Actual English 1 - Actual English

7/27/2019 Actual English 1 - Actual English

1/52

lAN G UAG E T RAINING FO R TH E R EA L W O RlD

P R E M IE R E IS S U E

P RO M O T I O N

AR: $9,90/ $14,90

MX:$29/W6 : 2,90 / 4,50

A p la c e o f r o m a n c e

BID

S a d d a mH u s s e i n

An in te rnat iona i group of sc ien tis ts says the Ear th

is warming. most l ike due to hum an ac tiv it ies . We take

a look at the possible cause s o f th is phenomenon .

ISBN:978-987.23670-3-9

F R E E

(O-ROMwith addit ional Iactivit ies and

audio art ic les!


2/52


3/52

Actual En lish ,'\"1 di

COVER

3 I Wonderful WorldExciting llCWS from aH aver rhe

worlu.

Contents10 I Global Warming

An inrernarion;ll group ofscicmisrs says the Eanh is warming, most Iikely due

lO human acrivirics. Wc rake a look ar rhe pos~ihle causes of chis phcnomenon,

(he dcha re over its dfccrs anu ho\'~"we'lI have to adapt ro rhe changing climate.

8 1 GAOGETS'Iechnology fan? irr he answcr is }'es,

you should check our monrhly

sdection of cool

gillnos.

20 I BIO: Saddam Husseinfu lraq's Presiden< and afterwards,

during rhe tcial in which he was

condemned ro death.

Plus...02 I CO-ROM contents

26 I Super-microscopes with

a nano uiew

32 I Oakar Rally Car

34 I Mouie Reuiew

36 I Muhammad AIi

38 I English Tips &Tricks

48 I Triuia: James Bond

24 I U2: Into the arms of AmericaFormcd in 1976, rhe group was firsr called Feedback, rhen The Hype.

The band mcmbcrs s c r r lc . . J 011 rhe moniker U2 in 1978, afree rhe U.S.

high-alri tudc U2 spy plome shor down aver rhe Soviet Union in 1960.

16 I City guide: An American In ParisIr's inhabirams assure rha( is the most beautiful and civilized ciry in (he world.

Whe(her your agree or not, welcome to (he place of romance, delightful

cooking and astonishing architecture, where )'OU can brea(h arto

2~I Creatiuity CubedGive an art director a $300 budge( and chance.5 are ir won't be enough ro

really pimp a pod, bU( ir's a start.

42I StorytelHng: Sign of fourOur literature sec(ion for (hose of you wha enjoy a good story now and then. In(his issue we bring you an excerp( of Arthur Conan Doyle's mmous book, "Sign

of four".


4/52

ActualEn lish I;S"'O'

CD-ROM Contents

The en also hdps re-.lders improvc rhcir

prnnunci .ltio:l, bccJuse ir contains dI(;" anidesin audio fimnat.

o() , ----- IZ!J

-"'- . . . _--_. . .----~_._ _ .-- - _ . . . _ _ . _ . _ - . ._ . . .. . - . .

------_ ._ . . . . .-:." :.::""-. . - , - -~ -_ . . .- . . ._ -- . ._ . _ - _ . _ ~- - _ . ._ ._ _ . . . ._ -----

YIoon6erf ,,1 World

< . . - - _ . _ . . .-

Interfase

D

FuUuocabulary

& TranslationsOn Ihe main screen 01 Ihe (o-ROM you'H

lind a link lo Ihe vocabulary 01 aH Ihe

articles of this issue plus their translations

to spanish and portuguese.

Wc :lIso includcd a sclccrion uf dicrionarics and

uanslarors for your \Vindows pe. YOl! can

inltaH,hel11 dircctly ffOI11 rhe eD-ROM,

0 1- l~ < ". " ~

Gr.U'llmar and VocabuIJn .

Wh , ", . dff ,,~ bo1wnon ro..o_ ,_.

,1 : :5535.Q087 . f -ma ;1 t e i ia sm@ml 'X~{ l IlTI .

~e ~ in t (' f ior ~ tn cos to : 01 .8CO.OO55.SOO I ArgMltin.a: soI ici leb> a su tamll~ , p'CdOS al (011) 411() 'B7D0 de 10 a 13 y li t> 14 a 18 , o e soba a lectores@fedusers .coml RMlo de l i I ti noamr i ca:~iba a lOOO'[email protected] (D.ROM>. lO!i ( [.RO~ .nduodos en ~ pubt ,caocm i l I ilYof \dt1 UI le \tnco cor . tro l de ca l lC lad.Aiqunas 1t0 l~ upe< tmen lan problemas en su a l ine .x ir l Y ! lO p l ! lTT1il l ! fl l a

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M~. i co ,1 Pe fu: D~ , riburdora B ohwnana Iw Republ ic . Jde Panam~, 363:-3631, San t~KI ro . limJ 1 UrUljoJay'E!)tft S.RL. C~a 1-416, "4ontfYiOfO. J CMe."D inrib..oora Va Directa S.A, Riqlle lme N" 840,San ti ago. l e l : 688 .7383.[ BoIMa ' Age r l{ ia Mooe l 'n .J Ltda , G~a l Ma {.(,131.C .C 461 . Cochabamba le l : 005914.421.1414 1V~llI: Ot l l r, butdl Ja Con lHl f fi l ,J1Bloque de Ar~ Edl f l (! o BlOQue li e

Armas Pisa 9, A~,San Martn, ("lICe COOfinal M l.l P a z , Ca racas ,! f ' J raglMY:Se l@mol l l ' \SAC,Ccrone lGraoa 115. ~t l_l1odas la s maro: . menciOOad.n son J) l 'opi edad f k . M 1l '>pfC t ;VOSduefi lJS..

Impreso en Kaklr f 'res~ I Copyng tl l C I MMVIIOa lJga S .A . , C iudad de Eueno\ Ai l l!S ,A1ge r~ roa, I E .mai l: ac tual .m9I i~OnoduHrs . (om.1 Heeno ti ~ lO que marca la I l 'y . l E~ ta publkaclOn 110puede \ l " I 'reproducida, r l en todo l ' lIen p.lrte , ni registrada en o tran


5/52

Actual En lish

Wond rfz1W orld

Baldnes s solution?RESEARCHERS FIND A WAYTO REGROW HAIR

HUMfu'lS ANO OTHER MAMMALS ARE

generally moughl 10 be incapable of

[rue regeneraran, growing a new

organ or limb when il has bccn 1051

emilely.

BUl University of Pennsylvania der-

malOlogisls announced lhey r.ad

indeed performed lhis feal' of bio-

logical renewal, regrowing complex

"mini-organs" lhal are of pressing2

imerCSl lo millions of older men:

lhe folliclos' lhal produce hair.

The researchers said mal by care-

fully curting OUl parches of skin in

mice, lhey awakened a genelic pach-

.way lhal normally remains dormanl

after embryonic" dcvelopmenl.

Thc shallow wounds stimulaled

new hair glOwth even lhough me

foUiclos had been removed; lhe pro-

cess worked especiaUy weU whcn

researchers artiRcially boosled levelsof a special signaling prolein, said

senior aU!hor George Cotsarclis.

They have nO! yel experimenled on

people, bU! alrC'.ldy lhe whecls of

commerce are churning5: A start'Jp

company has licensed a palent

based on lhe re.scarch.

Why has lhis phenomenon nOl

bcen widely rccognized before now?

VOCABULARY

In a review accompanying lhe

report, lhe Univcrsity of SoulhernCalifornias Cheng-Ming Chuong

offers a possible reason: Generaling

new follicles may rcquire fairly large

wounds, which in people are nor-

mally sUlUfed or bandaged, perhaps

impeding hair regrowth.

Though mey rcgrew hair, lhe Penn

researchers al Rrsl didn'l kno\V

where il carne from. ThlOugh gene-

lic allalysis, lhey lhen delermilled

lhal lhe llew foUicles did nol origi-nale from adull slem ceUs' in

nearby existing foUicles. Inslead,

lhey may have developed from

adull slem ceUs lhal normally pro-

duce ordinary skin.

Slill, mere is much lo do befare lhe

discovery can be sludied in people.

Mice hea] somewhal diffelently

f m m h u r n a n s . 110m A m i.

1 feat: somcthing difficulr nccding a lor of skill. s fr ( :ngrh, bravery. ctc. lO achicve ir1 2 pressing: urgcnt or necding ro be dcalt with immcdi:uely

1 3 fo l l ic l e s : (he very small holes i n ( h e s b n , c s pc c ia l l y olle r har a h ;a i rgrows from 14 embryonlc: r e la r ing r o an cmb:yo, i r js ro sayo a n a n i m a l

(har is dcveloping eithcr in its mothcr's womb oc in an cgg. oc a plam (hal is devdoping in a S('cd15 churn(ing): (Qmo."c violcnt1y 16 stem

cells: unspecialilcd hum,n (Jr animal cells tha[ can produce mature spedaliz.ed body cdls and ;[ [he same fine replicale lhcmsdvcs.

J


6/52

4 W o nd er 1 W o rld ACTUAL ENGLIS-i

B izar r e b an d a g es

UllfON S'I'IlWS

A O H E S IV EB A N O A G E S1 5 D IE -C U T

S T E R IL E S T R IP S

Bacon bandage For the meat lover, bacon strip

adhesive bandages.

A woman died aftera dr ink ing conte s tJENNIFERLEASlRA NG E, A 28-YEAR -OLDMO lHER OF lHREE,

died a l t er dr inking wel l over 3 a hal l gal lon4 01 water dur ing a

can tes t i n Sac ramen to , Ca l if c rn ia . She had t o d r ink as much

wat er a s she cou ld wi t hou t go ing t o t he ba t hroom. l he p r ize

was a N intendo Wi i gaming ccnsole . S t range tcok second p lace.

l he Coun ty C oroner's O l li ce s a id t ha t she d ied 01 apparen t

water in toxication , but the l inal cause i s not expected lar seve-

ral months . Par t ic ipants were each g iven S-f1uid-ounces bollles

01 wa t er . l hey had two minLtes t o d r ink a bOl ll e, wa i ted 10

minutes, then drank another bol ll e . Al ter the contest , S t range

cal led a ca-worker cry ing and said that she needed to go home

beca u se sh e had a headache and nausea. W hen her m oth er

went to check on her , she lound her dead .1 ehristina Jewell.

NOT EVERYTHING IN

THE BAND-AID MARKET

WAS ALREADY CREATED ...

W HE N SE LL lN G JS TIIE G OA L, E VE RY RO lJY

knows rhar companies do as much as they c ..1 .t1

ro gct more anu new clienrs. Carrnan charac-

t er s's bandages a re [be mos [ wd! known , bu t

(here are some news. Hot lips kisscs from four

gi rly I ips[ iek colors, an ext ra l arge skul l -and-

erossbones / l ag ' or a smal l skul l . Bu[ , by fur ,

[be favori [e :umed ro be [he bacon bandage.b-e n vegera ri ans, ge[ a la ugh OU[ o f [hcse

"bacon s r rips" . The bcs[ part i s i ls d ie-cut> so

[he edges take on [he cur ly-er i spy ook of [he

real dea! . I f you wam ro g ive i [ a [ ry , you can

ge[ rhem through www.fredl lare.com.IKim 0,,;.

