Advanced Engineering and Science in a Planet Under Severe...
Transcript of Advanced Engineering and Science in a Planet Under Severe...
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Advanced Engineering and Science in a Planet Under Severe Stress
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Science -> Engineering -> Society
19-2000’s
Science Engineering Society
17-1800’s
Charles Darwin Dmitri Mandeleev
16-1700’sGottfried Leibnitz Isaac Newton Thomas Savery
…James Watt…
Fritz Haber
18-1900’s
Albert Einstein AlexanderFleming
Claude Shannon
Our Life Expectancy + Information Society
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MaterialsScience &Engineering
Science and Engineering is a human activity
To follow it, we need to understand the individual human beings who practice it and the environment they work in.
For scientist it is the pure pursuit of nature and facts
For the engineers it is also the connection in society
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Why do we become engineers or scientists?
Love
For many, it is a rebellion Against poverty
Against religion
Against other constraints of culture
…
For many of the best, it is both
When I was in the seventh grade at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, I was summoned by my home-room teacher who expressed the wish that I leave school. To my remark that I had done nothing remiss, he replied only, “Your mere presence spoils the respect of the class for me.”
EinsteinTiwari_06_2010_COMtg.pptx
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Science and engineering are major social forces
Wheel, fire, agriculture, bridges, tunnels, roofs, engines, roads, machine tools, petroleum, transport, …
Cave dwellers to agriculture community to urban on rivers to suburban, …
How one adopts, adapts and uses, matters
Chinese inventions include paper, gunpowder, compass, printing, …
In 15th century, during Ming dynasty (post Zhang-He), when Chinese were also the leaders in making grand voyages all around (before the Europeans), China chose to look inwards, …, and declined
Engineers play a central role in society at large (humans, all inhabitants, our environment, business, consumers, … , …, our eco-system)
Openness , Collaboration, People, …
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Sharing and Openness
internet
folding@homehttp://folding.stanford.edu
Performing complex calculations: protein folding
Sharing Knowledge
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Personalization: Communications and Computing
Information accessible to everybody everywhere
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Openness
Zurich
Rome
Gottingen
Berlin
Copenhagen
Munich
Heisenberg
Born
Franck
Weyl
Fermi
Bohr
Pauli
Einstein
Wigner
von Neumann
Bethe
Peierls
EhrenfestOppenheimer
Rabi
Dirac
Schrödinger
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Los Alamos
Princeton
Weyl
Schwinger
Bethe
Bohr
Oppenheimer
PauliWigner
von Neumann
Dirac
EinsteinBohr
Oppenheimer
Feynman
Bethe
Wigner
von Neumann
Franck
Rabi
Fermi
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Unique Times! Unique Places!
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Unique people who create the environment – and the time is right
Gottingen
Born
Theorist
Franck
Experimentalist
Weyl
Mathematician
Heisenberg
The brilliant student
Stanley Mazor
Mathematics (SFSU)Programmer (Fairchild)Digital Designer (Digital)4004 Code Software (Intel)
Federico Faggin
Physics (U. Padua)MOS Process (Fairchild)Automated Logic Design (Intel)Test Systems & Applications (Intel)
"Ted" Hoff
EE (RPI) EE (Stanford)IC Designer (Intel)
Intel 4004
Gerrit BlaauwEE (Lafayette College)Physics (Harvard)Design Engineer (IBM) Stretch/8000/360Professor (Twente)
Fred Brooks
Physics (Duke) & Engineering Physics (Harvard)Design Engineer (IBM) Stretch/7030/360Computer Organization (IBM)Processor Engineer (IBM)Professor (UNC)
Gene Amdahl
Engineering Physics (SDakota State U) Physics (Wisconsin)Design Engineer (IBM) Stretch/7030/360Amdahl Corp.Trilogy Systems, …
IBM 360
John BackusChemistry (Virginia) & Mathematics (Columbia)SSEC (IBM)Fortran (IBM) Algol (IBM)Fellow (IBM)
RISC
John CockeMech. Engr. & Math (Duke)Harvest (IBM)Reduced Instruction Set (IBM)
Marc Auslander
Math (Princeton)Formac (IBM)PL.8 (IBM)
Charles Bennett
Chemistry (Brandeis)Physics (Harvard)Molecular Dynamics (Argonne)Information Physics (IBM)
Math (City College)Algorithmic Theory (IBM)
Greg Chaitin
Similar Theme: Computing
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James Franck
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Is it not we, who have every reason to be thankful? – thankful for the opportunity to work, thankful also to destiny for permitting us, in an epoch so rich and vibrant in our science, to carry building blocks to the magnificent edifice of quantum and atomic theory that men like Planck and Niels Bohr, in particular, have erected.
