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The transparent baffles inside thisauditorium were installed to optimizesound projection and reproduction,key fa ctors in Acoustical engineering.

Acoustical engineeringFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Acoustical eng ineering (also known a s Acoustic Engineering ) is the branch of engineering dealing withsound and vibr ation. It is the applica tion of acoustics, the science of sound and vibration, in technology.Acoustical eng ineers are typ ically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound.

One goal of ac oustical engineer ing can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as noisecontrol. Unwan ted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well being, reduceattainment by p upils in schools, and cause hearing loss. [1] Noise control principles are implemented intotechnology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, silencers, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection (Earmuffs or Earplugs).

But Acoustical Engineering is not just about noise control, it al socovers positive uses of sound, from the use of ultrasound inmedicine, to the programming of digital sound Synthesizers. Fr om

designing a concert hall's acoustics to enhance the sound of anorchestra, [2] to specifying a railway station's sound system soannouncements are intelligibile. [3]

Contents

1 Acoustic Engineer (Professional)

2 Subdisciplines

2.1 Aeroacoustics

2.2 Audio signal processing

2.3 Architectural acoustics

2.4 Bioacoustics

2.5 Electroacoustics

2.6 Env ironmental noise

2.7 Musical acoustics

2.8 Noise control2.9 Psychoacoustics

2.10 Speech

2.11 Ultrasonics

2.12 Underwater acoustics

2.13 Vibration and dynamics

3 Fundamental science

4 Associations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamer_Hall_equipment_detail.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamer_Hall_equipment_detail.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earplughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmuffshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamer_Hall_equipment_detail.jpg


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5 See also

6 Notes

7 References

Acoustic Engineer (Professional)

Acoustic engineers usually possess a bachelor's degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics or another engineering discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a bachelor's degree withsignificant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy,specializing in particular fields, such as architectural acoustics, environmental noise or vibration control. [4

In other industries, acoustic engineers might: design automobile sound systems; investigate human responseto sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing softwarefor mixing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones. [5][6] Acousticians are alsoinvolved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some positions, such as faculty (academicstaff) require a Doctor of Philosophy.

In most countries, a degree in acoustics can represent the first step towards professional certification and thedegree program may be certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program theengineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer isdesignated the title of Chartered Engineer (in most Commonwealth countries).

Subdisciplines

The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme)

coding used by the Acoustical Society of America.[7]

Aeroacoustics

Aeroacoustics is concerned with how noise is generated by the movement of air, for instance viaturbulence, and how sound propagates through the fluid air. Aeroacoustics plays an important role inunderstanding how noise is generated by aircraft and wind turbines, as well as exploring how wind musicalinstruments work. [8]

Audio signal processing

Audio signal processing is the electronic manipulation of audio signals and is a branch of Digital signal processing. Audio signal processing is done for a variety of reasons such as: (i) to enhance a sound, for instance by applying an audio effect such as reverberation; (ii) to remove unwanted noises from a signal,for instance echo cancellation on Skype; (iii) to compress an audio signal to allow efficient transmission,e.g. mp3 perceptual coding, and (iv) to understand the content of the signal, e.g. Music information retrievalto allow the identification of music tracks via Shazam (service). [9] Audio engineers develop and use Audiosignal processing algorithms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazam_(service)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_information_retrievalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_cancellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroacousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_and_Astronomy_Classification_Schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree


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Disney's Concert Hall wasmeticulously designed for superior acoustical qualities.

Ceiling of Culture Palace (Tel Aviv)concert hall is covered with

perforated metal panels

At outdoor concerts like Woodstock,acoustic analysis is critical to creatingthe best experience for the audienceand the performers.

Architectural acoustics

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics ) is thescience and engineering of achieving a good sound within a

building. [10] Architectural acoustics can be about achieving goodspeech intelligibility in a theatre, restaurant or railway station,enhancing the quality of music in a concert hall or recording studio,

or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productiveand pleasant places to work and live in. [11] Architectural Acousticdesign is usually done by acoustic consultants. [12]

Bioacoustics

Bioacoustics usually concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. [13] It can include: acousticcommunication and associated animal behaviour and evolution of species; how sound is produced by animals; the auditorymechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound tomonitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise of animals. [14]

Electroacoustics

This branch of Acoustic Engineering deals with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound systems, soundreproduction and recording. [15] There has been a rapid increase in

the use of portable electronic devices which can reproduce soundand rely of electroacoustic engineering, e.g. Mobile phones, Portable media players, and Tablet computers.

