FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

BUDHA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY

GAURAV VASHISHTH

ACTIVEFIRE

PROTECTION

INTRODUCTIONFIRE SAFETY IS A SUBJECT CONNECTED NOT ONLY WITH HUMAN AND PROPERTY SAFETY BUT IS RELATED WITH DESIGN OF BUILDINGS AND THEIR SERVICES. FIRE ALTHOUGH A GOOD FRIEND OF HUMANITY, WHEN IT SPREADS UN-CONTROLLED, IN BUILDINGS CAN BE VICIOUS ENEMY RESULTING IN HEAVY LOSS OF PROPERTY AND LIVES.THEREFORE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES, BOTH IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND IN COMMERCIAL/ INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES, HAVE ASSUMED A GREAT ROLE IN RECENT YEARS IN OUR COUNTRY.

FIRE SCIENCEFIRE IS THE PROCESS OF BURNING. IT IS INFACT A CHEMICAL REACTION INITIATED BY PRESENCE OF HEAT ENERGY IN WHICH A SUBSTANCE COMBINES WITH OXYGEN IN THE AIR AND THE PROCESS IS ACCOMPANIED BY EMISSION OF ENERGY IN THE FORM OF HEAT, LIGHT AND SOUND. THEREFORE, THREE ELEMENTS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR COMBUSTION I.E. ACOMBUSTIBLE MATTER I.E FUELOXYGEN SOURCE OF HEAT, SPARK FLAME ETC.

THERE ARE 4 CLASSES OF FIREClass AORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES OR FIBROUS MATERIAL, SUCH AS WOOD, PAPER, CLOTH, RUBBER, AND SOME PLASTICS.

Class BFLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS SUCH AS GASOLINE, KEROSENE, PAINT, PAINT THINNERS AND PROPANE

Class CENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, SUCH AS APPLIANCES, SWITCHES, PANEL BOXES AND POWER TOOLS.

Class DCERTAIN COMBUSTIBLE METALS, SUCH AS MAGNESIUM, TITANIUM, POTASSIUM, AND SODIUM.

FIRE PROTECTIONA METHOD OF FIRE PROTECTION INVOLVES THE CONVEYANCE OF WATER I PIPES TO EXTINGUISH FIRE WITHIN A BUILDING FALLS INTO THE FIELD OF PLUMBING. WATER MAY BE SUPPLIED THROUGH RISER PIPES OR STANDPIPES. A RISER OR STANDPIPES WITH HOSE CONNECTIONS IN A TALL BUILDINGS MAY BE FED FROM STORAGE TANK, FROM PUMP OR FROM A MOBILE PUMPING ENGINE IN THE STREET CONNECTED TO A BREACHING OR ‘SIAMESE POST’AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER ARE THE DEVICES THAT DISCHARGE WATER AUTOMATICALLY WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF AIR SURROUNDING SPRINKLER REACHES A PREDETERMINED LEVEL.

FIRE PROTECTION IN LAND-BASED BUILDINGS, OFFSHORE CONSTRUCTION OR ONBOARD SHIPS IS TYPICALLY ACHIEVED VIA ALL OF THE FOLLOWING:PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION - THE INSTALLATION OF FIREWALLS AND FIRE RATED FLOOR ASSEMBLIES TO FORM FIRE COMPARTMENTS INTENDED TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF FIRE, HIGH TEMPERATURES, AND SMOKE.ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION - MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION OF FIRES, SUCH AS FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND (FIRE ALARM) SYSTEMS.

COMPONENTS

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTIONACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (AFP) = IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF FIRE PROTECTION. AFP IS CHARACTERISED BY ITEMS AND/OR SYSTEMS, WHICH REQUIRE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF MOTION AND RESPONSE IN ORDER TO WORK, CONTRARY TO PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION.

CATEGORIES OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTIONFIRE DETECTIONFIRE IS DETECTED EITHER BY LOCATING THE SMOKE, FLAME OR HEAT, AND AN ALARM IS SOUNDED TO ENABLE EMERGENCY EVACUATION AS WELL AS TO DISPATCH THE LOCAL FIRE DEPARTMENT.

HYPOXIC AIR FIRE PREVENTIONFIRE CAN BE PREVENTED BY HYPOXIC AIR. HYPOXIC AIR FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEMS, ALSO KNOWN AS OXYGEN REDUCTION SYSTEMS ARE NEW AUTOMATIC FIRE PREVENTION SYSTEMS THAT REDUCE PERMANENTLY THE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION INSIDE THE PROTECTED VOLUMES SO THAT IGNITION OR FIRE SPREADING CANNOT OCCUR.