/

/

yq(:J\Il~LARY___ _ ~ .. _

1 skull-and-crossbones flag: A black flag ",rh a skeleton's hcad and rwo boncs crmsed behind. The symboJ. was also featured on the Jolly

Roger, rhe uaditional flag of European and American pirates 12 die-cut: something whkh has bcen cut using "Oiecuning" a process of sharp

steel rules tO CUtspecial shapes for labels, boxes, and containers. trom printed sheeu 13well over: more [han the amount seated, over [he limil

14 gallon: a unir for measuring volume: An imperial gallon. used in Britain, is equal tO 4546 cubic centimetets. A U S gallon is equal lO3785

cubic centimeters 1 S ounce: a unir of weight equal lOone sixteenth of a pound or 16 drams or 28.349 grams
http://www.fredllare.com.ikim/http://www.fredllare.com.ikim/


7/52

W h y s o m eth in g m ak es y o u itch?HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT IT? HO\'\ ' IS THE OEVELOPlvlENT

ANO TRANSMISSION OF ITCHING IN THE HUMAN BOOY? WELL, HERE YOU

HAVE THE ANSWER!

C au s e o f i t c hD ev el o pm e nt a nd t r an s m is s i on o f i t ch i n g i n t h e h um a n b o d y:

1 Network 01itch nerve 2 Itching causes othercel ls in the skin; some than histamine: Skin

o f t he c el ls r eac t t o d is eas es , di ab et es ,

al ler get ic s ub st an ce c an cer , c er tai n

histamine medicine, foad items

~' . . .~O O 00 3 Nerves t ransfer

I V Ol ~ ! ~ : : lz ~ ~ ~ : ~ tI { I to the brain

Itch nerve cells Itch nerve celis not

sensitive to histamine sen5 i t i ve to histamine

Cerebral cortex

4 Itching signal reaches cerebralcortex. where it is perceived;

limbic system defines signal as

unpleasant

Sour(~:Un ..e r s it y o f H e id e l be r g . G e rm a n y ; G e rm a n " A E ' rz t eb l at t " G r ap h i c : J u l ta 5 c h ei b e ,I s ab e l S o n c ' r ;J a ar d

smilelNSTEAO OF EXPENSIVE WHITENING TREATMENTS',

THERE IS A NEW METHOD BASEO ON

A TRICK OF THE EYE.

o 2 0 0 6 K R T

6631-40

IDAZZ~IN("

SmieBrightening

Lip Treatment

COFFE, DARK-COLORED SODA S A~D TEA CAN MAKE TEETH LOOKING ATAD'

more yellow than they used to. Sal ly Hansen's new Smile Br ightenin: L ip Treatment

uses pigments in th is specia l ly designed l ip color that hel8 g ive the i llus ion 01

br ighter, whi ter teeth by counteract ing the yel low pigments 01 your tooth enamel '.

The glo55, which also cOnlains v i tamins A, C and E to sol ten and condi t ion your

l ips, comes in f ive colors. You can f ind the Sm ile Brightening Lip Treatment at

ww w. s a l ly hans en . com . I/ //I ()Ji.

, w hit ening t reat ment(s): aprocc_~to make ~omcthing Oikctcc[h. dflthcs) whim 12 tad:

3slight 3moum a ot J Hulebil 13 enamel: l l J . rd w hiu: suhsuncc awcring the c:own of atooth

Srm e i .11 Color

l"Ulnf>nts

COllntlHilc1

Y "'l!ow

T h

1.ook VVh i te r

Guar(lr'ltved!

Hydrates &

C(Jnd,l;c,,~

llips
http://www.sallyhansen.com./http://www.sallyhansen.com./


8/52

6 W o n d e r u f W o r fd A CTUA L E NGLI SH

Sowing the sweetest crop

FarmersOnly.(om is a dating Web site lor farmers and for

people who want to date larmers to dating farmers.

ALM'T 50.000 USERS HAYE Pm'TED PROFILES SINCE nlE SITE

FarmersOnly.eom was launehed more than ayear ago, including

Erin McCarthy, a 39-year-old alpaca farmer from eharlotte, N.e.

"Al lhe end of me day. animals are cool but you need people in

your life, she said." Browse mrough FarmersOnly.eom and you'lI

come aeross names like "Desperado," "Bulldaddy" and

"Premiumspuds." Potemial dates pose next ro horses and traelOrs,

FINDlNG LOVE IS HARD

ENOUGH. BUT IF YOU'RE A

FARMER, IT'S EVEN HARDER:

TRY FINDING SOMEONE WHO

UNDERSTANDS THAT SICK

ANIMALS AND EARLY

MORNINGS ARE A PRIORITY.

hold up baby calves1and big flsh, eradle huge

watermelons and lO-gallon hats.

Instead of posting employmem, they tell youwhat mey grow or breed2: dogs, horses, catde,

goats, ehickens or crops.

"1 try to make it fun, bU[ it really is a serious

problem," said Jetry Miller. the Web sites

founder. They often don't have lime 10 meet

new people, or mey live in sueh small towns

thal the dating pooll is limiled.

Those working in lhe f.lfming need to flnd

someone who accepts the lifesryle, and some-

times it's even hard for one f.umer to undets-tand another one. "There's a lar someone has

(Qput up with4." Miller said. [ DI11/icn OJto

Say l i d o l l ike a PrincessIF YOUR NUPTlAL DREAMS INCLUDE A FAIRY-TALEs

WEDDlNG, WAIT DlSNEY CO. MIGHT HAVE THE

I'ERFECT SOLUTION.

THE COMPANY 15 USING 11'5 STABLE6

of imaginary prineesses as inspira-

tion for a new line of wedding

gowns. Disney and bridal de;igner

Kirstie Kelly have developed a line

of ethereal gowns mal pay homage

107 Cinderella, Jasmine, Snow

White, Afiel and Sleeping Bemry.

"They will be high-f.lshion and very

modern," said Paulette Cleghorn, from

New Yotk publie-relations flrm represen-

ling Kelly. "We ate modernizing the ptin-

eess eoneepr. There is a differenee betwe-

en a girl who is inspired by Snow White

and one who wants to dress like Snow

White." I 011VlOpl," Boyd

~\

\. . . . - . ,"

VOCABULARY _ . . _

1 calf (plural: calves): a young Cl)W. or thc=young of various olhef large marnmals, including dephanu and whales 1 2 breed: to kecp (anim;ll~

or planrs) for che purpose of prooucing young animals or planu 13 dating pool: the number of rrt'plc available for dadng 14 to put up

with: tolerare lOendure or tolerate without complaint 15 fairy tale: a sro!")'for ehildrcn about fairies or orhct irnaginary bcings and c:vcnts, often

containing a moral message 16 stable: a gro"P of pcoplc who perform a similar activit)' and who are traincd by the same persan or employcd by (he

~ame organil3.tion 17 pay homage to: show re~pecr and often praise for a pcrsonJcnrity


9/52

Co u n t o n th iss h e e p f o r

good sleepWEl.L, IlERE ARE 1'WO WAYS 1'0 ENSURE 1'IlA1'

ehildren and theit parents don't lose a second

of shut-eye'. The Sleep Sheep produces fout

soothing2 sounds -a mother's heartbeat.

spring showers, oeean surf ami whale songs-

to help a baby sleep through the night. The

sruffed sheep atraehes ro the outside of the

erib3 with a Velero strap. The removable

sound box ineludes adjustable volullle, an

omomatic tillleout feature and push-butron

sound sclcction.

Sleep aid also comes in the form of Lavender

1.1b, which uses oromatherapy ro hclp induce

sleep. nside the Labrador relrie,er is 100

percenr organic lavender4. Thc aroma lasts

up ro five yeors. Ir is reeommendeo for ages 2

ano oloer. Produets are availoble at

www.babyccmer.com.1 K m -alrrM ilkr.

The Sleep Sheep produces four

soothing sounds to help a baby sleep

through the night.

VOCA~ULARY . .

2SMR~4U

7

1 shut-eye: i l l fi l fm al slecp 12 soothing: making Y O Il feel ealm 13 crib: US a s l l 1 ;11 lbcll fc l f ababy 14 lavender: ap l a l l l which hasgr('y~

grccn nccdle.like lcaves and small. pale purplc n(lwcrs with a lilrong smell. or ils dritxJ t1nwcrs ami s{cms which have a Il!c;ls;ml smdl15 play(ing)

it safe: al so. play So l fe . ro aV{'l id cxucrnc r i ,ks
http://www.babyccmer.com.1/http://www.babyccmer.com.1/


10/52

8

Gadgets

Graphic SplashEdition Vio

Son ) ' o f fe rs G raph ic Sp lash Ed i t i on Va io

no tebook com pu te r s , w rapped ' i n l im i ted .

ed i ti on pa t t e rns l ike P i nk S 'N i r I 2 . Eng ravedpe rsona l iza t ion a l so i s o f f e 'ed , i n e a n d AR

se r ie s Va io l ap tops . (Ab ou t $919,99)

www.sonystyle.com

iPhoneApp l e ' s i Phone i s t h ree dev i ces3 i n one : t he

wo r l d 's m os t advance d i Pod ' , an i n c red i b ly

advan :ed ce l l phone and a f u l l . b l own

In te rne t a ccess dev i ce . (Abou t $599 )

www.apple.com

VOCABULARY

1 wrapped: cnclosed securdy in a covcringof

pa~r oc [he Iike 2 swirl: [he sbape ofsomcrhing

rorating rapidly. Iikc a spiral I 3 device(s}: an

object :u machi nc which has beco i nvcntcd to fu lf il

a parti:ular purpo~ I 4 I Po d: A bra nd of mediaplayc:r manufacfUrc:d by A p pl c: C o m p ur cr [ ha r

s ea re s m e di a o n d eh er a s m al l h a rd drive or f lash

memory.I 5 point-and-shoot: describes a

c.amer thar rc:quircs no adjunment by rhe usee

befare: toong a phOl:0gt2ph. becausc: me focw and

apasure are adjusrl, auromatically oc are n X M I 6

built.in lenses: lcoses [harare pcrmanently

attach=d and cannor be easily removed I 7

panoramic shot(s): an informal photograph

usu.all)' made with a smalJ hand-held camera from

an a1ri:ude or distance
http://www.sonystyle.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.apple.com/http://www.sonystyle.com/


11/52

LEVELS: INTERMEDIATE I UPPER INTERMEDIATE 9

TECHNOLOGY FAN? [F THE ANSWER [S VES,

YOU SHOULD CHECK OUR MONTHLY SELECTION

OF COOL GIZMOS. I B y Aamer Madhani

Kodak EasyShare V570Kodak EasySha r eV5l0 d ig it a l 5 meg ap ixe l camera i s a po in t -a rd - shoo tS w i th two bu i l t - i n

l enses '. a l low ing l a r zoom a rd w ide -ang le sho ts . I t can take panaram ic sho ts7 wh ich a re

g rea t l o r vaca t ion scenes . B ig rea r sc reen to v iew pho tos and sE ! up sh o ts . (Abou t $299 .95 )

www.kodak.com

Zen Nano PlusThe C rea t ive Zen N ano P lus i s a good iPod4 al ternat ive. Th is 1-

g iga by te p iaye r i s easy to use and i s powered by AAA ba t te ri es .