Environmental noise

Environmental acoustics is concerned with the control of noise andvibrations caused by traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment,recreational activities and anything else that might be considered anuisance. [16] Acoustical Engineers concerned with environmentalacoustics face the challenge of measuring or predicting likely noiselevels, determining an acceptable level for that noise, anddetermining how the noise can be controlled. Environmentalacoustics work is usually done by acoustic consultants or thoseworking in Environmental health. [17] Recent research work has puta strong emphasis on Soundscapes, the positive use of sound (e.g.fountains, bird song), and the preservation of tranquility. [18]

Musical acoustics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundscapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioacousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodstock_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforated_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Palace_(Tel_Aviv)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heichal_Hatarbut1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith.jpg


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Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music and its perception how sounds employed as music work. This includes: the function and design of musical instrumentsincluding electronic synthesizers; the human voice (the physics and neurophysiology of singing); computer analysis of music and composition; the clinical use of music in music therapy, and the perception andcognition of music. [19]

Noise control

Noise control is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution by reducing noise at its source, by inhibitingsound propagation using noise barriers or similar, or by the use of ear protection (Earmuffs or Earplugs). [2

Control at the source is the most cost-effective way of providing noise control. Noise control engineeringapplied to cars and trucks is known as Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Other techniques to reduce

product noise include: Vibration isolation, application of acoustic absorbent and acoustic enclosures.Acoustical engineering can go beyond noise control to look at what is the best sound for a product, [21] for instance manipulating the sound of door closures on Automobiles.

Psychoacoustics

Psychoacoustics tries to explain how humans respond to what they hear, whether that is an annoying noiseor beautiful music. In many branches of acoustic engineering, a human listener is the final arbitrator as towhether a design is successful, for instance whether Sound localization works in a Surround sound system.'Psychoacoustics seeks to reconcile acoustical stimuli and all the scientific, objective, and physical

properties that surround them, with the physiological and psychological responses evoked by them.' [22]

Speech

Speech is a major area of study for acoustical engineering, including the production, processing and perception of speech. This can include physics, physiology, psychology, audio signal processing andlinguistics. Speech recognition and Speech synthesis are two important aspects of the machine processingof speech. Ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality; in rooms, through

public address systems and through telephone systems are other important areas of study. [23]

Ultrasonics

Ultrasonics deals with sound waves in solids, liquids and gases at frequencies too high to be heard by theaverage person. Specialists areas include medical ultrasonics (including Medical ultrasonography),

Sonochemistry nondestructive testing, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (Sonar). [24]

Underwater acoustics

Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of sound in water. It is concerned with both natural and man-made sound and its generation underwater; how it propagates, and the perception of the sound by animals.Applications include sonar to locate submerged objects such as submarines, underwater communication byanimals, observation of sea temperatures for climate change monitoring, and marine biology. [25]

Vibration and dynamics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonochemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_isolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise,_vibration,_and_harshnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earplughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmuffshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_barrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound


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Ultrasound image of a fetus in thewomb, viewed at 12 weeks of

pregnancy (bidimensional-scan)

Acoustic engineers working on vibration study the motions andinteractio ns of mechanical systems with their environments,including measurement, analysis and control. This might include:ground vi brations from railways and construction; vibrationisolation to reduce noise getting into recording studios; studying theeffects of vibration on humans (vibration white finger); vibrationcontrol to protect a bridge from earthquakes, or modelling the

propagati on of structure-borne sound through buildings.[26]

Fundamental science

Although the way in which sound interacts with its surroundings isoften extr emely complex, there are a few ideal sound wave

behaviors that are fundamental to understanding acoustical design. Basic sound wave behaviors includeabsorptio n, reverberation, diffraction, and refraction. Absorption is the loss of energy that occurs when asound wa ve reflects off of a surface. Just as light waves reflect off of surfaces, sound waves also reflect off of surface s, and every reflection results in a loss of energy. Absorption refers both to the sound that

transmits through and the energy that is dissipated by a material. [27] Reverberation is the persistence of sound tha t is caused by repeated boundary reflections after the source of the sound stops. This principle is

particular ly important in enclosed spaces. In addition to reflecting off of surfaces, sound waves also bendaround su r faces in the path of the waves. This bending is known as diffraction. Refraction is another kind of sound wa ve bending. This type of bending, however, is caused by changes in the medium through whichthe wave is passing and not the presence of obstacles in the path of a sound wave. Temperature gradients,for exam ple, cause bending in sound waves. [28] Acoustical engineers apply these fundamental concepts,along wit h complex mathematical analysis, to control sound for a variety of applications.

Assoc iationsAcoustical Society of America

Au dio Engineering Society

Ins titute of Acoustics

See al so

Au dio Engineering

Cat egory:Acoustical engineers

Cat egory:Audio engineers

Notes

1. ^ World Health Organisation (2011). Burden of disease from environmental noise

(htt p://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf). WHO. ISBN 978 92 890 0229 5.

2. ^ Barron, Michael (2009). Auditorium Acoustics and Architectural Design . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0419245100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0419245100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_92_890_0229_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Acoustical_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Acousticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(acoustics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_white_fingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_isolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_vibrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CRL_Crown_rump_lengh_12_weeks_ecografia_Dr._Wolfgang_Moroder.jpg


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041 9245100.

