Activities Related to Earthquake-proofing of Drinking-Water Infrastructure in the Japan Water Research Center (JWRC)

Mikita Amano Japan Water Research Center

Today’s topics●Current situation of earthquake-

resistance of drinking water facilities

● Plans to upgrade the earthquake-resistance of facilities

● Simplified method of evaluating earthquake-resistance of water facilities

● Conclusion

Current situation of earthquake-resistance of drinking water facilities using PIs

Earthquakes in recent years

13,0006.925 March,2007

NotoPeninsula

130,0006.823 October,2004

NiigataChuetsu

1,270,0007.217 January, 1995

Hyogoken-Nanbu

Interruption(Households)

MagnitudeDateName of Earthquake

59,0006.816 July,2007

NiigataChuetsu-oki

6,0007.214 June,2008

Iwate-MiyagiNairiku

Noto Peninsula

Chuetsu-oki

What are “PIs” ?－ JWWA published “Guidelines for the Management and Assessment of Drinking Water Supply Service” in January 2005.－ The Guideline defines 137 PIs (Performance Indicators), including indicators for earthquakes.

JWRC has analyzed PIs of utilities in Japan.

Current situation of earthquake-resistance using PIsPIs related to earthquake-resistance

Average

FY2005

Average

FY2006

PI-2207 : Ratio of earthquake-resistant treatment facility (%)

12.4

PI-2209 : Ratio of earthquake-resistant service reservoir (%)

20.1

PI-2210 : Ratio of earthquake-resistant pipeline (%)

10.8

13.0

11.9

23.0The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has set a target that these ratio for main facilities and water pipes of 100% by 2025.

Plans to upgrade the earthquake-resistance of drinking water facilities

－ MHLW published “Guidelines for Planning to Upgrade the Earthquake Resistance of Drinking-Water Facilities” in April 2008

JWRC published “Explanatory Manual of the Guidelines for Planning to Upgrade the Earthquake Resistance of Drinking-Water Facilities” in October 2008, which includes explanations and reference materials for the guidelines.

Development of JWRC’s manual

Planning procedures to upgrade Earthquake Resistance

Setting objectives for earthquake-proofing

Predicting seismic damage to drinking-water facilities

Determining the methods to formulate plans for earthquake-proofing

Selecting techniques of earthquake-proofing

Ｒm(α)＝Ｃp×Ｃd×Ｃg×Ｃl×Ｒ(α)Ｒm(α) ： Breakage rate against maximum acceleration [spot/km]Ｃp ： Correction factor for type of pipeＣd ： Correction factor for pipe diameterＣg ： Correction factor for terrain and soilＣl ： Correction factor for liquefactionＲ(α) ： Standard break rate [spot/km] （＝2.88×10-6×（α-100）1.97）α ： Maximum acceleration of earthquake motion［gal］

Pipe type Ｃｐ Pipe diameter Ｃｄ Terrain and soil Ｃｇ Liquefaction Ｃｌ

DIPDIP(S, NS, etc.)CIPSPVPACPOther

0.30

1.00.31.01.21.2

-φ75φ100-φ150φ200-φ450φ500-

1.61.00.80.5

Modified mountainous areaModified hilly areaValley, former water areaAlluvial flatHigh-quality ground

1.11.53.21.00.4

NoneMediumHigh

1.02.02.4

Estimating the rate of broken pipesand joints (eq-1)

The

Rat

e of

drin

king

wat

er s

ervi

ceab

ility

at th

e be

ginn

ing

of re

stor

atio

n w

ork

(%)

Breakage rate of water pipes (spots/km)

Kobe city

Nishinomiya city

The rate of drinking water serviceability- 1.38 ×Ｘ× 100

1

1 + 18.31 ×Ｘ3.05

（Ｘ＜0.50）

（Ｘ≧0.50）

［X: Breakage rate of water pipes (spots/km)］

=

= × 100

Estimating the rate of drinking-waterserviceability at the beginning of restoration work (eq-2)

Estimating the rate of drinking-water serviceability<using eq-2>

● population interrupted

● amount of water for emergency supply

● number of broken pipes

●period of restoration

Estimating break rate at pipes and joints<using eq-1>

Predicting seismic damage to drinking-water facilities

●Predicting damage●Determining countermeasures

Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake(Kobe city HP)

Simplified method to evaluate earthquake -resistance of drinking water facilities

14

This manual will:● enables the user to assess performance of drinking-water facilities , including earthquake resistance. ● Provide users with simple “Check-sheet” to evaluate earthquake-resistance.