( Abou t $55 . 99 )

www.creative.com

I

I

I

j
http://www.kodak.com/http://www.creative.com/http://www.creative.com/http://www.kodak.com/


12/52

Boaters investigate a house

isolated by floodwaters

from the Snohomish River

in Snohomish. Washirigton .

I By Robert S . Boyd

An international group of scientists says the Earth is warming,most Iikely due to human activities. We take a look at the possible

causes of this phenomenon, the debate over its effects and how

we'll have to adapt to the changing climate.


13/52

1.1. DI' A SUDDEN Al.MOST EVERYONE,

secms TO agree rhar global warming is

a serious problem. After deeades of

argumenr, uenial oc indifferencc,

pressure is m::mnting fo c action ro

slow clown (he accelerating cisc in

Eanh's rcmperature.

A new consenslIs repon by lhe warld's scientisrs wacns

thar human aetivitics - notably the hurning of fossil

fuels made from oil and coal - will almost eertainly

cause rnOfe incense heat waVe5, storms, f loods Jnd

droughrs1, melt iceeaps' and glaeiers, and ehange agri-

culture. Rising sea levels may drowll coasrlines and

low-Iying islands and ciries.

The Bush administration embraeedl rhe Feb. 2 report

on global warming by rhe Inrergovernmental Panel on

Climatc Change (IPCC). USA Congress is

hurrying legislation ro deal ",ith rhe threat.

Changes are eoming in the kinds of ears peo-

pie drive. rhe utiliries that gencrate e1eerrici-

ty. rhe cosr of fuel and where homes are

built.

The goal of all this aeriviry is to reduce the

aeeumulation of earbon dioxidc (C02) and omer"grccnhollse gascs"4 [har trap [he sun's heat and warm

the Earth. The amounr of C02 in the atmosphere has

risen hy 35 pereenr sinee I s ao , and could douhle by

the end of this eenrury.

Scientists 5a y humans already have produced so ffiuch

C02 rhat the world will eontinue ro warm and the

seas ro cise fo c ccnturies, perh::.psrhousands of years.

Sinee further warrning is inevitable. people will have

to adapt ro it, even if ir mcans majar changes in [heie

Iifestyle.A dwiudliug5 baud of c1imare skeprics. dis-pures the peril7. They argue rhat the evidenee fot

warming is shaky" and the proposed remedies won't

work and would damage the economy. They are a dis-

rinct minoriry now.

Some cxpens even fcar (har rhe world's climate may be

nearing a "ripping poim"9, when runaway warming

begins ro feed on itself,leadillg o a global e.1tastrophe.

A B O UT G L O BA L W A R M IN G

What callses it? Aeeording ro me IpCC, people ate

responsible for "mosr" of ir. Burning fossil' /Uels in

ca,s and faetories and clearing forests inerease rhe

arnount of carbon diox:ide

(C02) in the atmosphere. C02 is a "greenhouse gas"

rhar rraps the sun's heat and warms the Earth. C02

levels rose from 2S0 parts per million moleeules in the

atmosphere before IS00 to 379 parts per million last

year. At the presenr rare rhey will reaeh abour 550

parts per mili ion by 2100. The amount of methane.

another greenhollse gas. has more than doubled.

Clouds. volcanie erupjons and aerosols rend ro eool

the Earth. and the sun's hcat varies slighrly over time.

BU( ,hese "nawra'" causes are

overwhelmed'. by rhe human

facrors, the IPCC

insists.

Ho w fast is the World

warming?

The IPCC says the

rate of necease dur-

ing rhe industrialera, sinee abollt 1s a o ,

is almost eertainly rh, fastesr in more than 10.000

years. from rhe end of rhe las! lee Age. Over rhe lasr

100 years. measuremenrs show rhat average global

remperarures rose by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. and the

inerease is aeeeleraring. The lasr half-eenrury has been

the warmesr in 500 years, probably in 1.300 years.

Eleven of the past 12 )'ears are rhe warmest tecorded

sinee IS50. Upper levels of !he oeean have also heat-

ed up. eausing the warer ro expando Along wirh thetunoffl' from melring ice. this raised average sea Je,--

e1s by almost 7 inches since 1900.

What is the evidena f r global warl1ling?

Scicntisrs measure rising temperarures on (he ground,

in the air and in the ocean. Sarellite. ground and

oeean observations have improved substanrially in !he

J I

V O C A B U L A R V.-~

- . --~- . - --

1 dro ughts: a temporarr ~honagc uf r a i n f a l 1 1 2 icecap(s): a m;l~SoficC' an d snow th at pcrmanenrly CO'licrs a brge arca oflanJ I 3 embrae(ed):

10 acccpl (i(!C;lS, bdkfs, or upinionsl with grcat Iuerest or emhusi;um 1 4 greenhouse gases: components of rhe armospherc rh;1t conrribute (O

rhe Greenhouse e1lecr I 5 dwindl(ing): becoming smaller in sll.c or amount, or f("\\'cr in numher I 6 skeptic(s): a persoll "",hodoubrs rhe rrurh

or valut" nf an idea or hdiefl7 peril: grcu dange-r, or something [har is ver)' dan&erous 18 shaky: /lO[ seC.lrco( sulid, casil)' refmablc 19 tipping

point: [he roint ar which; slo .....rcvcrsihe changt. becorncs irreversible. often ....ith dramaric constquences 110 overwhelm(ed): ro make (some-

thing or somcor,c) pow('r1e-ssb y miflg fura or b y inrroducing ton IllUdl or toO many of somerhing 11 1 runoff: rainfJ.ll nOI absorhed b y soil


14/52

12

r~:':.:" ::'{\l~'~',,~:,:)(...';,t'/; '~ ~ :"~ '= ""r~ ,'b 4 " -i.l.~Cover Sto ~ > ~t)~t~R~'N~i.,~. l" ;!:'" ' "

Greenhouse gases rCarbon dioxlde', methane and

. mtraus oKide

ways [Q capture and srore cxcess

carbono Individuals as well as COI11-

panies can help by buying fuel-

em,ienr ears, applianees and

Iighrs.

D IF F E RI N G V IE W 5

ror deeades; global warming has

been me subjeer of furious argu-

ments. Now rhe debare has shifred.

The overwhelming17 majoriry of

the Earth's scientisrs and policy-makers'., including George W.

Bush, agree rhar (he world is really

getting warmer and rhar humans

are rhe ehief eulprits.9. The

rernaining conrrovcrsies are mostly

ayer how severe [he impact of

higher remperarures and rising seas

will be, and what can or should be

done abour ir.

As spring arrives in the Arctic,

new research suggests average

temperatures are rising and ice

caps are quickly melting. A

receding glacler in Southern

Greenland is one of many that

has retreated (melted)

dramatieally.

Sun's rays

VOCAIiUL~RY .. _._ __' ... ~, _, ....

12 thawing: mdting 113 spew(ed): to cjca er send out in large qumtities 114 sobering: rCrlding to mah saber ar more senous 115

shrink: to become smaller, ar (O makesomething smaJler116 momentum: the forc~ (har k~~ps ,in object moving or keeps an :vem d~.c1oping

after it has started 117 overwhelming: very gre4r or very largc118 pollcymaker(s): aperson rciponsible for making policy, esp. in govern-

ment I 19 culprit(s): someone who ras done something wrong or is guilry


15/52

Heat absorbed by greenhouse gases r.a ises the planet 's temperatureThe natural greenhouse effect 15vital to Ife on Earth, but industrial emissions ha .e boosted the atrnosphere'slnsulatlng pow~r.

13

d Rf1N,ch. ~l~"","" 1PI""I on (~mll" ChaOg

Absorbed heatin Earth's surface

2 Remalnlng ra~sareabsorbed by !ando seaandair

3 Sorne absorbed heat 15radlated back toward space 4 But natural aod m anomadefr~nhoU5egases, luch as carbon

dioxideand methane. trapthls ~eat in the atmmphere

5 Trappedheat re-radiatesback toward the

Earth

Sorne holdouts20 remain. Sen arar

Ja me s In ho fe (R O kla .), s ay s th e

IP CC re po n is "th e e orru ptio n o f

se ienee for poli tieal gain." Willlam

O 'K eefe, CEO of the G eorge

Marshal l ns ti tu te , a conse rv a tive

W a sh in gt on t hi nk t an k 21, says pre-

d ie rions of a "c1 imate eatas trop he

in rhis century are unjustified."

"Any one who say s that the p lanet i s

warming at ao ncrcasing cate is

s imp ly dead wrong22

," says PauiekM i ch ae ls , p ro fe ss or o f e nv ir on -

mental science at [he University of

Virginia and author of"Me!tdown:

The I'redietable D istonion of

G lo ba l W arm in g b y S eie ntis ts ,

Polit ic ians, and rhe Media ."

Fred Singer, an a t ll losphetie physi-

cisr at George Masan Universiry in

F airfa x, V a., in sis ts th at g lo ba l

warming is nor (he resule ofhumanaet iv ity bu t o f na tura l causes , s lleh

as variadons in [he sun's radiarion.

There are al50 disagreemenrs

among mainsrream scentists 011

the r ate of sea lev e ! t ise and on the

cooneerioo berween warming and

the f req uency of hurr ieanes. Sorne

T h e S i g n sH e a lth e ffe c tsDeadlyheat, waves and the spread0 1 mosquito.borne

diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.

O ce a n w a rm i n gConsequenees:more powerfulhurrieanes,coralree!

bl ea eh ing23, early ice thaw 24, sea-Ievelriseand increased

eoastal fiooding.

E co s y s te m d is ru p tio n25Consequences: plant and animal ranges mo'. 'e to higher

latitudes and elevations, 1055of species to extinetion as

pl an ts an d an im als !ha t ea nn ot ad ap t di e of l2 6,

A rc tic w a rm in gConsequen tes: melting ice raises sea levels,and thaw.

ing permalrost27releases methane, a pow erfulgreen-

house gas.

Ic e c a p a n d g 1 a c ie r m e ltin gConsequ entes: risingsea levels,and a sharp drop in

summer water flows in mountain watersheds28.

YOCABULARY _ _. _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _.. . _ _ _ .

20 holdout(s): a negotiatorwho hope~10gaioconcessions by n:fusingrocome ro (ccm .I21 think tank: J group ofpc()plc e..~tablishcdhy govcrnmcllt oc organilaliun in urder ro ad,'ise fhem on pJ.rticulr subjccls and lO suggcst ideas I22 dead wrong: complctely wrong Of mistaken I

23 bleaching: rhe whirencss rhar [('sult; from rcmoving mecolor from somclhing I24 thaw: lO(causem) changc from a solid. fmuo sute [O J.quid or 50ft one. becallsc of;in increa~e in rempcraturc I25 disruption: rhe ae! uf prcvcnting somerhiog, tspccially a syncm. proccss Ofevem, frorocominuing as usual Of as expectcd I26 die off: become exrinct I27 permafrost: an arca of boJ wh;ch is permanendy froz.cn, whose sUffacemelts in Ihe sumiller and frecres again in t~e J.utumn 128 watershed(s): an area of high ground fmm whkh water flows clown to a river


16/52

14

1 QU IZ:The following is a list of actions which

could contribute to increasing global warming or

reducing i t. According to the text , which you think

would help solve the problem (5), which would

useless (U) or make i t even worse (W)?a > Planting trees around your house to cut eooling eosts

in summer.

b > Supporting the produetion 01 renewable energy sueh

as wind and solar energy

e > Using air conditioning 12 hours a day during the

summer, as most offlCebuildings do.

d >Replaeing S eommonly used light bulbs with low energy

spiral (CFL)bulbs.

e > Purchasing ten pereent 01 your electriCltyIrom a green

power source such as wind, solar or geothermal.

f > Keeping your ear off the road to and from work one day

per week by teleworking, earpooling, riding a bike,

or using publie transportation.