REQUIREMENT OF WATERTHE QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED FOR FIRE EXTINCTION DEPENDS UPON THE MAGNITUDE OF FIRE AND DURATION TAKEN TO EXTINGUISH IT. THE USE OF NON-POTABLE WATER SHOULD BE AVOIDED FOR THE FEAR OF CROSS CONNECTION AND SUBSEQUENT HEALTH HAZARDS.THE SIZE OF MAIN RING, DRY RISER AND WET RISER, FOR FIRE FIGHTING WITHIN A BUILDING, IS DESIGNED KEEPING IN MIND THAT A DISTANT HYDRANT WILL DISCHARGE ABOUT 1000 LITRES PER MINUTES AT 3.5 KG/SQ.CM PRESSURE. AND AT ANY GIVEN TIME AT LEAST TWO HYDRANTS ARE IN OPERATION.

STORAGE OF WATERA SUFFICIENT QUALITY OF WATER FOR THE PURPOSE OF FIRE FIGHTING OF THE BUILDING MUST BE MADE AVAILABLE IN AN UNDERGROUND TANK WITHIN THE PREMISES. TANK CAPACITY MAY BE TAKEN AS 30 MIN WATER SUPPLY AT 1000 LITRES PER MINUTES THE WATER TANK AND COVER SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO TAKE LOAD OF 18 TONNES VEHICULAR LOAD IF FLUSH BELOW GROUND LEVEL.THE FIRE FIGHTING STORAGE AND PUMPS REQUIREMENTS AS PER DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATION OF THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI

SYSTEMS OF FIRE FIGHTINGIT MAY BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS EXTERNAL (CITY) AND INTERNAL ( BUILDING) FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

EXTERNAL FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMFIRE HYDRANT ARE GENERALLY LOCATED AT A DISTANCE APART OF ABOUT 90 M TO 120 M IN INHABITANT AREA AND ABOUT 300 M IN AN OPEN AREA. ONE FIRE HYDRANT FOR EVERY 4000 TO 10000 SQ. AREA IS NORMALLY PROVIDED.HYDRANTS ARE GENERALLY PROVIDED AT STREET CROSSINGS, WATER DEMANDS OF ONE LITRE PER HEAD PER DAY IS CONSIDERED FOR FIRE HYDRANTS. FIRE HYDRANTS ARE OF TWO TYPES PILLAR OR POST HYDRANT AND SUNK OR FLUSH HYDRANTS.

PILLAR OR POST HYDRANT THESE HYDRANT REMAIN STANDING ABOVE GROUND LIKE A POST BY ABOUT 0.9 M TO 1.2 M AND CONNECTED TO A WATER MAIN UNDERGROUND. IT CONSISTS OF A SLUICE VALVE, A DUCK FOOT BEND, A 65 MM DIA POST ONE, TWO OR THREE OUTLETS. THESE OUTLETS ARE SPACED AROUND THE PERIPHERY OF THE HYDRANT BARREL

FLUSH HYDRANT THESE HYDRANT ARE INSTALLED UNDERGROUND IN A BRICK OR CAST IRON CHAMBER WITH ITS TOP COVER SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE STREET LEVEL. LETTER F.H. ARE INSCRIBED ON THE TOP OF COVER FOR IDENTIFICATION. A FLUSH HYDRANT CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING COMPONENTS, ONE SLUICE VALVE, A DUCK-FOOT BEND, A 65 MM DIA INSTANTANEOUS TYPE COUPLING.

INTERNAL FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMTHE LOCAL SELF GOVT I.E. MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES HAVE BEEN EMPOWERED TO MAKE BY LAWS TO PROTECT LIVES & PROPERTIES FOR FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM WITHIN THEIR MUNICIPAL LIMITS. THESE BYLAWS ARE GENERALLY BASED ON NFPA (NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ACT).

RESIDENTIAL PREMISES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMFIRE HOSE SYSTEM DRY RISER/ WET RISERAUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMSPOTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS,FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

INDUSTRIAL FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMHIGH VELOCITY WATER SPRAYMEDIUM VELOCITY FIRE SPRAYFOAMDRY CHEMICAL POWDERCARBON DIOXIDE ALARM GONGPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERFIRE ALARM SYSTEM

THIS SYSTEM INVOLVES THE INSTALLATION OF VERTICAL RISER PIPE WITH HOSE CONNECTIONS AT STRATEGIC POINTS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING. THE STANDPIPE OR RISER CAN BE KEPT FILLED WITH WATER IS KNOW AS WET RISER SYSTEM OTHERWISE IT IS KNOWN AS DRY RISER SYSTEM