Technical Performance Assessment Manual for Drinking Water Facilities

PA of Individual facilities

End

PA of Facilities Overall

Implementation of improvement measures

Selection of optimal improvement measure(s)

Are the required performance levels

being met?

Interpretation of PA results

YesNo

<PA target>-coagulation basin-sedimentation basin-rapid sand filter-distribution reservoir-individual pipes, etc.

Performance Assessment (PA) Procedures<PA target>

-intake system-conveyance system-purification system-transmission system-distribution system, etc

PAC adsorption facilities

0

20

40

60

80

100

Disinfection facility

0

20

40

60

80

100

Overall score

Basic performance

Aging

Technicallevel

Overall score

BasicperformanceTechnical

level

Aging Earthquake-resistance

16

Earthquake-resistance

PA results of Individual facilities

“CHEAK SHEET”

Category For water pipe bridgeItems Category Weight Factor Point Remarks

GroundType Ⅰ 1.0

Type Ⅱ 1.4

Type Ⅲ 1.2

Pipe TypeDuctile cast iron 1.0

Cast iron 2.4

JointsExpansion, anti-slip-out mechanism type 0.5

Other joints 1.0

Seismic Intensity

(Japanese scale)

５ 1.0 Levels according to the Japan Meteorological Agency

６ 2.2７ 3.6

EarthquakeResistance

High 14＞Medium 14～28

Low 28＜

“CHECK-SHEET” for Earthquake-Resistance(For Water pipe bridges)

1.4

9.7

1.0

0.5

2.2×

×

×

●MHLW has set the earthquake-proof ratio for main drinking water facilities and pipes at 100% by 2025.●PIs indicate earthquake-resistance ratio of drinking water facilities, and they show that currently Japan’s facilities have unsatisfactory earthquake-resistance. This situation is slowly improving.●Implementing an appropriate earthquake-proofing plan is essential.●MHLW’s published “Guideline for Planning to Upgrade the Earthquake-resistance of Drinking Water Facilities” to help utilities improve earthquake-resistance. ●“Technical Performance Assessment Manual for Drinking Water Facilities” will enable users to easily evaluate earthquake-resistance through simple “CHECKSHEET”.●Through these efforts, this situation will be great improved.

Conclusions

Thank you for your attention.

“PI-2207” : Ratio of earthquake-resistant treatment facility (%)Capacity of earthquake-resistant purification facilities(m3/day)Capacity of all purification facilities(m3/day)= ×100

Ratio of earthquake-resistant treatment facility

1302

AverageFY2005 : 12.4%

↓FY2006 : 13.0%

“PI-2209” : Ratio of earthquake-resistant service reservoir (%)Capacity of earthquake-resistant service reservoirs(m3)Capacity of all service reservoirs(m3)= ×100

Ratio of earthquake-resistant service reservoir

984

AverageFY2005 : 20.1%

↓FY2006 : 23.0%

“PI-2210” : Ratio of earthquake-resistant pipeline (%)Length of earthquake-resistant pipelines (km)Total pipeline length (km)= ×100

Ratio of earthquake-resistant pipeline (%)

Average (core pipeline)FY2005 : 10.8%

↓FY2006 : 11.9%

Evaluation of Current Function(Distribution System)

Function Category Evaluation Indexes

BasicPerformance

Hydraulicfunction

1.Securing ratio of optimal hydrodynamic pressure(%) 2.Securing ratio of optimal hydrostatic pressure (%) 3.Distribution reservoir storage time (hr)4.Total storage time (hr)

StructureEarthquakeresistance

8.Water distribution facilities earthquake resistance (-)9.Available water capacity in emergencies (L)10.Ratio of installed emergency stop valve (%)11.Ratio of earthquake-resistance pipeline (%)

Redundancy 12.Distribution water capability in emergencies (-)

Maintenance Certainty24.Adequacy of drawing management (-)25.Saving of maintenance (-)26.Adequacy of maintenance (%)

※ Items on earthquake-proofing :“Diagnosis of Facilities’ Earthquake-resistance”

Purpose of Function Diagnosis and Evaluation Manual

Purpose : To enable drinking-water utilities to independently evaluate.

