ADVANCED METHODS FOR RISK MANAGEMENT...
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ADVANCED METHODS FOR RISK MANAGEMENT
TO PREVENT AND RESOLVE DISPUTES
DURING CONSTRUCTION USING
DISPUTE REVIEW BOARDS
Presenters
Elizabeth A. Tippin, ESQ. LEED AP
James L. St. Martin, JAC & Associates
PORTCON 2019 LA Long Beach - Annual Update Conference of the Certified Port Executive Program
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History of DRBs
Early 1970s tunneling industry conducted studies on new approaches to dispute resolution
First DRB used on second bore of I-70 Eisenhower Tunnel (1975)
1996 DRBF established; DRB Manual published
By 2016 over 2,800 US projects worth US$275B with DRBs
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History of DBs - International
1981: First international DB, El Cajon Dam, Honduras
1992: FIDIC issues DAB Supplement to the 4th Ed. Red Book
1995: The World Bank makes DBs mandatory for all World Bank-financed projects in excess of US $50M
1997: Asian Development Bank & European Bank for Reconstruction & Development adopt DB approach
1999: FIDIC rainbow suite introduces Standing and Ad Hoc Dispute Adjudication Boards
2004: ICC introduces DB rules (DRB/DAB/CDB)
2006: 9 Multilateral Development Banks adopt DBs
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What is a DRB?
A Dispute Review Board (DRB) is
a board of impartial professionals
formed at the beginning of the project
to follow construction progress, encourage dispute
avoidance, and
assist in the resolution of disputes for the duration
of the project.
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How do DRBs fit with other Alternative Dispute Resolution
(ADR) processes?
Only ADR process in construction that includes dispute avoidance
DRB process precedes other methods, such as arbitration and litigation
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Low Cost Resolution High Cost Resolution
Le
ss
Co
ntr
ol
Mo
re C
on
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l
Negotiation
Facilitation
Early Neutral Evaluation
Joint Experts
Mediation
Mini-Trial
Arbitration
Court Special Master
Court Settlement Conference
Bench or Jury Trial
Partnering
ADR Continuum 6
DISPUTE REVIEW BOARD
DISPUTE REVIEW BOARD
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What is a DRB?
Organized before construction begins
Typically 3 members with one member serving as Chair
Parties ensure that all members of the DRB are
Impartial
Experienced in the work of the contract
Have complimentary skill sets
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How does a DRB work?
Each member is provided with copies of the contract documents
Each member becomes familiar with the
Project
Parties to the contract and other participants
in the project
All communications are through the Chair;
no ex parte communications
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How does a DRB work?
Holds joint meetings during regular site visits with owner and contractor
representatives
Encourages resolution of disputes at job level
Identifies and discusses issues before they
become disputes
Holds informal hearings to provide Advisory
Opinions
Holds full hearings, if necessary, and provides
written recommendations
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DRB Opinions & Recommendations
Advisory Opinions: verbal opinion given on issues after an informal
hearing before they develop into disputes.
Recommendations: provided in writing with supporting rationale after a
full hearing of the dispute.
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10 Recommended Elements for a
Successful DRB
1. DRB members are neutral and subject to the approval of both parties.
2. DRB members sign a Three-Party Agreement obligating them to serve both
parties equally.
3. DRB’s fees and expenses are shared equally by the parties.
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Recommended Elements for a
Successful DRB
4. DRB is organized when work begins, before there are any disputes.
5. DRB keeps abreast of job developments by periodically reviewing relevant
documentation and regularly visiting the site.
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Recommended Elements for a
Successful DRB
6. The parties have available to them an Advisory Opinion process.
7. Either party can refer a dispute to the DRB.
8. An informal but comprehensive hearing is convened promptly.
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Recommended Elements for a
Successful DRB
9. The written recommendations of the DRB are non-binding, but are admissible
later in arbitration or litigation.
10. The DRB members are absolved from any personal or professional liability arising
from DRB activities, and cannot be called as witnesses in subsequent proceedings.
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Costs of DRBs
Direct cost are a fraction of final construction contract amount, and
are shared equally between the parties.
