A.D. 500 - 1500
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Transcript of A.D. 500 - 1500
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A.D. 500 - 1500MIDDLE AGES
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ROLE OF THE CHURCH Most Powerful and influential
Institution during Middle Ages Brought Order & Unity Functions:1. Religious-Excommunication2. Political-Canon Law3. Economic-Tithe4. Social-Education
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STRUCTURE OF THE CHURCHCLERGY: 1. POPE – head of the Church 2. BISHOPS – leads the Diocese {today there are about 3000 worldwide} 3. PRIESTS – in charge of parish {Deacons assist Priests} {Cardinals are advisors appointed by
the Pope They elect the Pope…}
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GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Churches (Cathedrals) were built during Middle Ages starting in 1100 Characteristics: Stained Glass Windows Tall Spires Pointed Arches Ribbed Vaults Flying Buttresses
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GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
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THE CRUSADES Series of Holy Wars between Muslims &
Christians lasting over 300 years Crusaders comprised military units of
Roman Catholics from all over western Europe were not under unified command
Wars took place in the Middle East: Christians vs. Muslims
Main reason – Christians wanted to recover “HOLY LAND” from the Muslims
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REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES Regain Holy Land (Palestine) from
Muslims Pope hoped to unite Roman and
Byzantine Christians Sins would be forgiven Gain wealth & land Adventure –excitement & travel Get rid of quarrelsome Knights Serfs wanted to escape
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FIRST CRUSADE 1095 -1099 POPE URBAN II calls for “holy war”- take back
control of holy land and help out Byzantines Soldiers recruited from all over Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, England, Spain) July 15, 1099 Crusaders entered Jerusalem Massacred Jews/Muslims took control of city Muslims surprised by attacks not united under single ruler
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RESULTS OF FIRST CRUSADE Crusaders establish Christian states in:*JERUSALEM*ANTIOCH*EDESSA Edessa recaptured by Muslims in 1144
leading to the Second Crusade
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SALADIN Unites most of the Muslim world –
Egypt, Syria, North Africa, Mesopotamia July 4, 1187 – defeats Crusader army at
Battle of Hattin October 2, 1187 – Saladin captures
Jerusalem from Christians Loss of Jerusalem leads to Third
Crusade
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THIRD CRUSADE (KING’S CRUSADE) 1188-1192 Attempt by England, France, & Germany to
regain Jerusalem Crusaders led by King of England – Richard
The Lionheart Crusaders did win some victories but unable
to recapture Jerusalem Richard & Saladin sign peace treaty –
Muslims controlled city but Christians could freely visit
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ADDITIONAL CRUSADES After the Third Crusade there would be
5/6 more attempts by Christians to recapture Jerusalem – all ended in failure
“Holy Land” remained under the control of Muslims until after World War I
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Increased Trade & CommerceFruits, carpets, fabrics, perfumes, spices, pepper (all goods from the Middle East) Encouragement of Learning – Greek &
Roman writings {new ideas in Medicine, Science, Literature, Art}
Cultural Diffusion – Islamic Culture Goes West Helped Undermine Feudalism – rise of Kings Religious Hatred – Muslims/Christians
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CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY I. AGRICULTURE – climate became
warmer*Used Horses instead of Oxen*Three Field System – rotated crops*Food Production increased*People Lived Longer
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CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY II.TRADES:*Development of GUILDS *Made up of workers who did same job*Worked to improve economic/social conditions*Set Standards and Prices/Made Rules
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CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY III. FINANCE – COMMERCIAL
REVOLUTION*Expansion of trade and banking*Jews became chief sources of loans*Catholic Church began to form banks
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BUBONIC PLAGUE – “BLACK DEATH” Highly Contagious Disease Spread by fleas that lived on rats Became an Epidemic – no cure 1300’s – Began in Asia – carried by
Mongols along Silk Road Italian Traders Bring plague to Europe Spreads Quickly through Europe
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EFFECTS OF PLAGUE Population Loss – about 1/3 of
European pop. Trade Declined – prices rose, production
fell Feudalism Declined – peasant revolt Church Suffered – questioned faith Jews were Blamed – persecuted/killed
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