9 > Deeorating YOJrha use for Christmas with 100 lights,

h > Motivating our eleeted offieialsto give Global Warming

top priority.

i> Installing low-Ilow shower heads to use less hot water.

2 FOCUSON GRAMMAR:The following paragraph hasbeen extracted from the article you have read. Without

golng back to the text, fill in the blanks with the

missing prepositions

1 g,lobal warming

What causes il? Aeeording to the PCC,people are responsible

2 "most" 01 i l. Surning foss;1 luels 3

___ __ ears and lactories and clearing lo rests inerease the

amount 0 1 earbon dioxide (GJ2) in the atmosphere. C02 is a

"greenhouse gas" that traps the sun's heat and warms the

Earth. COl levelsnose4 280 parts per millionmol-

eeules in the atmosphere 5 1800 to 379 parts per

million last year. At the present rate they wllI reaeh 6

_____ 550 parts per million by 2100. The amount 0 1

methane, another greenhouse gas, has more than doubled.

Clouds, voleanie eruptions and aerosols lend to cool the Earth,

a nd th e sun 's he at varie s slig htly 7 tim e. S ut th ese

"natural" causes are overw helm ed 8 the hum an

lactors, the IPCCinsisls.

,{q(8 'J


17/52

us'ershop. red users. COI11* Free and exclusive CD-ROMwith each issue* Eam miles and exchange them with magazines and books* Get our products at home. no shipping charges* Multiple means of payment


18/52

16

ITS INHABITANTS A~SURFTHAr ISTHE ivlOST BEAUTIFUL

AND CIVIUZED CITY IN TI lE WORLD. WI-IETHER YOUR

ACREE OR NOT, WELCOME TO THE PLACE OF ROMANCE,

DELICHTFUL' COOKINC AND ASTONIS~IlNC2

ARCHITFc:TURE, WHl,RE YOU CAN BRLATH ART.

F THE UNIVERSE HAn A CONTEST FOR BEST

city, and Eanh was alowed just one emry3,

this should be it. Pars may be expensive, but

all the things that make life wonh living are

cheap or free: the walking, rhe wine, the museums,

the croissants, the speedy Metta", rhe spring ait that

smells of sweet hyacimhsS, the an in the subway sta-

tions. Even the expensive things -hotels and resrau-

tams- ate wonh it. Especially the food, which is so

good my 10w-key6 lS-year-old daughter exclaimed,

"My mouth is dancing with joy."

Thete is a luster' ro [ife here, as if you ate in a paim-

ing Ot a film. Strolling" the Luxembourg Gatdens, the

scatrered" ctDwd seems ro be placed in green metal

chairs as if posing fot an anisr. A couple kisses on a

bench. A !itrle girl with striped tights mns past a srat-

ue of a Greek godo Two du,ks wadd1e'o on bright

gteen gtass thtDugh crocuses". A woman in a btight

red sweatet reads Le Monde. The sky is China blue".

[ look around for the ditector. Who planned this,

Who is that talented?

VOCABULARY . __ _ _

I B y E l l en Creager

In spring, Parisians POUt13from rheir oflJces and walk

arm-in-atm on the sr:eers, fllling cafes, turning their

faces roward the sun. When it rains, they hurry about

with sty!ish belted black taincoats.

Walk. Each district is more lovely than the last. Some

famous ateas (the funky Marais, the Latin Quaner)

are well-known. We srayed near the Louvre on the

Righr Bank.

1 could tell you all th, places ro go in Paris, but you've

already heard of mosr of them: Yes, go ro the Louvte.

Yes, the Mona Lisa is wonh ir. Yes, go ro the Eiffel

Tower, all the way to the ropo Yes, take a boat ride on

the Seine. Walk in the gardens. Eat in a sidewalk cafe.

Go imo Norre Dame cathedra!. Yes, Sacre Coeur has

a good view, and, if you're curious, see the Moulin

Rouge's dancing girls.

But you know that already.

What do you teally need to know? In this city, flower

bouquers ate soId in vending machines14. Excellent

wine is cheaper [han water. Croissanrs are somerhing

God would ear. One- and 2-euro coins look a lot

, delightful: gn=atly pleasing orenrertaining J 2 astonishing: so surprisingly impn:ssive asro srun or o'..erwhclm 13 entry: {heact of taking pan

in compe[ition 14 the Metro: an urtderground dcetric railway system in sorne cities, especially in France 15 hyacinth(s): a ple-.u.am-smdling plan!

wi(h a 10( of small flo~'C'rs16 low-key: withou( airs or pretensions; modeS(; re.'iCrvedand with no intensio:l lO auract a 10[ of ancntion 17 luster: the

quality of b ein g auraetive or speciall8 stroll(ing): to waJk in a slow rc1axed manner, I."spedally for pc~ureI9 scatter.e~:dimibUll."d hcre and

mere without order 110 waddle: (uSlally of a persao or anima.l with shor( legs and a fa[ body). lOwalk .nh shon Sleps, swmglllg me body frotll one

side (O [he: other 111 crocus(es): a !maU ydlow, whiu~ or purple spring f10wcr \12 China blue: a r..alegreyish blue 113 pour: lO l l o V o ' ~Ulckl)'

and in large amounts \14 vending machine(s): a machine )'OU pur money ioto lO buy small items such as packagl"s of f o o J , c a n J y , and dflnks.


19/52


20/52

_________ r'_ _

18

alike. In the Metro, ifan arro\\' is

poinring down, that means "go

here," not "go downsmir.s," But iran arrow is poinring in aH}' other

dreedan, go rhar \Vay.

In Pars, women can rde (he

Metro alone at night. The hes pic-

tures of the Eiffe! Towet should be

taken from the Palais de ehaillot

W here log O EIFFEL TOUR

lh is i s tlle mas! em blem a! ic (onslructior o f he

(!y. Bu il t in 1889 b y F ren ch a r chi ted , Gu s tave

E lffel .it boa s t s 17 one 01 t h e b e s ! v i s i t s i n Pa r s . T he

two f irs t sedions can be d(( l 'ssed walking up s tairs

and the la s t one b y elevalcr,

NOTRE OAME

O ne 01 the o ld l. "S1 Goth ic cathedra ls in France.

Surrounded bV lhe S iene, in the ~alt sland 01 Cit ,

it in sp i red \ 'ie to r Hu g o 1 0 . v ri te !he n ov~ Nou e

D am e de ?ais .

SACRE COEUR

1I is lo cd ted in the Mon tmame n e ig hb or~ ood , o ld

home lo art is ts and writers . . Thele is a basl ica on a

hiU mal you can reach after cl imbing a (cnsidera-

b le number of steps and tra",e ling on a C3b!e ra i!

way 18. I t is he seeond lTost important : i ty a fter

Notre Dame.

LOUVR E MUSEUM

l oca ted in the loU \ ' re Pa aee , tt llS is o re o f the

most impor tan! museums 311over the WO I d . ~ thas

a coUect ion of '8bout 300,000 a l t p ieces. o which

35 ,000 are exh ib i ted. Among he most sign if ican!

wo rk .s in exhib it ion , we ~ n d - l. l G loccn d a" by

L eon a rd o d a V in c i an d the .Ven u s d e ~ .MJ~

. .:

across the river (Trocadero MellO

stop.) Nobody eats dinner till 9

p,m., so if you want qllickcf serv-

ice eat at 8, and dot get over-

whelmed's by aH the choices of

places ro eat; ,hey're aH pretty

good. Watch out fot a 19.6 per-

cent sales tax on virtually cvery-

thing.

HOTEL OES I NVALlOES

There test he temains 01 Napolen Bonaparte. is

b u i ld in g d a tes b ack [O the XV I I cen tury an d i ts

construet ion was ordered b y lou ls XIV of France to

house19 the homeless war veterans..

LES CHAMPS ELYSES

l es Champ s E ly~ fs ~ 1880 meters long and Ihe

largest avenue h Par is. 11conoeets he Con.(de

Sq u a re w i th the A r c o f T r iu mp h, a 4 9 me le r-h ig h

and a 45 rneter.w ide monument, bu i l t a t the order

of Naooleon Bonaparte to Cele:) l "a le h is viaor~ in

the Batt le of Au~INhtz (1805) ,

THE P ALAC E OF VER SALLES

This old royal residence \'vas bult under me reign of

L u is X IV T he Y lo rJ :s ""e re ca rr ied ou t in hree

s la g F ro m 16 61 t o 1 66 8, w h en j was a hu n t

p a lac !, f rom 1 6 6 8 to 1 6 7 8 , when the royal cou r t

moved in there and t ina l1y, from 1 6 J 8 lO 1680,

when he chape was erected.

BASTlLLE OAY

Tnis c!!lebration :akes place every July 14m lo com-

memorale the s:ar t o f the F r t>rx::hRevolu tion with

he st>ize20 01 Bastil le. Visitors may enjoy militar)'

parades, fire'h'or:,s and the Firemen's BaH

The Palaee 01 Versalles was buill

under lhe reign of Luis XIV.The

works were carried out in three

slages. From 1661 lo 1668,

when it was a hunt palace, 'rom

1668lo 1678, when lhe royal

eourt moved in lhere and finally,

Irom 1678 lo 1680, when lhe

chapel was erected.

Even ,hough Paris is a formal city,

ie is pcrfecd}' Hne tu wear neat blllc

je .ll1s. It is nor fine ro ear or drink

anywhere in public except a cafe Of

rCHauranr unlcss YOil wam icy

starcs16

Thcrc's more, bur I f orgcl ir.

Anyway, these are all jUst de,aHs.

Paris is a fabulous city, and if rou

ger a chance to go there. }'OU

should do it. You will fee! at hume

and happy.

T r:lV (~lIm "s T ip s\'(hen ro go: Paris can be visited

any rime of rhe ye


21/52

. . . s u b s c r i b e t o

E X P A N D IT. ; ; '; ; ; ~ ~ ~ , , : : : , 7 : : : ; " : : : '- : : : " '~ - - - - - - - -frD '" " " " " "

_,4 _._..... tUUIPO I 5i;(;lI"IO~1>l!ifOIl~"l e

"~:;ll,A,AAJl.lllllo\"r.JO PI


22/52

20

1 By Aamer Madhani

As Iraq's President and afterwards, during the trialin which he was condemned to death.

Saddam Husseinis regime murdered at least 300,000

01 his eountrymen, aeeording toestimates by human-rights groups.

