ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN.

SUBMITTED BY: ADITYA MEENA

FPT-II

OBJECTIVES:

•Explain the importance of each element of design in relation to fashion.

•Apply the principles of design to apparel.

ELEMENTS PRINCIPLES -COLOR BALANCE-SHAPE PROPORTION -LINE EMPHASIS-TEXTURE RHYTHM GOOD DESIGN OR HARMONY

The Design Equation

The element are components or parts which can be isolated and defined in any visual design or

work of art. There are five elements of design. They are:

Colour – most exciting and creates moodLine – creates illusions of the bodyShape – changes body silhouetteTexture - creates feeling and mood value-value is the lightness or darkness of a

colour. All elements work together to create the

overall design and beauty of a garment

COLOUR

The Element of COLOUR Colour is the most important visual

component designers and artists work with. Colour combinations can express a mood or

seem warm or cool. Hue: name of a colour, eg. red or blue Value: lightness or darkness of a hue red. The

value of a hue can be changed by adding black (shade) burgundy or white (tint) pink

Intensity: the brightness or dullness of a hue

Light, bright colours appear larger

Dark, dull colours appear smaller

Warm colours (reds, yellows, oranges) look like they’re coming towards you

ADVANCE and compliment warm skin tones

Cool colours (blues, violets, greens)

look like their moving away from you RECEDE and compliment cool skin tones

COLOR Communication• Black - elegant,

sophisticated, dignified, strong, serious, sad

• Brown - earthy, casual, comfortable, natural

• Navy - dignified, cool, classic, peaceful, calm

• Green – signifies life, nature, friendly

• Red - aggressive, passionate, vibrant

• Yellow - sunny, cheerful, warm

• Orange - cheerful, youthful, lively

• Violet - royal, wise, dramatic

• Gray - modest, sad, quiet dignity, professional

• Beige - quiet, tailored

• White – innocent, youthful, pure

• Pink - soft, feminine

• Gold - wealth, power, luxury

COLOR Schemes• Monochromatic– Tints and shades of one

hue• Analogous– Adjacent hues

• Complementary– Opposite hues

• Split complementary– 1 hue with hues on each

side of its complement

• Triad– 3 hues equal distance

• Accented neutral– Neutral (white, black,

gray, beige) with an accent of bright color

Illusions Through COLORUsing Color in Fashion

• Extreme contrast makes colors look brighter

• Light colored objects appear larger

• Dark colored objects recede or appear smaller

• Fashion is more attractive without equal areas of light and dark

• Color is affected by light and texture

Colour Wheel

6 Colour Schemes:Monochromatic

Shades & tints of one hue

Accented NeutralA neutral hue (white, black, beige, grey, denim)

accented with any other hue

ComplementaryTwo opposite colours on the colour wheel

Triadic3 colours spaced at equal distance from each other on the colour wheel

Analogous2 – 4 colours that are side by side on the colour wheel (creates a blended but distinct look)

Split ComplementaryUses the hues on either side of it’s complementary colour to create a 3 hued colour scheme.

YO+B+V

RO+G+BG+RV+YB+RO+YO

LINE

• A distinct, elongated mark as if drawn by a pencil. Eyes follow lines up, down, side to side or around.

The Element of LINE• Line is a series of points connected together to

form a narrow path. • Line divides areas into shapes and spaces and has

various effects on figure• Line can create optical illusions by the following

ways:– movement within garment design– placement on the body– size of the line– direction of line

Straight Lines: Vertical • Vertical lines usually lead the eye up and down the body,

therefore adding height and making the figure look slimmer.

• Vertical lines can be seen in a center front seam, neckties, vertical buttons, classic pump shoes, tall hats, pleated skirts and of course stripes.

• Vertical lines that are repeated in quantity can add width, depending on the spacing and background colour.

Straight Line: Diagonal

• Diagonal lines assume the characteristics of the vertical or horizontal lines as the degree of slant approaches each extreme.

• Diagonal lines are the best lines to incorporate when trying to camouflage poorly proportioned parts of the body.

• Zigzag lines cause the eye to abruptly shift directions and therefore they tend to increase mass or size of the area covered.

Curved Lines

• Curved lines generally follow the contour of the body and are flattering. A full circle becomes active and may be easily overdone in a design whereas a smaller curve is graceful, flowing and gentle.

• Curved lines can be found in: yokes, collars, sleeves, cuffs, pockets, hairstyles, hats, necklines and tight-fitting clothing and knitwear.

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Shape

Shape

• The term shape refers to the outer silhouette of clothing.

• Imagine what the clothes would look like if you were looking at their shadow or tracing just the outer line of the garment. That's shape!

• There are 4 basic garment shapes. They are natural, tubular, bell (or A-line) and full.

Natural Shape

• Follow your body's proportion. Clothes of this shape are close to the body and emphasize your natural waistline.

• This shape is the most classic and typical shape most people wear

Tubular Shape

• The tubular shape is rectangular with vertical emphasis. The dominant lines go up and down and the natural waistline is not defined.

• A flapper dress, straight leg pants, and a tailored business suit are examples

of tubular shapes.

A-line Shape

• Combines both vertical and horizontal lines in a silhouette and is flattering to most women.

• A-line skirts and dresses, flared pants and jackets, and capes are examples.

Full Shape

• The full shapes have more horizontal and curved lines than do the other shapes.

