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Transcript of Administrative Stuff Due in… Two weeks: Rough draft Two weeks: Midpoint Peer Review Four weeks:...
Administrative Stuff
Due in…Two weeks: Rough draftTwo weeks: Midpoint Peer ReviewFour weeks: Book reviewSeven weeks: Final Project report
due; final peer evaluations
Information Technology InfrastructureHardware and Software
Hardware: The first building blockHardware: The first building block
““Hardware: The parts of a computer you can kick”Hardware: The parts of a computer you can kick”-- Source unknown
““Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons”Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons” --Popular Mechanics, forecasting the relentless march of science, 1949
““But what ... is it good for?”But what ... is it good for?” -- Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM, 1968, commenting on the microchip.
““There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home”There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home”-- Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977
The First?: ENIAC
February 15, 1946: Major General Gideon Barnes pushes a button in Philadelphia and changes the world.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer represents the dawn of the Information Age
Mauchly and Eckert at UPenn
ENIAC
• Size: 30’ by 50’• Weight: 30 tons• 17,468 vacuum tubes• Needed six technicians
in each shift• 1000 instructions per
second• First bug was a live
one that got grilled• Cost: $486,800 ($10
million present value)
Fixing a problem
ENIAC
“A new epoch in the history of human thought began last night...”
• Philadelphia Enquirer, Feb. 16, 1946
Story ran deep in the paper next to “Judge Frees 5 in Liquor Graft”
The Atanasoff controversy
Eckert and Mauchley were the first to patent the digital computer.
Patent revoked in 1973 after Atanasoff filed an infringement case
Atanasoff and Berry created the first electronic computer at Iowa State University
“It was at an evening of scotch and 100 mph car rides when the concept came, for an electronically operated machine, that would use base-two (binary) numbers instead of the traditional base-10 numbers, condensers for memory, and a regenerative process to preclude loss of memory from electrical failure.”
"I have always taken the position that there is enough credit for everyone in the invention and development of the electronic computer" - John Vincent Atanasoff
The Atanasoff Controversy
Legacy of ENIAC: UNIVAC
First commercially available computer
Univac used in elections
•Manufactured by Remington Rand•Used to predict 1952 US Presidential elections•Adlai Stevenson expected to win•UNIVAC posted 100:1 odds that opponent would win•Cronkite did not report the results because CBS didn’t believe them•Eisenhower won in a landslide
Computer Generations
Four major generations Each distinguished by different base
technology Each generation significantly improved
computational power while lowering costs Cost of 100,000 calculations
1950s: several dollars 1980s: $.025 1995: $.00004
Computer Generations
First Generation (1946-1956)Based on vacuum tube technologiesHuge tubes that burnt out quicklyMain memory 2000 bytesRotating drums used for hard disk and
punch cards used for external storageTypically used for limited scientific and
engineering work
Second Generation (1957-1963) Based on transistor technology Smaller than tubes, generated less heat Main memory reached 32 KB Speeds of up to 300,000 instructions per
second Used for science, engineering and some
business tasks (payroll and billing)
Computer Generations
Third GenerationThird Generation (1964-1979) Based on integrated circuits technology Made by printing hundreds (later,
thousands) of transistors on a silicon chip Known as semiconductors RAM expanded to 2MB Speeds of upto 5 MIPs Introduced software that could be used
without extensive technical training
Computer Generations
Fourth GenerationFourth Generation (1980-present) Based on VLSI (very large-scale integrated
circuits) technology Packs tens of millions of transistors on a
single circuit Memory, logic, and control on a single chip
– hence the term, microprocessor Allowed the development of smaller
machines
Computer Generations
Power, Cost and Moore’s Law
1965: Gordon Moore of Fairchild Semiconductors predicted that the number of transistors would double every 24 months…
This has held for nearly 30 years Intel plans to unveil a one-billion
transistor chip capable of 100,000 MIPs in 2011
Categories of Computers
Mainframes Largest of the
computer types Massive memory Rapid processing
power Business, science,
engineering applications
Demise greatly exaggerated
Categories of Computers
Minicomputers Mid-range Originally DEC
aimed at getting a slice of IBM’s mainframe market (1957)
By 1969, scaled down version referred to as minicomputers
Categories of Computers
Personal Computers Sometimes called a
microcomputer Local storage and
processing Workstations
Powerful math and graphics capabilities
Typical of engineering and design projects
Categories of Computers
Supercomputers Can perform billions
of calculations per second (GFLOP)
Based on parallel processing
Originally designed for military for weapon systems
Cray XT3™
Scalable up to 30,000 processors)
Cluster Computing Link computers together for faster
performance or more reliable use Two types
High availability clustering• Server A fails, Server B takes over without pause
Performance clustering• Servers A and B work together on single problem
• Finish more quickly than either one could do alone
The Future of Hardware
Limited by physics and economics Physics
Transistors currently etched using ultraviolet optical lithography
Can go down to 45 nanometers (100 atoms)• Comparison: The HIV is 100nm in size
Below 100 nanometers – wavelengths of light too big – IBM using X-rays; Intel using Xenon; Lucent using beams of electrons
Economics As size decreases, cost of fabrication increases Currently, plants cost about $2.5b Need for “affordable scaling”
Cloud Computing Using Web applications and/or server
services that you pay to access rather than software or hardware that you buy and install.
