

B

A



Switch Off Event

(Micro-PMU 1)


Switching Transient

Two-Step 3-Phase Switch

Step 1: Phase C (Zero Crossing)

Step 2: Phase A/B (Possible Malfunction)

C ⟼ A/B

UnbalancedSystem


Further Reading

IEEE PES Magazine 2018 IEEE TPWRS 2018 IEEE TSG 2019


Further Discussion

Alireza Shahsavari Mohammad Farajollahi

Situational Awareness Using Distribution Synchrophasors ... · Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Situational...

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