• They add weight and size to the figure, but can also hide figure flaws well.

• Gathered skirts and dresses, full sleeves, and pants with wide legs are examples.

TEXTURE• Taxtile quality of goods or

how material feels• Can be created from fibers,

yarns, and fabric construction

• Illusions– Shiny, bulky, fuzzy, or heavy

textures make figures look larger

– Dull or flat textures tend to slenderize

Texture • Texture is determined by the type of fibre, yarn, weaves

and finishes of the fabric. • Texture determines how fabric feels, looks and moves on

the wearer.• Texture sets the mood of the garment making clothes

feel more or less formal; more or less feminine or masculine.

• Matching the texture of a fabric to the style of the garment(s) you are creating is a key skill to develop to enable you to create the look you desire.

Soft & Clingy • Hug the body• Emphasize any figure irregularities• When draped into soft silhouettes, can be very flattering (i.e. not tight)• Examples: jersey knits, chiffon

Nubby & Bulky

• Adds dimension and makes you appear larger• Looks best on slim to average figures of medium to tall

height.• Examples: wide wale corduroy, heavy tweeds, mohair,

hand-knit sweaters

Shiny • Reflect light and give impression of added size• Examples: satin, polished cotton, nylon, vinyl, sequins,

etc.

Moderately Crisp• Stands away from the body just enough to help conceal

body irregularities• Flattering to all figure types; men and women.• Examples: corduroy, denim

Extra Crisp

• Creates a stiff outer shell appearance• Makes body seem larger• Gives a masculine and angular shape to wearer• Examples: taffeta, vinyl, leathers

Smooth with a Dull Finish• May make figure look smaller as it absorbs light.• Does not seem to create significant illusions about size or

shape• May lack interest or uniqueness• Examples: flannel, broadcloth, wool jersey

VALUE

•Lightness or darkness of a colour.•We achive value changes in colour by

adding black or white to the colour.•Value is the most three dimension of

colour.•Value is measured in two ways.

The value scale The value key

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

•The principles of design are how we use the tools(elements) to create looks that

are different or unique .Or

•The principles of design are the ways in which design elements may be used.

The principles are:

Repetition Gradation Rhythm Radiation Harmony Contrast

Dominance Proportion Balance Unity

The element of design:

Line

Shape

Value

Colour

Texture

•The principle of design:

RepetitionGradationRhythm

RadiationHarmonyContrast

DominanceProportionBalanceUnity

Are organized

acording to

To create

Good Design

Repetition•Repetition occurs when a line , shape , space, value, colour or texture is used

more than once.•Structural use: pleats, gathers, darts, pockets, skirt , yokes and panel

lines.•Decorative use: woven and

knitted fabric and often evident in fabric colures.

Proportion• Proportion: the way one part

of design relates in size to another part and to the whole

design. Or

• The spatial, or size, relationship of the parts of design to each other and to

the whole.•Most pleasing when divided

unevenly.•Garments should bring out the natural proportions of the body

to be pleasing.

Rhythm•Rhythm leads the eye

from one part of a design to another part ,creating movement through repetition of

pattern or colour.•. Rhythm carries the eye through a regular

pattern of design elements.

Harmony

• Pleasing visual unity of all aspects of a design

• All parts of the design look as if they belong

• Does not have excess variation that could displease or detract

Balance• balance involves giving equal

weight to the spaces on both sides of an imaginary center line.

•Formal balanceSymmetrical

DignifiedCan look boring•Informal balanceCreates balance

asymmetricallyElements placed unequally in

a way that achieves balance

Gradation

•Gradation occurs when a series of

two or more parts identical but for one detail change with each repetition in

consecutive incresase or

decreasing steps.

Contrast

• contrast is the juxtaposition of opening elements e.g. opposite

colour on the colour wheel-red /blue-green/orange e.t.c contrast in tone or value-light/dark ,contrast in direction-

horizontal/ verticle.•Example- horizontal and vertical

edges , seams, yokes in all garments have inbuilt contrast.

Dominance

•Every design should have a focal point. A center of interest with a

design message supported by the other features in the design.

•Structural use: silhoutte, fabric colures and textures e.t.c

•Decorative use: trims, button down the front of a dress e.t.c

Gradation

•Gradation occurs when a series of

two or more parts identical but for one detail change with each repetition in

consecutive incresase or

decreasing steps.

Radiation•Outward movement in

all direction from a central point, such as

the spokes in a wheel is known as radiation.

•Radiation is limited in use to line shape and space. It is evident in drapes, folds, darts,

gathers, sunray, pleats, flares,

Peplums and caps.

Unity

•It is considered last process because it is the culmination of the design process, the final step which can only be completed when all

the other principles and elements have been dealt with.

•Function structure and decoration follow the same purpose in a united design.

•Garment and accessories and the wearer work separately and together to complete a

successful outfit.

Conclusion

•The elements of design are the tools a designer works with. The elements are arranged according to the principles of design to create a garment which is suitable for its intended use.

•Although each element and principle has been dealt with separately, they all work together to create the final effect. The success of garment relies on the combination of all of parts of design and all they are of equal importance.

Reference

•Clothing technology(fiber to fashion) –Eberle, hornberger.•The fashion design manual-

pamela stecker•Inside Fashion Design –

Sharon Lee Tate•Visual design in Dress –

Marian l.

THANK YOU!!!