But Saddam also lelt a legaey in his

eountry as a sort 01 Mesopotamian

revolutionary: a nationalist leader

who stood up t03 the American

superpower.

He was born April 28, 1937, to a poor

lamily in the village 01al-Awja, near the city

01 Tikrit. His lather died belore he was born,

and he was sent to "ve with his maternal

uncle.

In 1957, he joined the Baath Party4.Two

years alter, he was bund eomplieit5 in a

lailed assassination attempt against

President Abdul Karim Qasim, and was

'oreed to f1ee6to Egypt. He returned to Iraq

in 1963 alter the eountry's lirst Baathist

regime took power In a COUp7.Fiveyears

later, a relative 01 Saddam's became

president 01 the Revolutionary Command

Council and he too k eharge 01 the nation's

seeurity apparatus'. On July 16, 1979,

Saddam loreed AI-Bakr to retire and was

sworn' in as Iraq's presiden!.

From his ascension to the presidency,

western governments -including the

United States- recognized Saddam as a

ruthless strongman, but someone they

could do business with.

From his aseension to the presideney, western

governments -including the United States- recognizedSaddam as a ruthless'O strongman, but someone they

could do business with. During :he 1980s, the U.S.

government tolerated Saddam because they had a

eommon enemy in the Shiite" theoeraey,2 that ruled

Iran. In September 1930, Saddarn launehed an

in'lasion, setting off13 an eight-year war in whieh the

U.S. supported his country by providing satellite

intelligenee and relusing to sell the Iranian military

spare parts 'or its mostly Ameriean-made weaponry

In August 1990, Saddam's troops invaded another oil-

rieh neighbor, Kuwait. That was when the U.s.

government stopped supporting him. From 1991 to

the end 01 Saddam's 'egime in April 2003, Iraq lived

under paralyzing Unit=d Nations sanetions that turned

the oil-rieh country into a Middle Eastbaekwater. But

it wasn't until the September 11th, 2001 attaeks that

tre U.S. tru1yloeused on ousting Saddam. Alter the

Taliban was ousted, 8ush cited evidenee that Iraq had

attempted to buy weapons-grade uranium in Alriea,

underseoring the need to take swilt aetion against

Saddam. The allegation later proved to be unlounded.

Without U.N. baeking and with a relatively small band

01 allies, the u.s. began the air assault on Baghdad

on Mareh 20, 2003. For more than eight months,

Saddam remained on the lam. On December 13th,

2003, U.S. Army soldiers eaught him erouehed" in a

hole dug in the Iloor 01 a mud hut'5 where he hid

with a pistol and several hundred thousand dollars in

cash. He was executed on Deeember 30th 2006 lor

the homicide 01 148 Shiites in 1982.AE


23/52

lE V l U PP E R N R M IA I VAN D 21

OVER HIS 24 YEARS AS PRESIOENT OF IRAQ, HE EARNEO THE MONIKER'

BUTCHER OF BAGOAO BY RULlNG WITH BRUTE FORCE,TORTURE

ANO CU NNING z. ALTHOU GH THE U.S. SUPP OR TEO HIM MA NY TIME S.

VOCABULARY

1moniker: (humorous) anamenrnickname 12 cunning: describes

people wha are:' dever at planning somcrhhg $0 Ch:H rhey gl:'t whac they

wam, cspt"Ciallybytricking orhcr people 1 3 stood up to: ro n: :s iH ar

refl.:sero be cowed by somebody ar ro re/i.m: ro b.lck down; tcmain salid

14 8aath Party: The Arab Sodalist Baa:h Party was foundcd in 1947

a.~a radical, sC'cular Ara.b nationalisr poli:icaJ parry I5 complicit:

nvolved in somcrhing iIIegal at wrong I6 flee: ro escape byrunning;1way. especia]])' beca use of dangcr nr rear I 7 coup: sudden Ilegal.

ofren valcor, taking of govcrnment powcr, cspccially by (pan of) :lO

:trmy I8 apparatus: :lOorganizadon or s)'Stcrn, cs~cially a politkal

om:19 sworn (partidple 01 5wear) In: (O induct into office by

administration of an oath 110 ruthless: wilhout ml : : rcy or pi!)' 111

Shiite: a membcr of dIe scccmd largest rdigiolls lllovement within

Islam. which is hascd 00 (he be:ief that AIi. a lm:mbcr of Moharnmcd'

famil)', aod the (cachen who Clme aftee hi:TI, were the true rcligiOlI1

eade" 112 theocracy: government of a u.ue by immediate divine

guidance or by o:Tldals who are rcgarded as divinely guided 1 13

set{ting) off: set io mOlion or cause ro hegin 114 crouch(ed):

with your knecs 1IeOlm tha( )'ou are close 10 (he ground a lcaning toward

,dighdy 1 1S mud hut: lemporary military sheher made of soft wel

eanh

- . :O N T H E C D A U D I O A R T l C lE & M O R E E X E R C I S E S


24/52

sc

Computer assembles.sean into 3-D image01 sample's surfaee

Needle seans aeross sample

Light detector senses tiny motions 01 needle2

3

Example: Image 01 microscopic diamond grains

grown on a carbon surlace

lcr

Needle support

Ultra-sharp needleSample

, ACTUAL ENGLlSH

Laser l ight bounees'off

a probe needle5

~

touehing sample4

Laser Light detector ,.

s P1

21

Sample

Needle

tapssample

Needle

hovers7

oversample

Needle

touches

sample

Light detector

~-

Needle ~. . . . . . . . ~~ Scaning path. , . - - - _ . . . . - "

.. -- . --... ~ . - " . . . .- _ - .- - _ . . . . - - - - . . ~~ _. . - - _ . . . . . _ . . . . _. .-

'\ . . . . . .- . . _ -. .

Scanning options

~ 1 nano: une billionrh lIO.')). S)'llIbol n 1 2 nanometer: a rnclric un:1 uflt'ngth equ.J fOone bi~li()nth of:llll::rrr

(0,000 noo r)() I o f J meud 1 3 bounce(s): 10 1ll0Vl' up or 3way alll'r hill.llg a ~urbl-C1 4 sample:.1 ~m;lll JnlllCll1 of.\ suh~[allcc Iha! :1dOt lOl


25/52

w ith a n .an o ' uiewAtomic force microscopes can see objects

as smal l as a nanometer 2, w hich is one-bil lionth of a meter or one-25 mi ll ionth

of an inch. A hair is about 75,000

nanometers thick.

Two atomic force microscopes;each is about the size of astandard tabletop microscope

01 sciclltisrwllcclS in Ol'tlcr to C'xamine irIS probe needle: a long thin mcta! {(xII that is pUl insidc something to lest 01 rtCord infornl.uion

16 assemble: to bring paru togcmer in a single group 17 hover{s): to ~mainiuspended over a place 01cbject


26/52


27/52


28/52

26 Music ACTUAL ENGLlSH .

DAVE "THE EDGE" EVANS: guilar,piano and vocal,.

B o m : A u g . B , 1961. Did you know1TheEdgegrew up in

Ireland,the ,on 0 1Wel,h parenls.Althoughhe vi,ited Wale>during

childhoodh oliday" he identifie>stronglywith hi, Iri,h tieso

PAUL "BDND" HEWSON: leadvacol, and guilar. Born:

M a y l O , 1 96 0 . D id yo u kn o w 1 Bonoadopted hi, name lrom the

BonoVoxHearingAidCa.,hop in Dublin.

LARRY MULLEN JR.: drummer.Born : O c t. 31, 1961. D idyo u kn o w 1Whilein high schao!.Mullenpinned a note up at

school a,king il olher ,tudenls were ntere>ted in forminga band.

PaulHew,on,Adam Clayton,and Da" and DikEvansresponded.

Dikleftthe band in 1978.

ADAM CLAYTON:ba". Born : Marc h 13, 1960.

D id yo u kn o w ) Claytonwa, born in Oxlord,England,and raised

inAfriea.Hi,familymovedto Irelandwhen he wa, 4.

VOCABULARY

When grunge brought sombemes'" ro rhe a irwaves in

,he '90s, ,he band launched imo rhe cyher-age carni -

vals of giant onsrage lemons and "Zooropa."

T ha t w illin gn es s r o e xp er im em a nd m or ph ', a nd r o

fai l if need he, i s one 'eason U2 has wound up in rhe

same cague as pop's o:her brand-name pioneers, from

rhe Beat les and Bowie on dnwn. And l ike so manv of

r ho se p re mie r a nists , ,h e b an d's s te alth s kill'o ' h as

bcen absorbing pieces of rh e culture around it. repro-

eessing them amI rati fying them for ,he wider puhl ic:

a maneuver found in U2 's dabblings in , echno, world

music. even gospel.

Bu, for a11the specific t raits U2 has hestowed" on ,he

pop scene -[rom innovations in coneen production

down ro the scrupulous ly s ,udied echo effec ts o f the

Edge's guirar- rhe band's bigger cOllrriblltion is somc-

thing less tangible. I t's ahout the infusion of a eenain

s pir it, o ne e m bo dy in g b oth p a" io n a nd s ma ns , lh at

scts rhe srage foc rhe iaresr chaprer in rock's cvolution.

Talk ro conrcmporary musicians, cven rhose enam-

ored of U2, and you 'l I be hard-pressed for e it at ions o f

band s tha t ha ve ex pl i:it ly mimicke d Bo no an d co m-

pany . Alth ol lgh ,he ea rly '80s prod llc ed a brief crop of

direct descendan,s (grollPS such as the Cal l, the Alarm

anJ Simple lv1inds) U2 never spawncd12

[he Icgions

8 somberness: ofa dhmal al d c : p r t " l S in g charactcrconvc)"lngrJoomy suggestiom 0 1 idC 'O U 19 morph: [Ochange shape 110 stealth skill: fhe

ability of doing somcthing dowly. quicll:", aud covenl)' , in arder to avoid delection I , 1 bestowed: giver,;ls J.11 hOllor or prcsc;llt 112spawn(ed):

[O lay eggs, metaphoricaUy, to bring f orm o to generaH:


29/52

W h a fS I h e s e c r e t o f U Z 'S s u c c e s s ?

An ability lO reshape e s musical direction and eOI1-

necI wirh an ever-growing legicn of loyal f.,ns.

U2 h"" traveled a serpentine crearive p:llh: lIS 1980

debut "Ibum, "Boy," featllred a distinctive blues and

rock slyle. Over rhe nexl decade, rhe band explored

U2 singer Bono adds a dramatic touch during a U2

concert at the MCI Center in Washington. O .e.

of imitatots in the mannet of Led Zeppelin Ot theVdvet Undetgtound.

So maybe the moS! crucial resulr 01 ' U2's break-

rhrough into internarional prornincl1cc was rhe parh

it paved. It can be hard 10 remember the day when the

sounds now so familiar wece rhe exclusive provincc of

whar was dubhed college tock. But before rhe atrival

and explosion of U2, aided hy rhe simulraneous

cfforts of R.EJv1., ir was cvell harder to imagine a

mainsrream embrace of rhe intclligenr, impassioned

music thal was evetyday fare a decade larer.

The Edge has said that Bob O)'lan once remarked ro

him: "Everybody's going 10 remember your songs; ir's

juSI rhat nobody's gonna be able 10 play rhem." For alJ

rhe grand pronounccments aboJt U2's originality and

impacr ayer rhe ycafs, rhar may b e r h e mase honest

lesramenr of them all.