－ Evaluating the current function of existing water supply facilities.

－ Preparation of plans for improving facilities that performance has declined.

・ Commissioned by the Ministry of Health, Labour and welfare.

・ Distributed to prefectures and utilities in July, 2005.・ Available to download from web site of the Ministry.

http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/kenkou/suido/index.html

Function Diagnosis

Present Future

Func

tion

of fa

cilit

ies

Present function of facilities：a

c

Room for functionimprovement : d

e : Required function

Upgrade

Required level of function

Decline in function : b

ｰ Grasp the Present function of facilities (a) or the Estimated function of facilities (c)

ｰ Determine the Room for function improvement (d)

Ratio of Earthquake-proof Facilities

20% 30%14%

Rat

io o

f Ear

thqu

ake-

resi

stan

ce (%

)

The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has set up the target that the ratio of earthquake –proof of main facilities and distribution mains should be 100% by 2025.

Ratio of Earthquake-proof : 100% by 2025

100

80

60

40

20

0

Score of overall functiondiagnosis points : 61

Distribution Distribution Distribution DistributionReservoir A Reservoir B Reservoir C Pump A

Indication and Examination of Evaluation Results

Score of individual function diagnosis The lowest

This should be improved !

28

0

20

40

60

80

100

着水

井

薬品

注入

設備

凝集

沈澱

池

急速

ろ過

池

浄水

池

消毒

設備

粉末

活性

炭吸

着設

備

濃縮

槽

天日

乾燥

床

高圧

受変

電設

備

自家

発電

設備

動力

制御

設備

計装

設備

監視

制御

設備

Equipment

Score

粉末活性炭吸着設備

0

20

40

60

80

100

施設評価

機能状況

管理状況

老朽化状況

技術水準

消毒設備

0

20

40

60

80

100

施設評価

機能状況

管理状況

老朽化状況

技術水準

Indices Score

Example of Performance Assessment Results

PA of Individual facility

PA of Overall facilities

Result of undertakings (II)

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

0 20 40 60 80 100Ratio of Pipe with Low Earthquake Resistance (%)

Dam

age

Rat

io (N

umbe

rs/k

m)

Relationship between Ratio of Pipeline with Low Earthquake-resistanceand Damage Ratio

City A (Hyogo)

City K (Hyogo)

City T (Hyogo)

City M (Hyogo)

City O (Niigata)

City G (Niigata)

City N (Hyogo)

Pipeline with lowearthquake-resistance- Gray cast iron pipe- High density polyvinyl

chloride pipe - Asbestos cement pipe

※ Earthquake damage reduction must be due to the improvement of earthquake resistance of pipelines and the preparation of earthquake disaster measure manuals.

ConclusionPreventive maintenance of the facilities is important.

－ Function diagnosis according to function diagnosis and evaluation manual must be carried out, and the effort must be made to enhance facilities functions.

－ Analysis of the water supply facilities assets based on PIs is very useful to demonstrate the necessity for ensuring the earthquake-resistance of facilities.

－ In Japan, earthquake-proofing of facilities was conducted based on past experience, and the effect has begun to appear against earthquake damage.

Percentage of Projects Planned for Enhancing Earthquake Resistance of FacilitiesPopulation

ServedProjectsPlanned

NotPlanned

PlanningRatio

More than 500,000 17 5 77.2%More than 200,000 33 39 45.8%More than 100,000 45 63 41.7%Less than 100,000 63 155 28.9%Water Wholesaler 44 42 51.2%Total 202 304 39.9%

Japan Water Research Center prepared the “Waterworks Facilities Function Diagnosis Evaluation Manual” which can contribute to earthquake-resistant water supply facilities.