Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 5
Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 2
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Transcript of Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 2
Satoshi Konishi
Institute for Sustainability Science,
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Aug.12-13, 2011
Advanced energy technology for
sustainable development - Analysis of energy for sustainability-
Summer School AACIMP-2011
Kiev Polytechnique Institute, Ukraine
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3.What is fusion?
Acknowledgement to JAEA.
ー Fusion reaction
ー Plasma
ー Confinement
ー Status of development
Fusion: Energy of the Sun
核 融 合
ヘ リ ウ ム
陽 電 子
陽 子 中 性 子
陽 子
temperature:1,5million degree
time:10 billion yen
fuel:hydrogen (proton
Reaction in the sun
Artifitial sun
temperature:200 million degree
time:1second
fuel:hydrogen isotopes
Deuterium-tritium
fuel 1 g
Helium neutron
oil 8 t
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proton
proton
helium
neutron
positron
fusion
Reactions in stars
In the Sun
temperature:107 K (1,500万K)
density:150g/cm3
−fusion by gravity−
p + p ––> d + e + n + 0.42 MeV p + d ––> 3He + g + 5.49 MeV 3He + 3He ––> p + p + a +12.86 MeV
gravity(108 K, 105 g/cm3)
gravity(109 K, 2×105 g/cm3)
Herium burn
Carbon burn
Finally turns to iron
Proton reactions
(a + a ––> )
(12C + 12C ––> )
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Where does energy come from?
●atomic number < 60
→ loss of mass
●atomic number > 60
→ waight gain
1p
1n
2D
3T
3He
4He(a)
6Li 7Li
10Be9Be 11B
12C
14N
16O
19F
20Ne
27Al 59Co107Ag
238U
208Pb
11 10 100 300303
0
-5
00
-5-5
原子量原子量
E = Dmc2
“Possible” reactions
d + t → a + n + 17.6 MeV
d + d → 3He + n + 3.27 MeV
d + d → t + p + 4.03 MeV
d + 3He → a + p + 18.34 MeV
best
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Atomic mass
neutron
hydrogen
helium
proton deuterium tritium
helium3 Alpha particle
d-t reaction
(1) easiest
(2) Abundant fuel resource
●heavy water:limitless(sea water ~150 ppm)
●tritium:Li - n reaction
(lithium in sea water 1,5M year of consumption)
d + t → 4He + n
n + 6Li → t + 4He
(3) d-t fuel 1 gram = 8t oil equivalent
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How to make the reaction
Z = 1 Coulomb barrier ~700 keV
(classic physics)
Quantum physics 、~10 keV
1
0.1
10 100 1000
10
D-TD-3He
D-D
0.01
エネルギー(keVkeV))
~ r0
~5r0
U
R
1
40
e2
r 700 keV
r0 ~2 fm
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Fire of fusion:plasma
e
solid liquid gas plasma
COLD HOT
+ -
TV
Light ball
neon
plasmas
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Thermonuclear reaction
●fusion output
Pfus ni
2
4 v E fus n2f(T)
density n temperature T
Ppl 3
2(niTi neTe) E
nT
E
●power loss Confinement time
E Power balance
heat
pow
er
efficiency η Fusion power can be recycled to
heat the plasma again
Criteria is temperature, time and
density nE, T
wall
plasma
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Lawson criteria
Fusion energy = power needed to heat plasma
1022
1021
1020
1023
1019
1 10 100
D-T
D-D
= 1 を仮定 = 1 を仮定
1 eV = 約 10,000 ℃
Current
status
T ~ 10 keV (100 Million℃)
n ~ 1020 m-3
E (confinement time)~ 1 s
− energy in =energy out −
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Trapping particles
Strong magnetic field
Particles can fly along the line Movement of ion and
electron
Thermal movement
1,000km vessel needed Particles are trapped by the magnetic lines
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Plasma confinement
B
Magnetic field in “donut “shape All the magnetic lines connected
Plasma current makes field Tokamak field traps particles
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How tokamak is made
Tokamak
Helical magnetic lines Current in the plasma current
Current in the coil
coil
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TOKAMAK
真 空 容 器
ト ロ イ ダ ル 磁 場 コ イ ル
プ ラ ズ マ 電 流
ポ ロ イ ダ ル
磁 場 コ イ ル
プ ラ ズ マ
toroidalnaya kamera and magnitnaya katushka
磁 力 線
Toroidal field coil
Poroidal field
coil
Plasma Magnetic field
Plasma current
Vacuum vessel
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Confinement devices
Helical magnetic lines confine plasma
JAEA、JT60
Tokamak
Helical
Helical coil makes fields to confine
Plasma current makes fields to confine itself
Kyoto University, Heliotron J
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Fusion plasma
Torus chamber
plasma
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Thermal insulation
Keeps inside hot
Plasma movement International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Plasma movement
As fluids As particles
Numerical simulation is needed to “see” it.
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4.Fusion development and
its possible market
Fusion Research in the World
Asian countries are now strongly interested in fusion.
T-10
○
○
TUMAN-3
Russia K-STAR Korea
JT-60,SA LATE,HYBTOK-III
CSTN3
Japan Alcator C-mod NSTX,DIII-D
United States
JET,Tore-Supra ASDEX-U,TEXTOR
FT-U,MAST,W7
EU
SST1 India
EAST,HL-2A,
HT-7,HT-7U
China
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Ukraine Uragan
DEMO reactor
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Targetted to 2050 comercialization
Fusion Energy Development
EDA 92-01
CDA88-90
Const.. Oper..
★
★
★
★
★ ★
★
★
★ ★
★ ★
EU fast track
ITERconstruction site(2010)
Competition to demonstrate
Fusion power
→demonstration scheduled 2030
Environmental problem requires faster
program.
Blanket test
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
30 m
ca. 5BUS
US-USSR 1985
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・Fusion has advantages to sell.
・But electricity (particularly cheap one) is not the unique product
of fusion.
・Expected role and feature of fusion is different among parties.
Expectations for Fusion
・Resource (particularly self-sufficiency)
・Safety (over fission?)
・environment (reduction of CO2 emission)
-replacing Oil, not nuclear or renewables
・Large amount of supply to meet demands
・Proliferation
・Economy
EU
US
KO
CH
IN
JA
Other
parties
Fission acceptance
Nuclear infrastructure
Plant (Demo?)
design
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ITER Organization
ITER Science
and
Technology
Advisory
Committee
(STAC)
Management
Advisory
Committee
(MAC)
Council
Domestic
Agencies
Member Parties
・・・ ・・・
Director
General
Structure of the International collaboration
TBM Program
Committee
(TBM-PC)
TBP Working Group
(TBP WG)
Domestic
Agencies Domestic
Agencies
Baseline Schedule of the Operation -25-
In vessel components will be installed after the 1st plasma.
Fusion Electricity
Energy generated by fusion reaction
Energy converted to heat and fuel
Fusion reactor
Fusion fuel
Fuel cycle
Power train
breeding
deuterium
tritium
neutron
lithium
neutron tritium
Electricity
Coolant
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Fusion as a potential energy
Free from supply constraint of resources
- abundant, not localized resource required
- technology driven, not resource oriented energy
Economy
- competitive energy price
- meets requirement for economical development
Environmental friendliness
- low carbon dioxide emission
- low pollution, impact to environment
Social acceptance, adaptation
- free from nuclear proliferation and wastes
- meets market needs (urban demand)
- supply fuels (hydrogen), transportation.
Hydrogen
Helium
Energy
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