30/52

28 Music' CTUAL ENGLISH LEVELS: ADVANCED I PROFICIENCY

V09'BULARY

U2

o

13 bluesy: comp(l~d llr pC'rt(>nnC'd in or like [hC' ~{~:IC'of [he blues J

14 vibe: J. di~[jncti\'c:t"mnnru] ;[rnmphere; ~cmnl illluitivc1}' 1 15

wane: [O wC'.lkt'O Itl mCIlFth or int1uence 1 16 slump: .l fall in lhe

priec. valuc, sJ1t'S,~,tL.117 zero in: !Oidemiry sHmclhing pm:bdy anJ

COnCCnl[, ;HCa1l e tTom on dl-Jing \Vilh ir 118 muses about: reOccts

Jeeply on (a suhjCi.:t) I 19 laureate: S


31/52

Creat iv i ty Cu b edGive an art director a $300 budget and

chances are it won'r be enough to really pimp

a pod" but it's a start.

W HEN THE BALCOMAgeney's principals, Stuart Balcom and

Broce McLain, decided ,hey needed new decor for ,heir

offices in Fon Worth, Texas, ,hey gave ,he same ,hing to

everyone on ,heir s,aff of 25: a customized2 desk modeled on ,he ad

ageney's signa,ure "B" logo, $300, and free reino W'ha, ,hey gOl in

retum eould fue! an HGTV show3 for half a season -wildly individua-

Iis,ie offiee spaees ,ha, rellee, ,he ereativity and personality of ,he inha-

bitams. Fram ,he eolors 'o plaeemen, of ,he fumiture, art, decora,ive

accessories, even their choice of shelves, nothing is (he same.

Balcom, 48, says ,he benefh fram sueh a small inves,mem helps ,he

Fort Worth-based eompany's bortom line: "!fyou ltt people express their

creativity. that he/ps lIS he/p ollr clients. 71)e change inspires everyone. "

Several years ago, the form began allowing employees to eustomize ,he

VOCABULARY

I By Na.ra Schoenberg

eompany business eards, choosing

their own combinadon of ink

colors and card stock, and adding

monikers4 under ,heir names

(Balcom is known as Stuar, "Boss

Hog' Balcom; ,he company's

CFO is "Daddy Warbueks.") This

break fram corpora,e lock-s,ep

was


32/52

Tin a Wid n er c h os e a b l u e an d s i l v er c o l or s c hem e.

there any vetting involved, any permission

slips [ha[ had to be signed?

"No."Balcom says.

Wha[ happens when someone leaves? Does

[he new hite ge[ [Oredeeota[e?

"w.don'f Ime people. "says Balcom. whose

elienrs inelude Harris Me[hodisr hospital,.

A1eon Laboratories. Jusrin Boors, Motorola

and RadioShack.

"If you're no[ losing, are you hiring?"

"w.'re lookingfor 1 1pub/ie refations person,

an art director, an accoun t ma nag er and a

pro ducton artist. ,/

Will [hey ge[ $300 ro decorare [hei[ cubes?

" }s , " he says.

Considering [he sense of ownership and

eommunal pride [ha[ me employees feel in

[he spec[acula[ [esulrs. Baleom should break

his a[m paning himself on [he back6. This

/l lf y ou l et p e o pl e ex p r es s th ei r c r eat iv i ty , t h at

h el ps u s h el p o u r c li en ts . Th e c h an g einspires everyone./I


33/52

Information technology spedalist Heagan

Bailey went for a living-room fee!.

was brilliant management. It ham't moved

him to change his wa)'s, rhough. His omee

is retro-ad-exee] wirh whire walls, funky

toys, sracks of paperwork and, inexplicably,

a monstrous splir-Ieaf philodendron8 rhar

looks like ir feeds on human sacriflce. The

good ncws: Should he ever decide ro bring

his omee good news: Should he ever decide

ro bring up ro the standards of his empJo)'e-

es, the talcm to do rhe makeover is

obviously close ar hand. AE

VOCABULARY

lEV EI5 A DV AN CED / PR O fIC IEN CY

Read ing-Com prehension

Check your comprehensio~ by selecting the

1 According to this article, an art director:

a > Will probably be satisfied with a $300 budget

to redecorate hislher eube

b> Will surely be enthusiastic about it, but will need

to add a few more dollars

c> Will work mirades and redecorate your entire

office 'pace with $300 .

2 When Balcom Agency's principals gave their staff a

300-dollar budget to redesign their office space, what

they got in return was:

a > customized desks modeled Jn the ad agency's

signature "B" logo

b> individualistic office spaces. very original and different

from ene another

c > a projeet to run a HGTV show for half a season

3 A precedent to this innovative idea was several

years ago when:

a > the firm began allowing employees to choose their

own combination of ink cobrs to print their reperts

b > the firm began allowing employees to customize

the eompany business cards

c> the firm began allowing employees use monikers

when chatting on messenger

4 According to the article, If Balcom ever decided to

redecorate his office:a > he would never be able to bring his office up to

the standards oi his employees

b > the talent to do the makeover is at hand, since

his employees demostrated Jutstanding skills

as desi9ners

e> he would have to hire an interior designer, since

there is no one around who could make him change

his ways

qIv 'q lE 'q ('q (LA" ti3MSN"

31

6 PATIING (HIMSELF) ON THE BACK: congratulating

(hiJ:lSclf) I 7 RETJ{O.AD-EXEC: [he: stfle of ;ln Ad

Execllrivc, Inoking at or copying lhe rast I 8

PHILODENDRON: ;1 dimbing phult wirh le-:l\'cs thar ;H1:

lIsually grcen and heart.shapcll

. ~O N T H E C D: A U DI O A RT IC LE & MOR E E X ER C IS E S


34/52

32

Dakar Rally Car

Max. output: 270 hp 15,500 rpm

MPR-13specifications

Improved

rigidity~ Integralmultitubular'

frame structure

Height:6.04 ft.(1.84 m)

Last year's winning team, Mitsubishi, partieipates thisyear with the newly developed MPR-13 Pajero

Evolution in a raee where enduranee' and navigationare as important as driving ski lis.

Modified engine: Moreresponsive; redueed weight;better fuel injeetion system- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6-eylinder, 24 valve- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Displaeement: 3997 ce

1 endurence: me abiliry or power of

someming ro bear prolonged exertion 01

hard.ship 01 in persistence over lime I 2

rigldity: me physical property of being

stiff and resisting bending I 3

multitubular: having many rubes 14

dampers: a friction device sonetimescaJli a ~shock absorlx:r" uS(:d for

controlling and damping spring

oscillarions I 5 wishbone(s): (he

radius rod setup used in many oi the oldc:t

ford C J.rs ro kecp the HIt' !iquare with the

frame I6 competition range: anarea in which somethinglsomebody

compc=res 17 maneuverability: Ihe

qualiry ofbeing Cbyto dirca Oldrive I 8

tire(s): tyre(UK), a thick rubber nng,

onen fllled with airo which is fitted around

the aurer ro g e of the whecl of a .chicle:.

allowing (he:"e:hicle to stick lO che:road

surface and to trave! over the: ground more:

e:asily

VOCABULARY

I f there is anything predictable

about w hat m ust be the

craziest motor sports event in

the wor ld, i t is that several

th ings w i ll happen during the

annual Par is-Dakar Ral li to

underscore i t as the cra,iest

motor spor ts event in the

wor ld. Or maybe the craziest

sporting event in the w or ld,

just abo ve c1 iff diving (th e

cantest in which compe:itors,

observed comedian Norm

McDonald, are either

contenders or stuff on a rock) .


35/52

33

Spare wheels:located in the back

Length:13.75

(4.19 m)

Tires:8Pressure is decided

befo re each race; air can be letout during race, but not added

4

Dampers:

Two shockspear wheel

Suspension:

Independent,

double

wishbones'

Fuel tank capacity: 132 gal. (500

Iiters), competition range6around497 mi. (800 km)

located in a iow, central

position for bettermaneuverability7and stability

@2006MCT

Source: Mitsubishi Motors, Oakar Rally organizersGraphic Ju!ta Scheibe, Morten Lyhne


36/52

weRe

ReturnMATCH

Gaad things carne in twas

VOCABl!LARV . __

Franeis Ford Coppola hasn' r d iree -

red a m ovie sinee 1997's "T he

Rainmaker," a mosrly well- reeeived

John G risham adapration that

e no co th e film m ak er 's w or k-fo r-

h ire' pe riod , S inee then he has bui lt

up his wine business, oversccn rc-

relcaseu versions of "Apocalypsc: Francis Ford Coppola

Now " , Th e 67 -y ea r-ol d en rh us iast

of many things is putring the finishing muches 00 "Youth Wirhotlt

Yomh," h is adaptat ion of rhe la te Romanian philooopher Mi teea Eliaoe 's

Worlo \XIar U-era novella2, T im R ot h a nd B ru no G an z s ta r i n th is s t or y

abom a bedriddenl elderly Romanian academic becoming mysrcriollsly

te juvenateo anO i1eeing the Nazis aeross several boroers,

1 work-for-hire: ancxceprion ro rhe general rule "Uf lhe pcnoil who ;lClUally creares

awork

i~

lhe legaJI)'.recognizl'd authoc of ,har work I2 noveUa: a work of f1etion intcrrncdiatc in lcngrh

and complexit}' berween a shorr srory 3nd a novel 1 3 bedridden: having 10stay in b l.'d bccause

of Hinesor injury 14 on the brin k: vcr}"nearlYi imrninC'm, ch~e IS hiatus: a short pau~ inwhich IICllhing happcns16 interweave(s): In intcnnix orImile inlextme Ilrumstrllnioll, al in

Ihe ca~ ufIhe threads ufa filml7 dodge(s) that bullet: 10 a..-oidsOlllclhing unpleasJIlI

Vera Faminga, an aetress who's been on

the brink4 01 big things lor years, can look

ba ck at the cr azy time in 2005 when she

was shoot ing both " lhe Depar ted ," in

which she plays a Boston police psycholo-

gis! . and "Breaking and Entering," in

which she 's Oana, a smoky-voiced London

streetwalker , and think about her do,

"1 had a six-week hiatusS, when Jack

Nicho lson was to be wor ki ng on 'lh e

Departed, ' so I shipped off to London lor

'Breaking and Entering, '" Farmiga recalls,

"And Ihad my 'Departed ' extensions under

my Oana wig,"


37/52

lEVElS I I 3 S

Professor Oscar's Academy Awards Quiz

TEST YO UR M O VIE KNO W LED G E

20 Wha l was lhe Iast fi lm to win Bes! Picture w"hout a single actingnOO1inaJion?

18 Wha l lwo ac lo rs won O sears for o p1ayinglhe sarne persono but indi f lerenl movies?

1 1

Name lhe on ly lh ree women lo be

o nominated Ior Best Dir9clor.

16 Whal is !he shortesto Oscar-winning performance?

19 Name lhe on ly lwo Bes! Ac tor o winners lo di r9cl lhel r ownOscar-winnlng per1ormance.

12 Wha l two ac lo rs were eacho ncminaled ler a l least seven actinga"ards and never won?

14 Name the lh ree mov ias where a l l

o members 01 lhe cas t werenominaled Ior an acl ing Osear.