-from 1925 Nobel Lecture
The use of nuclear bombs for an early, unannounced attack against Japan [is] inadvisable. If the United States would be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race of armaments, and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future of control of such weapons.
-from Franck Report(1945)
This explosive was not developed in time to be used against Germany. It will probably not be needed to win the war with Japan. It is conceivable that its use against Japan might shorten that war. …. Mistrust and arms race …
-notes on Franck from Frank von Hippel
Openness
Pre-partition Bengal
Henri Cartier-Bresson
1943 Bengal Famine:~4 Million died. This is more than half of the number of deaths of entire WWII. (During British rule, ~ a million died in partition in 1947 and another ~10 million in other famines).
Since independence, <10,000 in 60+ years from starvation though problem is still acute.
Why?A vote seeking politician and a free press forces exchange of information and acting on the information, i.e., openness.Even modest food shortfalls can be deadly in authoritarian societies.
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Multiple Facets of the Impact
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Some Actual & Potential Impact Areas!
ElectronicsLogicMemoryAnalog…
MaterialsStructuralCoatingsInorganic-Organic…
EnergyCatalysisStoragePhotovoltaics…
Medical DiagnosticsPersonalizedHigh Sensitivity…
Medical TreatmentLocalized In situNon-Invasive…
Drug DiscoveryRapid SortingBioInformaticsRapid Prototyping…
Society
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MSE
The Ammonia Process
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High pressure catalysis
Fritz Haber also worked on “chemical” weapons for World War 1; Franck’s mentor
www.nndb.com
Fritz Haber
Fertilizers
Water
Rio Grandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande
At Creede, CO; fishermen heaven – trouts: large brown, brook & cutthroat
In El PasoJ. Faucett
In Mexicoscribalterror.blogs.com/.../2007/07/20/aral.jp
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Risks and Ethics
Tiwari_04_2009_Engineering.ppt – April 3, 2009
Fission and Fusion
& today’s nuclear terror issues
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
Plastics, Chemicals & Fertilizers
jbrac.blogspot.com
India
Love Canal, Niagara
Red tide
A 50 Years Old Story: Thalidomide
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H. Sjostrom and R. Nilsson
Diazepam (Valium) Barbital (Veronal)
Thalidomide
Chemie Grunental:Antibiotics and modified penicillinspost-war Germany
Drugs didn’t need to show efficacy or safety in any great detail
Successful sedatives of 1950’s
W. Kunz
4 different groupsChiralEnantiomers, nonsuperimposable mirror images
Researchers convinced themselves that thalidomide had good sedative properties and was good for suppressing respiratory infection
Physicians published articles testifying utility from “data” supplied by drug manufacturer- CG & licensees across the continents , including in US
1959: first reports of severe neurological damage, neuritis, …
Denials & attempts to stifle public reporting of symptoms
1960: reports of phocomelia: malformed newborns8000 children with severe defects in 60-61
Banned shortly thereafter
Lessons!
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None of the individuals involved protested. System failed. Science and medicine failed.
Remedy has to come from legislation, drug testing, …
Sales
MalformationsEconomics & its dark side: greed
Abysmal Science
Thorough testing entirely missing – the world knew that rabbit fetus can not break down quinine while adult rabbit liver does
Science as a system can likely survive sloppiness, hype, and maybe even fraud. Nano has its share.But science that touches human lives absolutely cannot be bad.