3. ^ A hnert, Wolfgang (2000). Sound Reinforcement Engineering: Fundamentals and Practice . ISBN 978-

041 5238700.

4. ^ National Careers Service. "Job profiles: Acoustics consultant"

(htt ps://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspx).

Ret rieved 13 May 2013.

5. ^ University of Salford. "Graduate Jobs in Acoustics" (http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?

con tent=roles). Retrieved 13 May 2013.

6. ^ A coustical Society of America. "Acoustics and You"

(htt p://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics). Retrieved 13 May 2013.

7. ^ A coustical Society of America. "PACS 2010 Regular EditionAcoustics Appendix"

(htt p://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm).

Ret rieved 22 May 2013.

8. ^ da Silva, Andrey Ricardo (2009). Aeroacoustics of Wind Instruments: Investigations and Numerical Methods

VD M Verlag. ISBN 978-3639210644.

9. ^ Pohlmann, Ken (2010). Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition . McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336.ISB N 9780071663472.

10. ^ Morfey, Christopher (2001). Dictionary of Acoustics . Academic Press. p. 32.

11. ^ Templeton, Duncan (1993). Acoustics in the Built Environment: Advice for the Design Team . Architectural

Pre ss. ISBN 978-0750605380.

12. ^ National Careers Service. "Job profiles Acoustics consultant"

(htt ps://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspx)..

13. ^ "Bioacoustics - the International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording" (http://www.bioacoustics.info/).

Tay lor & Francis. Retrieved 31 July 2012.

14. ^ A coustical Society of America Animal Bioacoustics Technical Committee. "What is Bioacoustics"(htt p://www.animalbioacoustics.org/bioacoustics.html). Retrieved 22 May 2013.

15. ^ A coustical Society of America. "Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)" (http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-

site s.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics). Retrieved 21 May 2013.

16. ^ World Health Organisation (2011). Burden of disease from environmental noise

(htt p://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf). WHO. ISBN 978 92 890 0229 5.

17. ^ National Careers Service. "Job profiles Acoustics consultant"

(htt ps://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspx)..

18. ^ K ang, Jian (2006). Urban Sound Environment . CRC Press. ISBN 978-0415358576.

19. ^ Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics (TCMU) of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). "ASA

TCMU Home Page" (http://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/). Retrieved 22 May 2013.

20. ^ Bies, David (2009). Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice . ISBN 978-0415487078.

21. ^ University of Salford. "Making products sound better"

(htt p://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/res/cox/sound_quality/).

22. ^ Pohlmann, Ken (2010). Principles of Digital Audio, Sixth Edition . McGraw Hill Professional. p. 336.

ISB N 9780071663472.

23. ^ S peech Communication Technical Committee. "Speech Communication"
http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0419245100http://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071663472http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/res/cox/sound_quality/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415487078http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.public.coe.edu/~jcotting/tcmu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415358576http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_92_890_0229_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdfhttp://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acousticshttp://www.animalbioacoustics.org/bioacoustics.htmlhttp://www.bioacoustics.info/https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750605380http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071663472http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3639210644http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htmhttp://acousticalsociety.org/education_outreach/careers_in_acousticshttp://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/careers/index.php?content=roleshttps://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/acousticsconsultant.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415238700http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0419245100


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http://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering

(htt p://acosoc.org/TechComm/SCTC/). Acoustical Society of America. Retrieved 22 May 2013.

24. ^ Ensminger, Dale (2012). Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications . CRC Press. pp. 12.

25. ^ A SA Underwater Acoustics Technical Committee. "Underwater Acoustics"

(htt p://www.apl.washington.edu/projects/ASA-UATC/index.php). Retrieved 22 May 2013.

26. ^ Str uctural Acoustics & Vibration Technical Committee. "Structural Acoustics & Vibration Technical

Committee" (http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~bbard/savtc.html). Retrieved 22 May 2013.

27. ^ Barron, 2002, ch. 7.1.

28. ^ Hemond, 1983, pp. 2444.

Refer ences

Bar r on, R. (2003). Industrial noise control and acoustics . New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Retrieved

from CRCnetBase

Hemond, C. (1983). In Ingerman S. ( Ed.), Engineering acoustics and noise control . New Jersey:

Pre ntice-Hall.

Hig hway traffic noise barriers at a glance . Retrieved February 1, 2010, from

http ://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/keepdown.htm

Kin sler, L., Frey, A., Coppens, A., & Sanders, J. (Eds.). (2000). Fundamentals of acoustics (4th ed.).

Ne w York: John Wiley and Sons.

Kle p pe, J. (1989). Engineering applications of acoustics . Sparks, Nevada: Artech House.

Mo ser, M. (2009). Engineering acoustics (S. Zimmerman, R. Ellis Trans.). (2nd ed.). Berlin:

Spr inger-Verlag.

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