17 Who hoIds Ihe record fo r o appearing in Ihe most f i lmsbelare winning an Osear?

13 Nome lhe on ly lwo peop le lo wino an acl ing award w hi le s larring ina bre ign language f ilm.

15 Who are lhe youngest and o ldesto persans to have beeo nomina ledlor an acl ing Osear?

1 O Whal two Hollywood lami lieso have \Von an Osear in lhreeseparate general ions?

7 Whal was Ihe f l rst oolor l ilm to wino Bes! P ic lu re and wha l was !he Ias lb lack and wh"e f ilm lo win Bes lPicture?

6 Wha l two l ilms were nominated lo r

o 1 I awards each. on ly lo wa lkhome wl lh nolhing?

5 Wha l l h ree l ilms won lhe lop l iveo awards (pic lure, d i rector, wri t ing,actor and acl ress)?

3 Wha l ooun l ry has won the mos lo Bes l Fore lgn Language F i lmawards?

4 Name a l l eas t Ih ree 01 the seveno loreign language f i lms lo be

nominated lor Besl Picture.

2 Whal f i lm reoelved only oneo nomlnal ion (Ior BeSl Pieture)and won?

8 Wha l l ilm, wh ich won lhe Osear fo r

o Best Fore ign Language F i lm. i s !helonges l mov ie lo win an award(7 hours and 33 minutes)?

9 Wha l i nd iv idua l has won !he mos l awards?

1 Wha l f i lm won Ihe mos l awards

o w l thou l winn ing Bes l P ie ture?

P IO fess ll 'O sear 'sG r a d e s

A t20eorr1d_

VOIiN lin O s e a "

O Jlp o rtl

A -

lo.14correct.

Youulil.lallt..l'Ill

TIM41PISSlJI

(

B

15-19t:OMd_

'l\:lu'1911 Win"Iil!le

OlCilf~

~o " " , " "

Whe'(!'IlIt1e SJIO'l'

IrlVliI?

&-10 COlTKI.

Votivewalc"'K!ar . , ., Oscat ' l l l lec l l4l l

t'1 yourdil) '

D, . & COITllot.

You worobol.l1dlo

g e l l O me r IQh I

W POllllIWOU I~J~81lJol.(IUJ~ (Jw UIUOItl~~/oI ilUO~L6~))JJc"" 'U 'H W3.eNO. "(,[:cId

'lC~l.&.I)I O\A10ILrnetI:t 6 u 1 l;j eIlllO PJ01. l lZ ()II,I'U6I) .lW'''IS- ' I~ J I' IO t' 99 6I )(9 6 E U JII I!V 1 '1 ilB 1 1 1 1 1 '1 .qI ' JO ' \ I l IB OlJ~l;j . J , I IO O M " u i J lA 1 0 ~ Q l , . ., l l . ~ " " "

puillfi"!lII;"lWl/H, iOlJIIOAIO lit~m"'l~S 6~ lijeln)

JI 18111'JlOtl8lU.-U!OJ'NeOJlW )1I.!1PO'D8I(Lnl/1~lISl' lllll.JOJ ~lEI~ ~UIoptJ'I!l8 :1lU081J" OIVIUO(]&JII,(~ ~ 1p.!Mll (;rel) .IJeU.(IM O\IJ..JOJUf'01I!NdoS "ti

lI()oII,lllO'II4:J UIIO~pr r j I l i1 :i lH). .' OUO H' ,!l ll ld ,

.:J!II'11~.1.l'l!llllllJ!nlG I!l1Ol'D Iq ""1P'f' lIU!~S 1"'9 WM~flIru:JlIq5u~, 11')101.10le) W114lM!S.(~ MlIIl6llrpI,U~ 'WI' lIW1!Ill\IlJO,I.IOPf

PUl!')lII1lW)I .Jl)WW)I..;q (a) AllltH lAl''Y''O;~ Ou~ IM'SIn'I\""'''''''''''''81t~

~ : A ca de my a l M ob or retu" AlU n SCJenCeS, '- leT Pholo

1M' 19ttlll. ' J)VI'lIlJJ '191t1.11 te ' Jrt8HJ..L' l/J. . J C K IPQI IO 18~ 110MU O f lI I IO H ~

( ~) . uo o IV I Nl 1 11 UllIOl.JO! ~

lI!U~lQl'llI9lA)" qo ~

.'~"Wlg_etQl.l~lII.PqlolCli'l

lIII"w':l*ll~tlllput' 1,L(l11JI*lI~

au..JOJ~ lASUOM'II(I(ldo:)

PJO:I.:M!'~~~~~'O~

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'M. pw 'PJliA'\IlI ~ lI(lIfIII~.-M'ellllllll)..r.-d P'" JII~tl

lt"IJ.I"1'~ .'(661) Jl'WII' II4l1f11\ toO{)."l

(Q1e~J.N'1!d JOIOO tIIJ..,(U/HI.JI1Od lluiw'l1 f\U. '9

1~1l6~1~1IllI~~S.

191I1),JaN '.00!P'1:l "IJtAO ~8l.l(),.(IteIIJIAN llIQJlfW CkItH \l.'9, _ . -.. . . . . . ,

~'H16.l~O' '~.iNI8ll.Il~ .",. trI.~I)~

flU./~'t.tell~pwMv,).

't~ .~.teLI~W3"U.11OWJ:1'B9511.z. '(


38/52


39/52


40/52

Do you have any doubts about English? Don't worry, thissection is what YOll 've been waiting for! Just drop LIS your

questions to [email protected].

ReadersJ

QUESTIONS

As you can see from the examples above, eolloea-

tions occur in different \vord caregories. So, ir js

imporranr ro bear in mind thar aH combinationsare !lor appropriare in English (and chis is a150

(he case in other languages). \X!henever you are

in doubt, [he best thing to do is ro check lear-

ners' besr friend: rhe dicrionar:.~

What are collocations and why is it

important to learn about them?

A eollocation is a word or phrase whieh is fre-

quently used with anorher word or phrase, in a

way that sounds correer ro native speakcrs oc

people who have spoken the language all their

lives.

Ir is ofren important to ehoose the righr eolloea-

tion in arder ro sound natural. Por examplc, an

adjective can be tlsed ro describe sorne nouns out

not others. We can say blonde woman or blonde

man but not 'blonde dog or 'blonde hOl". In

this case we say [ha[ blonde does no< eollocate

wi[h dog or horse. Many words in [he following

groups are restricted in similar ways:

adjectives and nouns

subjects and verbs

adjectives and prepositions

verbs and prepositions

verbs and objects

verbs and adverbs

a b l a n d e woman/man b u t

nol a 'b londe dog or hor se

lhe !el'phon, rang bu! nol

" the t e lephone sounded

lull 01 bul no! "full wirh

arrjve at bu! no! "a r r i ve to

w e d r i\ 'e a c a r b u t w e c a n 't

. .ddve a motorb ike

I slronglybelievebu! no!

"1 s trongly think

What is the difference between see

someone do/doing something7

As you have notieed, the verb to see may be tollowed by a

bare infinirivc (inHnirive withour 'ro') or an 'ing' form of

rhe verb, depending on rhe I11caning of [he sentence.

Please, notice rhe difTercnce in meaning bcrwccn rhese t\vo

sentcnces:

a I s aw h im e ro ss t he r oa d

b I s aw him e ro ss in g th e ro ad

In a) whar I am saying is rhar he crossed rhe road fmm one

side ro rhe orher and 1 saw the complete aetion.

In the case afb), I am saying thal he was erossing the road

when 1 saw him. hut 1 don'r kno\\' whethcr he arrived ro

the alher side beeallse 1 d idn ' t see he complete t lct ion .

What is the best way to open and c10se

business letters?

There are many opening and closing phrase, for business

leners, and your choice shollld be based on considerarions

of register (leve! af formality), addressee (wha YOllare wri-

ling ro) and subjeet marrer (tapie, what the 1et[er is abollt).

Although wriring business letrcrs and e-mails is a ropic rhat

needs a whole chapter. here are sorne tips and rricks for

crash-course carners:

10 Useful opening lines:

W i th r e le r ence to you r le tt e r 0 1 10 M ay, I ...

I am w r i ti n g l o en q ui re ab o ul . ..
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected].


41/52

After having rece ived your addres s I rom . o O , I ...

W e / l recenlly wrole lo you aboul . ..

Af t er having seen your adve rt is emenl in o O . ,

I would l ike oO'

I r ece ived your addres s l rom . .. and would l ike .. .

In rep ly to your l e tt er 01 10 M ay, .. .

Thank you lor your l e t t e r 01 10M a y .

Thank you lor your l e tt e r regard ing . ..

Thank you lor your l e t te r /e -ma il aboul . ..

10 U s e fu l c 1 0 s i n g li n e s :

I I you require any lur the r in lorma t ion , l eel I ree

t o c on la c t me .

I look lorward to your rep ly .

I l ook lorward lo hea r ing l rom you.

I look lorward lo s ee ing you .

P lease advice a s necessa ry .

W e loo k lorward lo a su(cess lul working re la tionship

in Ihe future .

I would apprec ia le your immedia le a tt en tion lO

this mat ter .

Should you need any lur the r in lorma lion , p l ease

do no l he si la le l o c on ta d me .

W e hope t ha t w e ma y c on li nue l o r e ly on you r

va lued cus lom.

Once aga in , I apologize ior any inconvenience.


42/52

.Beware o f fa lse fr iendsFdlse frie Ids are palrs of woras In two languages (or le ters In two alpr,abe s

that look anc!lor sound slmi al, but dlffer In meanlng.

It sometimes seems 10 be really easy to gue5s

the meanlng 01 some new words in English,

because they ook and lound very similar to

words In our nalive tongue. For example, it is

true that mas: words than end in -ein inSpanish can be translated into English by

changlng the suffix to -tion. And the pattern

holds true lor words such as 'constitucin'=

'constltution' and 'nacin' = 'nation'. But, what

about words such as 'decepcin') Does 'deception'

mean the same as 'decepcin') The answer is no.

'Decepcin' is a disapPolntment, not a 'deception'.

