Ad Pat p and Cellular Respiration

ADP, ATP and Cellular RespirationCopyright Cmassengale

Copyright Cmassengale

RESPIRATION1

All living organisms require a constant input energyObtained from respiration to carry out living processCopyright Cmassengale


All living cells are made up of chemical substancesThe processes of living involve reactions between the substancesA reaction is an event which produces a change in a substance



EnergyIs the resource that allow arganism to do workCopyright Cmassengale


Importance of energyMetabolismMovementCell division and repair damage cellActive transportTransmission of impulseMovement of substanceControl body temperature



Respiration suppliesthe energy forSome examples of the useof energy in organisms10

Energy use in muscle contraction11

12and pull the lower arm up

Cellular respirationIs the process by which chemical energy in organic molecule is releaseFuel- organic molecule-carbohydrate-energyEnergy is release-transferred to energy carrier(ATP )Some energy release as heat



5 Carbon dioxideis carried to the lungs by the blood 15

Type of respirationAerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration

The process of respiration described so far has been defined as the release of energy when foodstuffs such as glucose react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.



Copyright CmassengaleThis form of respiration, which needs oxygen


There is another form of respiration which does not need oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration.



What Is ATP?Energy used by all CellsAdenosine TriphosphateOrganic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondsCopyright Cmassengale


Chemical Structure of ATP3 PhosphatesRibose SugarAdenine BaseCopyright Cmassengale


It is nucleotide moleculeConsist of base adenine, a pentose sugar combine with three phosphate groupAct as temporary energy storeHydrolysed produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (Pi- release energy)



What Does ATP Do for You?It supplies YOU with ENERGY!



How Do We Get Energy From ATP?By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATPCopyright Cmassengale


What is the Process Called?HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)H2OCopyright Cmassengale


How Does That Happen?An Enzyme!Copyright Cmassengale


How is ATP Re-Made?The reverse of the previous process occurs.Another Enzyme is used!ATP SynthetaseCopyright Cmassengale


The ADP-ATP CycleATP-aseATP SynthetaseCopyright Cmassengale


When is ATP Made in the Body?During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & AnimalsCopyright Cmassengale


Cellular RespirationIncludes pathways that require oxygenGlucose is oxidized and O2 is reducedGlucose breakdown is therefore an oxidation-reduction reactionBreakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules Copyright Cmassengale


Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration 6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATPsC6H12O6 + 6O2YIELDSCopyright Cmassengale


What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX ReactionOxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O (e- removed from C6H12O6)Reduction O2 to H2O (e- passed to O2)Copyright Cmassengale


What Carries the Electrons?NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrierNAD+ is a coenzymeIts Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ionCopyright Cmassengale


Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?YES! Another Coenzyme! FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)Reduced to FADH2



Other Cellular Respiration FactsMetabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydratesProcess is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2OProcess is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller moleculesCopyright Cmassengale


What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?GlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport ChainCopyright Cmassengale


Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:Glycolysis occurs in the CytoplasmKrebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the MitochondriaCopyright Cmassengale


Review of Mitochondria StructureSmooth outer MembraneFolded inner membraneFolds called CristaeSpace inside cristae called the Matrix



Diagram of the ProcessOccurs in CytoplasmOccurs in MatrixOccurs across CristaeCopyright Cmassengale


Glycolysis SummaryTakes place in the CytoplasmAnaerobic (Doesnt Use Oxygen)Requires input of 2 ATPGlucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic AcidCopyright Cmassengale


Glycolysis Summary

Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATPPyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removedCopyright Cmassengale


Glycolysis DiagramCopyright Cmassengale


Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)Nets only 2 ATPCopyright Cmassengale


A Little Krebs Cycle HistoryDiscovered by Hans Krebs in 1937He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discoveryForced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was JewishCopyright Cmassengale


Krebs Cycle SummaryRequires Oxygen (Aerobic)Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycleTurns twice per glucose moleculeProduces two ATP Takes place in matrix of mitochondria



Krebs Cycle SummaryEach turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATPCopyright Cmassengale


Krebs CycleATPNETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2Copyright Cmassengale


Electron Transport Chain Summary34 ATP ProducedH2O ProducedOccurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membraneUses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucoseNADH = 3 ATPsFADH2 = 2 ATPsCopyright Cmassengale


Electron Transport Chain AnimationCopyright Cmassengale




**It is important to understand that the biological meaning of Respiration refers to a chemical process taking place in all living cells. The function of this chemical process is to make energy available for all the cells activities which keep it alive.Breathing, in some cases, plays a part but respiration to a biologist does not mean the same as breathing. *These are only a few examples. Every living process in living organisms needs energy from respiration*The drawing represents the human arm bones with two of the muscles which produce movement (biceps and triceps)*The water produced as a waste product of respiration is picked up by the blood stream and may be lost in sweat, water vapour from the lungs or in urine******************************

Ad Pat p and Cellular Respiration

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