FIRE HOSE SYSTEM

HOSE SYSTEM

DRY RISER SYSTEMA DRY RISER SYSTEM OR DRY PIPE SYSTEM IS MADE OF COMPLETE WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH SPRINKLER HEAD OR RISERS AND BRANCHES WITH HYDRANTS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDINGS IN WHICH THERE IS NO RUNNING WATER. IN THE SPRINKLER SYSTEM THE DRY PIPE SYSTEM IS USED PARTLY TO PROTECT THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDINGS AGAINST HAZARDS OF BURST AND LEAKY PIPE TO AVOID FREEZING OF WATER IN THE PIPES.WATER IS TURNED INTO WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM EITHER AUTOMATICALLY OR MANUALLY ON THE OUTBREAK OF FIRE OR THE SOUNDING OF ALARM GONG TO SMOTHER OR EXTINGUISH FIRE.WHEN THE FUSE MELTS IN DUE TO THE HEAT GENERATED BY FIRE, WATER GUSHES IN AND AIR EXHAUSTED THROUGH THE SPRINKLER HEAD QUICKLY.IN THE PREACTION SYSTEM WATER IS ADMITTED TO THE SYSTEM BY A VALVE ACTUATED BY A THERMOSTATIC CONTROLLED DEVICE THAT FUNCTION IN ADVANCE OF THE SPRINKLER SYSTEM.THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IS LAID WITH A SLOPE OF ABOUT 1:200, SO THAT THE COMPLETE WATER IS DRAINED OUT OF THE SYSTEM.PROVISION OF NECESSARY PRESSURE GAUGES IS MADE ON MAIN WATER SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION, AIR TANK, PUMPS, ETC.

WET RISER SYSTEMTHE PROVISION OF WET RISER SYSTEM WHENEVER MADE FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:THE WET RISER ARE DESIGNED FOR ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ACCORDING TO HEIGHT OF BUILDINGTHE FIRST RISER UP TO 60 M HEIGHT SHOULD BE 10 CM DIATHE SECOND RISER UPTO 100M HEIGHT OF 15 CM DIATHE THIRD RISER UPTO 150 M HEIGHT OF 15 CM DIATHESE RISERS ARE CONNECTED TO FIRE PUMPS SEPARATELY PROVIDED FOR THIS PURPOSE IN THE BUILDINGSA WET RISER MUST BE PROVIDED NEAR THE ENCLOSURE STAIRCASE.THE PIPE FITTING SHOULD BE APPROVED MAKE AND QUALITY BY THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY.

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMAUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS ARE CONNECTED TO A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. A SPRINKLER NOZZLE IS CLOSED BY A FUSIBLE PLUG THAT MELTS AT A PREDETERMINED TEMPERATURE, ABOVE NORMAL ROOM TEMPERATURE, RELEASING WATER TO FALL ON THE SOURCE OF HEAT.

SPRINKLERS HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF QUICKLY SUPPLYING WATER TO FIRE BEFORE IT GAIN DANGEROUS HEADWAY AND OF PREVENTING THE ACCESS OF AIR TO THE FIRE BY SMOTHERING IT WITH WATER. IN SOME CASES AN OPEN HEAD SPRINKLER SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING IS PROVIDED

SPRINKLER CLASSIFICATIONSPRINKLER BASED ON RELEASEFUSABLE ELEMENT SPRINKLER IS OPENED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT BY THE MELTING OF EUTECTIC METAL OR CHEMICAL

GLASS BULB SPRINKLERS ARE OPENED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT BY THE DESTRUCTION OF THE GLASS BULB THROUGH PRESSURE OF THE FLUID ENCLOSED THEREIN.

GLASS BULB SPRINKLERS

CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER THE CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER HAVE A SPHERICAL WATER DISTRIBUTION DIRECTED TOWARDS THE GROUND AND THE CEILING FOR THE DEFINITE PROTECTION AREA

SIDEWALL SPRINKLER THE SIDEWALL SPRINKLER HAS A ONE –SIDED HALF-PARABOLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION DIRECTED TOWARDS THE GROUND FOR A DEFINITE PROTECTION AREA

INDUSTRIAL FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMTHE CAPACITY FOR WATER STORAGE TANK FOR FIRE FIGHTING OF AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING IS WORKED OUT AT A RATE OF 2.5 LIT/SQM. OF LATTABLE FLOOR AREA SUBJECTED TO MINIMUM OF 2,25000 LITRES. A SET OF TWO PUMPS MUST BE INSTALLED TO DISCHARGED 2275 LITRES PER MIN AT A PRESSURE OF 3.5 KG/CM2 AT A DESIRED FLOOR.

LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCIES: BUILDINGS WITH LOWER HAZARD SUCH AS SCHOOL, HOSPITALS, HOTELS.ORDINARY HAZARD OCCUPANCIES: CONSISTING OF THE MAJORITY OF THE COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGSHIGH HAZARD OCCUPANCIES: THESE OCCUPANCIES ARE DIVIDED INTO:-PROCESS RISKS SUCH AS PAINT, FOAM, PLASTIC AND FOAM RUBBERHIGH PILED STORAGE RISES IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.

METHODS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING FOAM SYSTEM FOAM SYSTEM HAS EARNED RECOGNITION AS A EFFECTIVE METHOD. FOAM SYSTEMS ARE SPECIALLY SUITED FOR FIRES IN OIL STORAGES, FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS SUCH AS BENZOYL, PETROL, ALCOHOL, AND LIGHTER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. IN THIS SYSTEM FLUROPROTEIN FOAM COMPOUNDS IS APPLIED FORCEFULLY.TO BURNIN HYDROCARBON LIQUID WHICH PROHIBITS FIRE SPREAD. THIS SYSTEM IS GENERALLY OPERATED MANUALLY

DRY CHEMICAL POWDERDRY CHEMICAL POWDER USED TO COMBAT FIRES IN FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, GASES AND GREASES INCLUDE SUCH FIRES WHEN INVOLVED WITH ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IS A POTASSIUM BICARBONATE BASED DRY CHEMICAL. THE CHEMICAL POWDER IS FREE FLOWING, WATER REPELLENT AND NON ABRASIVE AND WHEN USED AS A FIRE EXTINGUISHER AGENT WILL PRODUCE NO TOXIC EFFECTS. BECAUSE OF ITS EXCELLENT FIRE FIGHTING EFFECTIVENESS THIS PRODUCT IS WIDELY USED IN OTHER HIGH RISK AREAS. CARBON DIOXIDE OR NITROGEN IS USED AS A EXPELLING GAS. THIS SYSTEM CAN BE EFFECTIVELY INSTALLED IN RESTAURANTS, FUEL STATIONS ETC

CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS TO EXTINGUISH THE FLAMMABLE LIQUID FIRES AND FIRE INVOLVING ELECTRICALLY ENERGIZED EQUIPMENT'S. CARBON DIOXIDE ABOUT ONE AND HALF TIMES AS HEAVY AIR, A PROPERTY THAT ACCOUNTS FOR ITS ABILITY TO REPLACE AIR ABOVE BURNING SURFACE AND MAINTAIN A SMOTHERING ATMOSPHERE, IT IS NON COMBUSTIBLE AND DOES NOT REACT WITH MOST SUBSTANCES.

a) SMOTHERING EFFECT•CARBON DIOXIDE IS STORED UNDER PRESSURE AS LIQUID, WHEN RELEASED, IT IS DISCHARGED INTO THE FIRE AREA PRINCIPALLY AS A GAS. WHEN RELEASED ON BURNING MATERIAL, IT COVERS THEN AND REMOVES THE OXYGEN TO A CONCENTRATION WHICH CANNOT SUPPORT COMBUSTION

b) COOLING EFFECT•THE RAPID EXPANSION OF LIQUID TO GAS WHEN CARBON DIOXIDE IS RELEASED FROM STORAGE CYLINDER PRODUCES A REFRIGERATING EFFECT THAT CONVERTS PART OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SNOW. THIS SNOW, WHICH HAS A TEMPERATURE OF 80 0C SOON SUBLIMES INTO GAS, ABSORBING HEAT FROM THE BURNING MATERIAL AND SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE

ESCAPE CHUTE•AN ESCAPE CHUTE IS A SPECIAL KIND OF EMERGENCY EXIT, USED WHERE CONVENTIONAL FIRE ESCAPE STAIRWAYS ARE IMPRACTICAL. THE CHUTE IS A FABRIC (OR OCCASIONALLY METAL) TUBE INSTALLED NEAR A SPECIAL EXIT ON AN UPPER FLOOR OR ROOF OF A BUILDING, OR A TALL STRUCTURE. DURING USE, THE CHUTE IS DEPLOYED, AND MAY BE SECURED AT THE BOTTOM BY A FIRE FIGHTING CREW SOME DISTANCE OUT FROM THE BUILDING. ONCE THE TUBE IS READY, ESCAPEES ENTER THE TUBE AND SLIDE DOWN TO A LOWER LEVEL OR THE GROUND LEVEL.

ESCAPE CHUTE