Advantages access a broad range of applications, services, and hardware
that you might not be able to access otherwise cut costs by "renting" software save time by not having to install and or upgrade software and
applications access applications specific to your business needs that are
only available over the Internet
Source: About.com
How important is this thing? Survey of 405 IT professionals involved in
technology investments48% list cloud computing as #1 priority35% researching business intelligence35% looking at business process management32% interested in enterprise data management
Source: January, 2010: CIO Top Technology Priorities
Types of Cloud Computing
Infrastructure as a Service Platform as a Service Software as a Service
Infrastructure as a Service
Provides grids or clusters or virtualized servers, networks, storage and systems software designed to augment or replace the functions of an entire data center. Examples: Amazon's Elastic Compute
Cloud [EC2]Pinterest runs on EC2
Platform as a Service
Provides virtualized servers on which users can run existing applications or develop new ones without having to worry about maintaining the operating systems, server hardware, load balancing or computing capacity. Example: Salesforce's Force.com
Software as a Service
SaaS provides all the functions of a sophisticated traditional application, but through a Web browser, not a locally-installed application. Examples: Salesforce.com
SaaS and the Long Tail
SaaS: Addressing the Long Tail?
Source: Chris Anderson: “The Long Tail”, Wired, Oct 2004
SaaS: Opening new markets
Cloud Computing and Sustainability http://
www.akamai.com/html/misc/ted.html
Akamai is a company that offers infrastructure as a service
Software: The second building blockSoftware: The second building block
““My software never has bugs; it just develops random features”--Source unknown
How does it work?How does it work?
Source Code
compiler
Object Code
ExecutableExecutable
Other modules
linkage
Software GenerationsSoftware Generations
Machine LanguageMachine Language
Assembly LanguagesAssembly Languages
Third Generation LanguagesThird Generation Languages
4GLs4GLs
Natural LanguagesNatural Languages
computer-orientedcomputer-oriented
human-orientedhuman-oriented
The main players
Richard M. Stallman of the Free Software Foundation
Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux Eric Raymond, Author of “The
Cathedral and the Bazaar” Bruce Perens: Co-Founder of the
Open Source Initiative
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSn2AJeE52o&feature=related
From Stallman’s Blog
Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died.
As Chicago Mayor Harold Washington said of the corrupt former Mayor Daley, “I’m not glad he’s dead, but I’m glad he’s gone.” Nobody deserves to have to die - not Jobs, not Mr. Bill, not even people guilty of bigger evils than theirs. But we all deserve the end of Jobs’ malign influence on people’s computing.
The key differences between OSS and commercial software.
In commercial software, product innovation is limited to a single author/organization.
In OSS, the user is part of the product innovation process. Users can suggest features. Users can help create new program modules. Users can test out early versions as lead users.
Quicker feedback between user and author. Global community means quick fixes to bugs.
OSS-related revenue models
Installation/Integration/Customer SupportEnterprises want accountability.Version authentication.
Releasing premium version of product that is available for a price.
Certification/Training/Education of Developers.