ADRESSING SAFE DRINKING WATER THROUGH HWTS AND WSP...

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ADRESSING SAFE DRINKING WATER THROUGH HWTS AND WSP IN KENYA

JOHN G. KARIUKI, PhD.Deputy Chief Public Health Officer

MINISTRY OF HEALTH‐Kenya

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE

STORAGE AND JOINT WORKSHOP ON HOUSE HOLD

WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE AND WATER SAEFTY PLANS

14‐16 NOVEMBER, NAGPUR INDIA1


INTRODUCTION

• The constitution of Kenya 2010 establishes a right to reasonable standards of sanitation and clean and safe water in adequate quantities

• The emphasis on human rights obliges the MEWNR, MOH and the sector institutions to align their monitoring systems to these principles

• Kenya Vision 2030, Kenya wishes to sustain the provision of basic services, such as safe water and adequate sanitation

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WHY HWTS AND WSP?

page 3

• 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water

• 4 billion cases of diarrhoea occur annually, of which 88 % is attributed to unsafe water, and in adequate sanitation and hygiene.

• 1.8 m people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, the vast majority being children under 5.

• Lack of safe water perpetuates a cycle poverty• WHO estimates that 94% of diarrhoeal cases are preventable through WASH interventions


APROACH TO SAFE DRINKING WATER IN KENYA

• HWTS• WATER SAEFTY PLAN

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Kenyan situational analysis• Diarrhoea is top 5 killer of children under 5 years

• Major causes of diarrhoea– Drinking contaminated water– Poor Sanitation– Poor hygiene

• KDHS 2008/09 reports;– 3 out of 5 Kenyans have access to improved water sources

– 45% of Kenyan HH use appropriate treatment methods

– 54% are NOT treating their drinking water

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Kenyan situational analysis on HHWTS• KDHS 2008/09 reports

– Boiling 28.6%– Chlorination 17.6%– Filters 1.2%– Sodis 0.2%

• House hold water treatment technologies

• Chlorine Based:– Aquatabs, Waterguard, Aquaguard, Pur

• Solar Disinfection– SODIS, Solvaten

• Filtration– Ceramic– Lifestraw– Slow Biosand– Others

• Boiling, Muringa , etc• There is great opportunity

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HWTS and School WASH projects

• HWTS has been integrated in the school WASH projects

• Demonstration centres are set up in school to both train the pupils on application of different technologies but also to treat drinking water for the pupils

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Challenges(1)

• Lack of National guidelines on HWTS• Subsides i.e., in the current draught in Kenya most HWTS products are given free.

• Lack clear of budget line• Adequate well researched information on some products and approaches

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Challenges(2)

• Lack of appropriate / comprehensive M & E tools

• Lack of standardized strategies in the promotion of HWTS technologies

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Summary of HWTS Achievements

• The HWTSS Training manual• The HWTSS Guidelines domesticating WHO GUIDELINES

• Learning forums on several emerging new technologies on HWTSSChlorination: SE 200 and MiniWATA

Filtration: Ultra filtration, Nano Filtration and MajiAfya sand filters Chemical Action: ION Exchange on Iron and Fluoride removal

• Stakeholder Mapping: Finalized

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WATER SAFETY PLANNING

• Aim of Water Safety Planning• To assist those responsible for drinking water safety to better understand the risks to their water sources and water supplies, and implement simple checks and management measures to ensure water safety.

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Introduction of WSP IN KENYA

• Water Safety Plan was introduced in Kenya in 2010

• UNICEF supported GOK in rolling out WSP• GOK took a step to improve Water Safety of peri‐urban and rural piped water supplies alongside traditional approach in certain cholera affected areas

• 37 water supplies were introduced to water safety planning;

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STAKEHOLDERS FOR WSP

In the Kenyan context the Water Safety stakeholders include following:

• Ministry of Water and Irrigation (water policy)• Ministry of Health (Public Health Services)• Water consumers possibly represented by Water Users Associations/CBOs

• Water Service Providers (water service provider)• Water Service Boards (water supply infrastructure, engagement and regulation of service provider)

• Water Services Regulatory Board (overall water service regulator)

• WRMA13


METHODOLOGY

• The implementation was conducted in the Water Schemes introduced for WSP.

• In order to assess the success of implementation certain factors were considered in the methodology; water quality testing and sanitary surveillance

• The materials used included instruments such as chlorometer, turbidimeter, GPS, conductivity meter, pH meter, forms and observations

• Water safety teams leader gathered the information

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Outcome of water quality testing

• Parameters tested

100%

80% 80%

95% 90%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

pH Turbidity Free residualchlorine

Bacteria (H2Stesting)

% of water suppliestreating Water

% compliance to standard

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Testing cont…• Chlorine

0

0.4

0.5

0.3

0.5

0

0.2

0.1

0.2 0.2

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Chemolingot Lomut Makutano Lodwar Kalokol

Res Chlorine‐RVWSBR.Cl at Scheme R.Cl at consumer pt

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Residual chlorine testing…

0

0.50.2

0.9

0.4

1.06

0.2

5

4.25

0.30.5 0.57

00.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

0.8

0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6Residual Chlorine at TP and consumer points

R.Cl at TP R.Cl at consumer pt Bact

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TURBIDITY OF 2 WSBS

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Sanitary surveillance outcome

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Successes• water supplies check the water quality regularly• Bacteria tested –ve (95%)‐ PHO & communities• 80% adhered to water quality standards, kept proper records and were monitoring the water quality

• Generally turbidity in treated water lies between 5.00 and 18.0NTU with about 10 water supplies having turbidity of <5NTU

• 10 schemes completely rehabilitated• 4 schemes underwent partial rehabilitation• 2 undergoing new system construction

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Lessons learnt• There was increase in population accessing clean drinking water

• The consumers are currently paying for water• The physical infrastructure now have water safety implications such as, provision of solution tanks, dosing equipment, Filter media, scour valves, tanks, valves and valve chambers

• Operators are fully aware of key points to identify potential sanitary risks factors to water safety.

• The WRMA is mandated to protect the water Resources

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Challenges during introduction of WSP in 2010• Few staff and lack of water quality knowledge in some water supplies

• Generally water testing was rarely done at the supply due to lack of testing instruments

• Most water supplies were poorly maintained.• Electricity costs were high• Water loss due to leakages were rampant• Revenue could not support services • Most of the schemes were old and needed major rehabilitation.

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Systems improvement: valve chambers

• Valve chambers

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Systems improvement…• Assessing water safety at source: Lobolo springs• Constructed storage tank

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Safe storage

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Simple technologiesHWTS Demonstration in schools

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Simple technologiesHWTS demonstration at Health Centre

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Hand Washing

Safe Feces Disposal

Treatment & Safe Storage of Water

Multiple Behaviors

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Simple technologies

HWTS demonstration at community level

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Conclusion

• Safe water is pre‐condition for health, development and a basic human right

• Significantly reduces diarrhea• Dramatically improves microbial water quality • Is among the most effective of WASH intervention.• Is highly cost – effective• Can be rapidly deployed • Contributes much to MDGs

– MDG 7. target 10, which calls for reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015.

– MDG 4: reduction of child mortality

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END

THANK YOU

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