Typical costs may include:
$1500 to $3000 per day per member
Travel time to meetings and expenses
Progress review at an hourly rate between DRBmeetings
Board deliberations and report preparationfollowing a full hearing
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Costs of DRBs
Indirect costs
Distribution of progress updates and other documentation to the DRB members
Parties’ expenditures in preparing for and participating in DRB meetings and hearings
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Misperceptions about DRBs
“DRBs do not add value”
Reality:
DRB cost advantages include
more competitive bids
better communication on the job
resolution of issues at job site level
fewer end-of-project claims
… all resulting in lower total contract completion costs and time savings.
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Misperceptions about DRBs
“DRBs impose their own concepts of fairness and equity”
Reality:
DRBs must apply the contract as written, in accordance with the Three-Party Agreement.
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Misperceptions about DRBs
“The presence of a DRB will promote claims”
Reality:
Many parties have found that the avoidance of disputes is the greatest benefit of DRBs
Neither party wants to suffer loss ofcredibility by submitting non-meritoriousclaims
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Misperceptions about DRBs
“Presence of bias or lack of qualifications in Board members”
Reality:
Parties accept only those whom both parties consider to be impartial and experienced in the type of construction of the contract
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“DRBs are unreliable because they lack the formalities of legal proceedings”
Reality:
Board members experienced in the type of construction ask probing questions
DRBs conduct thorough, orderly hearings
Less than 2% of all disputes referred to DRBs have gone to arbitration or litigation
Misperceptions about DRBs
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Cost savings for the project and the parties
Reduces legal and consultant fees
Reduces bids by ensuring less costly dispute
resolution
Cost $avings
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The presence of a DRB:
Promotes mutual resolution
Facilitates:
Positive relationships
Open communication
Trust and cooperation
Minimizes posturing
Dispute Avoidance and Resolution Benefits
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Focuses on early identification of issues
Reduces job delay due to disputes
Provides informal and rational basis for
resolution
Better informed decisions by experienced Board
with contemporaneous project knowledge
Extremely high resolution rates
Dispute Avoidance and Resolution Benefits
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Public and Private Projects
Airports
Bridges
Buildings
Dams
Energy
Highways
Ports
Power plants
Underground
Universities
Medical
facilities
Application to Types of Projects
What do they have in common?
Lengthy duration
Complex site/ construction
methods
High risk
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Case Study: Sound Transit
Sound Transit has had 5 DRBs:
3 on heavy civil underground projects
1 at-grade light rail contract
Heavy civil underground contract
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Case Study: Sound Transit
Sound Transit believes DRBs are:
Efficient way to resolve disputes
Able to resolve disputes more quickly than other types of
dispute resolution
DRB members typically understand a dispute more
thoroughly than do other types of adjudicators
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University of Washington
Began using Dispute Boards in 1993
Replaced arbitration and mediation in contracts
Total number of projects exceeds 45
Total value of all projects exceeds $2.6 Billion
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University of Washington
In 1997 added Informal Advisory Opinion option
Overwhelming majority of issues resolved after informal guidance meeting
Only 4 dreaded “end of job” hearings since 1993
All issues ultimately resolved without arbitration or court
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University of Washington
Only 2 formal hearings since 1993 (5 days and 12 days)
Owner, contractor and subcontractors involved; all had counsel
UW is pleased with Dispute Board process
Dramatically reduced the program costs of disputes
No court or arbitration since 1993
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Number of completed projects: Over 2,800
Total construction value: Over US $275 Billion
DRBF Statistical Database
1975 - 2016
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DB Track Record
The DB process has resulted in a very high rate of success in resolving disputes
without arbitration or litigation.
Resolution rate to date: 85-98% of matters going to the DB do not go on to arbitration or
litigation.
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Dispute Resolution Board Foundation
Non-profit organization
Formed in 1996 to promote the use of DRBs
worldwide
Over 1,000 members from more than 70 countries
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Dispute Resolution Board Foundation
Objectives of the organization
Increase awareness of the Dispute Board process
Educate the industry on the process
Offer training workshops
Publish Practices and Procedures Manual
Publish newsletter and other publications
Provide networking for members
Coordinate with regional chapters and other industry organizations
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Questions?
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