So, beware 01 lalse Iriends when you use newvccabulary in English. Below you will lind a list 01

ccmmon false Iriends

ENGl ISH MEA NING OF ENGl ISH WORO SPA NISH POSSIB LE SPA NISH/ENGlISH TRA NSL ATION

actual r e a l , e x i s t i n g i n fa n a ctu a l c u r le n t

assist to heb a s is t ir to a t te n d , to b e p r e s e n t

attend to 90 to an e\'entlplace a tender to s e r v e , to ta k e c a re o f

bil l ion 1,000,000,000 bi l ln 1,000,000,000)00 or a tr il l on in Am erican

and curren! S r i t sh En gl ish

c o m p l e x i o n th e c o lo r in g o f a p e r s o n " s s k ln c o m p le x i n ph)sio logica l bUl ld

(om p rom ise a n a g 'e e m e n t b y (o n c e s s io n c o m p r o m is o c o m m it m e n t

(ontest to compete fo r someth ing o r show c o n t e S ta r to an sw erd is a g r e e m e n t a b o u t a d e c is io n

d i s g r a c e emb arrassme nr ard the loss 01 otrer desgracia m is t a k e o r m is f c n u n e

people 's resp ect, cr beh avior " ,h ichc a u s e s t h is

dlsgusl d isapproval and d is l i\e at a s i ruat ion d isgusto m is fo r tu n e , a p a ln r u ! s it L J a t io no r p e r s o n 's o e h a v i: lu r , e tc .

e m b a r r a s s e d fee l ing asham ed O's hy em b ara zad c prenanr

j d io m a g r o u p o f w o r d s I n a f ix e d o r d e r th a t id io m a languageh a v e a p a r t ic u la r m e a n m g th a t is d i f f e r e n t

f r o m th e meaning~ o f e a c h w o r d 01

i t s o w n

moles l t o t o u c h o r a t t a c k s o m e o n e i n a s e x u a l molestar to upse t

w a y a 'J a in s t th e i r w is h e s

prelend to b e h a v e a s i f s o m e th in g is tn . .e V v h e n

you kn ow thar i r is nor, esp. in arder to pretender to e x p e c td e c e iv e p e o o le o r a s a g a m e


43/52

P r o v e r b s a n d SayingsAs you may probably know, a proverb is a simple and

concrete saying popularly known and repeated,

which expressesa truth, based en common sense or

the practical experience 01 mankind. Proverbs are

olten borrowed lrom different languages and

cultures, and sometimes come down to the present

through more than one language. It is interesting to

lind out that some Erglish proverbs are very similar toSpanish proverbs in lorm and meaning. Have a look

at the lollowing proverbs in English.

Do you know what they mean? Can you f ind

their counterparts in Spanish?

1 Eyelor an eye, tooth lor a tooth.

Z Too many cooks spoil the broth.

3 r t the cap flts, wear il.

4 Lucky at cards, unlucky in love.

S Never put off 'ti l tomorrow what you can do today.6 The early bird catches the worm.

7 A bird in the hand isworth two in the bush.


44/52


45/52

lE VE lS : A DV A NC ED I PRO'ICIENCY 43

Ch;lptcr 1 - Tht: Science of Deduction (excerpt)

IIERLOCK HOlMES

wok his borde

fmm rhe comer of

rhe mantdpicce, .1Ild

his hypoJermic syringe1

[mm its nc:1.tmomeco case. \Virh his

long. white, ncrvolls fingers he

adjustcu rhe Jclicare nccdle 3nu

mUed back his lefr shincuiT. For somc

ule rime his eyes Testeo dwughrfJlIy

upon lhe sincwy2 forcann ami wriSl,

aH dotred ami scarrcd \V irh innumer-

able PUIlClUfc-marks. F in ally , h e

thrusr] the sharp poinr hOl11e, prc~st.:d

down the finy pistoll, amI SJllk back

inro dle velvet-Iincd armchair wirh a

long sigh of sarisfanion.

Thf


46/52

44 Sto tellin CHAPTER 1 - THE SCIENCE Of DEDUCTlON

you say o be coused and excircd, but ir

is a parhological and rnorbid proccss

which involves increased rissue.

change and mar ar casI leave a pee-

manent weakness. You know, too,

whar a black reaccion comes upon

YOll. Surely [he game is hardly wonh

lhe andle. Why should you, for a

mere passing pleasure. risk (he 1055 of

{hose grear powers wich whid. yati

have beco endowed10? Remember

[har 1 speak nO[ only as ooe' conrade

to anorher bur as a medical mm [Q

Dne foc whose constirution he is ro

sorne extent answerable 11:'

He did nO[ seem offended. On [he

eontrary, he pUl his fingerrips

rogerher, and caned his elbO\\'S 00

{he afros of his chair, Iike ane wha

has a relish 12foc conversa don.

"My mind," he said, "rebels at stag-

narion. Givc me problems. give me

work, give me rhe most abstruse

cryptogram 13, oc [he mast nrricate

analysis, and 1 am in rny own proper

armosphere. 1 can dispense14 rhen

wirh artificial srimulants. Bur 1abhar

the duH rourine of exisrence. 1 crave

for mental exa1carion. That is ""hy 1

have chosen my own particular pro.

fession, or rarher creared ir, for 1 am

the only one in rhe world."

"The only unofficial detective?"

said, raising my eyebrows.

"The onlr unofficial consulting

detective," he answered. "1 am rbe last

and highest court of appeal in detec~

tion. When Gregson, or Lestrade, or

Arhelney Jones are out of their

depths15 - whieh, by [he way, is

their normal srare - rhe marter is

laid befare me. 1 examine rhe data, as

ao expert, and pronounce a special-

isr's apinion. 1 claim no credir in such

cases. My name figures in no newspa.

pero The work itself, [he pleasure of

finding a field for my peculiar pow-

ers, is roy highesr reward. Bur you

have yourself had sorne experience of

roy merhods of work in rhe Jefferson

Hope case."

"Yes, indeed," said 1 eordiaUy. "1 was

never so struck by anyrhing in my

Jife. 1 cven embodied it in a small

brochure, wirh rhe somewhar famas-

,ie [itle of'A Study in Searlel.' "

He shook his head sadly.

"1 glanced over ir," said he.

"Honesdy, 1 cannor congratulare you

upon ir. Derecrion is, or oughr to be,

an exact science and should be ((ear-

ed in rhe same cold and unemmiona!

manner. You have attempred ro

ringe16 it with romanticism, which

produces much rhe same effect as if

you warked a lave srory or an elope-

menr17 inco rhe fifth proposirion of

Eu:lid'8."

"BJr rhe romance was rhere," 1

remonsrrated. "1 couId nor ramper

wirh19rhe facrs."

"Some faets should be supp,essed, or,

ar least, a jusr sense of proponion

should be observed in treating ,hem.

The only poin! in the ea5e which

d~erved mention was the cucious

analytical reasoning from effects to

causes, by which 1 succeeded in

unravelling20 ir."

1 was annoyed at this criricism of a

wotk which had been speeiaUy

d~igned to please him. 1confess, too,

rhar 1 was irritated by the egotism21

which seemed ro demand thar every

line of my pamphlel should be devot-

ed ro his own special doings.

More than once dur-

ing ,he yeaes

thal [ had lived with him in Baker

Streer [ had observed that a smaU van-

iry underlay my companion's quict

and didactic manner. 1 made no

renark however, bU[ sat nursing rny

wounded lego1 had had a )ezaii bullet

through ir sorne time before, and

though ir did nor prevenr me from

walking ir ached wearily ar every

change of rhe wearher.

VOCABULARY __ o __ ~_ ~ -

10 endowed: providcd ar supplied or ~uipped .;m (cspeciaUyas by inheritana: or narurc) [11 answerable: rcspons:ble for something mat harpcos

112 abstruse: difficult tO undemand 113 cryptogram: a SIpCof word puzzle in which [Ot encodl. by a simplc ciphcr is ro be dccodcd 114dispense with: to get lidof somcthir,g or somconc or stop using thcm because}'Oll do nat needthcm 115 out 01 their depths: out of a state (lf

p~chological or .in.tdlcctual dcpth 116 tinge: a vel)' slighe amoum ofa color ar ofa feding 117 elopement: chc ao af running away with a lover 118

~Ifth proposltlon 01 Euclid: Grtt1. ~metcr (3rd a:nrury BC).Euclid derivcd much of the planar gco;'Tlcu)'rom Avepo.'itulatc=s,me fifth of which

1S the ~OSt complex onc 119 ta~per wlth: imcrfere or mcddJe, espcdally jn a harmful way120 unraveling: ro rc:solveme intricacy, complexiry, or

obscumy of: ciar up121 egotlsm: rh:-tendcncy to t.hink only aboue yoursclf a:ld ronsiclcr }'oursclfbencr c.ndmore important than other people


47/52

"My pracrice 1135extended rcccnrl)' ro [he Conrinen[," said

I-Iolmes arll'r a while, f1l1ingup his (lId hricr-roOl pipen.

"( was cOllSlIhed last wcek by Francois le Vilbrd, \vho, as

Y0l! probahly know, has come rarll(:r(Orhe fmm !arely in

Ihe French tlerc:c[ivcservice. He h;;sall the CeItic powcr of

quick ilHuition hu[ he is deflck.nt in thl' \'Iide rauge of

cxact knowlcdge which is essellli~11ro lhe higher devdop-Illents uf his arto The case \va.~COlll:CfllCJwirh a will ;lIld

posscssed sorne fe;llures ofintlTesr. 1was ahle ro refer him

to rwo parallcl C1St:S, the one at Rig;l in 1857, and the

o[her ar St. Louis in 1871, which Ilavc slIggesred 10him

lhe Irtle solutioll. IleH' is rhe ICHerwhich I h;ul Ihis mOT!l-

ing acknowledging 111)' ;lssistallcc."

He IOsscdover, as he spoke, a crumplcd23 sheet of forcign

lIotepaper. 1ghtlKeJ my eyes dowll ir, c:uching a profusion

of notes of admiration, with sual' rnagnifiques24, coup-dc-

maitres ami tours-de-force25, all lt'stifying ro the ardcnt

admiration of the Frenchman.

"He speaks as a pupil ro his masrer," said l.

"Oh. he rates my assi.srance too highly," .said Sherlock

Holmes lighrly. "He has considerable gifrs himself. He

possesses [\'{o out of the rheee qualities neeessary for the

ideal detective. He has rhe power of observadon and [hat

of deduction. He is only waming in knowledge, and that

mal' come in rime. He is now translating m}' small works

imo French."

"Youe works?"

"Oh, ddn't you know?" he cried: Iaughing. "Yes, I have

beco guilry oEseveral monographs. Thel' area H upan teeh~

nieal subjects. Here. foe examFie, is one 'Upon rhe

Distincrion between [he Ashes of e Various Tobaccos.' Init I enumerare a hundred and fOH}'forms of cigar, ciga-

rcue, and pipe lohacco, with colou[(,'(1piares illustrating

the difference in the ash. Ir is a poilH which is conrinually

turning up in criminal rrials, and which is sometimcs of

suprcme importance as a due. If you can 5a)'defini[e1y, ror

example, tha[ some murder had been done by aman \'Vho

was smoking an Ind3n lunkah, it obviously narrows your

VO~B_UL~RY __ _ __ _

22 brier-root pipe: sa pipe maCe:of an e\'ergrcen ITcclikcMediterranean mrub having fragranr wh le Huwcr~ in large- terminal

par.ides and hard wondy mots useu 10 make tobacco pipes I 23

crumpled: full of irregular folds or wrinkles I 24 magnifique:

(Frrnch) wonderful. ~plendid. glorious. excellentI 25 tours-de-force:a feat or display of stTC'ugth.skill. or ingenury

- - - ,

l EV El S: A DV AN CE D I PROFICIENCY

Reading-Comprehension

and vocabulary expressions

Choose the to replace

the words underlined in the followingsentences from "Sign of Four"

1 Three time5 a day for many month5 I had

witnessed this performance, but cU . . i . tom haJi

not recJl(iled my mind

Actual English 1 - Actual English

Documents

Transcript of Actual English 1 - Actual English