VioxxElectromagnetic Interference & Cancer – Cell Phone…
Medicine: Another Step Up in Complexity
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WSJ, Health & Wellness, Sep 22(2009)
Nixon’s War on Cancer
Cycles of euphoria & despair; prospects and sobering reality
Misconceived rhetoric & execution
A huge superstructure of centers, hospitals, expensive ineffective drugs, …
Directed research without basic biological understanding
Deaths due to cancer continue to steadily increase
So, Whereto in Science & Engineering
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Revolutions happen due to new doctrines
Advances result from new tools
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ThreeMile
Island
Tokamak
Tools can be large
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Tools can be SmallObservation Instruments
CCD/Pixel CameraConfocalOptical
Microscopes:
Small Devices
Small Software CAD toolsPhotoshop, Browsers, Word processors, Presentation, ..
Small Information Systems PCWirelessBlackBerries, iPod, iPhone, Blackberries
TransistorsMemoriesLasers
Small lab measurement instruments
Small fabrication instrumentsLithographyPattern transfer… all the stuff in CNF
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Small tools have the biggest impact in engineering
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R. Webb, Nature 439, 800(2006)
Our World
map normalized to population
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NAE’s Grand Challenges (circa 2008)
Make Solar Energy Economical
Provide Energy from Fusion
Develop Carbon Sequestration Methods
Manage the Nitrogen Cycle
Provide Access to Clean Water
Restore and Improve Urban Infrastructure
Advance Health Informatics
Engineer Better Medicines
Reverse-Engineer the Brain
Prevent Nuclear Terrorism
Secure Cyberspace
Enhance Virtual Reality
Advance Personalized Learning
Engineer the Tools of Scientific Discovery
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A US Perspective!
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A Humanist List
Food
Water
Education
Health and Disease
Population
Environment
Wars and Unrest
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Poverty
World in Equilibrium Efficiency of energy use
Competition for resources
Efficiency of productionEfficiency of information communication & decisionsEfficiency of health
Efficiency comes from good engineering
Healthcare Challenge
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2 Photon, TeraHertz, Nanoparticles imaging, Targeted drug delivery, …
Personalized Sensing, Microfluidics, Mini NMR, …
Diagnosis Complexity,Treatment ComplexityTools ComplexityKnowledge Complexity
Time
Patient need and Usefulness of Performance
Personalization
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MRI
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz
U-shaped magnet that with an RF coil in its gap.
Sense the composition of matter where the magnetic field lines of the magnet and of the RF coil cross each other and by moving analyze slices at different depths.
B. Blumich
Miniaturized NMR
D. Ham, Harvard
Few Examples
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Education Open information exchange, access to learning tools, good learning tools & dedicated people
Communications (internet, …) & ComputingInformation and Communications
HealthEasy and cheap access to health tools –personalized & more sophisticatedEasy access to knowledgeInexpensive diagnosticsPreventive care
Personalized Medicine
EnergyA sustainable fraction that is incident daily on the planetEfficient use/livingEfficient generation and delivery and use, distributed
Energy Production, Storage, …
Some Notes
Engineering is most effective when improving human life (infrastructure, health, daily life, agriculture, ..) i.e. when social systems and technology complement Best when formulating a response to a social need rather than a technological quick fix.
Engineering fails when social system is hostile or unwilling to modify itself to allow technology to operate under the best conditions for beneficial results e.g. hunger, illiteracy, and health care
Engineering should still work on correcting a social purpose it perceives as detrimental This is very difficult to do, witness unbridled consumerism in market economies or
technological reinforcement of authoritarian regimes
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Science-Engineering is a noble profession, immensely satisfying because it bridges pure intellectual pursuit (“science”) and use in society
You are lucky. Make the most of the opportunities and make them for yourself
But, remember that science and engineering is not the answer to everything.