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Transcript of ACIDS AND BASES Section 18-1 Section 18.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases Identify the physical and...
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ACIDS AND BASES
www.lab-initio.com
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Section 18.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
• Identify the physical and chemical properties of acids and bases.
• Classify solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral.
• Compare the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry models of acids and bases.
Different models help describe the behavior of acids and bases.
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Some common acids:
• Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
• Hydrochloric acid, HCl• Nitric acid, HNO3
• Carbonic acid, H2CO3
• Phosphoric acid, H3PO4
• Acetic acid, HC2H3O2
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Some common bases:• Sodium hydroxide, NaOH• Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
• Potassium hydroxide, KOH• Magnesium hydroxide,Mg(OH)2 • Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3
• Ammonia, NH3
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The Arrhenius Model
• The Arrhenius model states that an acid is a substance that contains hydrogen and ionizes to produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, and a base is a substance that contains a hydroxide group and dissociates to produce a hydroxide ion in solution.
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The Arrhenius Model (cont.)
• Arrhenius acids and bases
– HCl ionizes to produce H+ ions.
– HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
– NaOH dissociates to produce OH– ions.
– NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
– Some solutions produce hydroxide ions even though they do not contain a hydroxide group.
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Properties of Acids and Bases (cont.)
• The usual solvent for acids and bases is water—water produces equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a process called self-ionization.
H2O(l) + H2O(l) ↔ H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)
• The hydronium ion is H3O+.
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Properties of Acids and Bases (cont.)
• All water solutions contain hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH–).
• An acidic solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
• A basic solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
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The Brønsted-Lowry Model
• The Brønsted-Lowry Model of acids and bases states that an acid is a hydrogen ion donor, and a base is a hydrogen ion acceptor.
• The Brønsted-Lowry Model is a more inclusive model of acids and bases.
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The Brønsted-Lowry Model (cont.)
• A conjugate acid is the species produced when a base accepts a hydrogen ion.
• A conjugate base is the species produced when an acid donates a hydrogen ion.
• A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances related to each other by donating and accepting a single hydrogen ion.
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The Brønsted-Lowry Model (cont.)
• Hydrogen fluoride—a Brønsted-Lowry acid
– HF(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ H3O+(aq) + F–(aq)
– HF = acid, H2O = base, H3O+ = conjugate acid, F– = conjugate base
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The Brønsted-Lowry Model (cont.)
• Ammonia— Brønsted-Lowry base
– NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
– NH3 = base, H2O(l) = acid, NH4+ = conjugate
acid, OH– = conjugate base
• Substances that can act as acids or bases are called amphoteric.
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HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-1
NH3 + H2O NH4+1 + OH-
Water is amphoteric:
Proton acceptor
Proton donor
Acts as both an acid and a base
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HCl + SO3-2 HSO3
-1 + Cl-
ACID CONJUGATE BASEBASE
CONJUGATE ACID
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NH3 + HNO2 NO2-1 + NH4
+
ACIDCONJUGATE
BASEBASE CONJUGATE
ACID
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Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids
• An acid that can donate only one hydrogen ion is a monoprotic acid.
• Only ionizable hydrogen atoms can be donated.
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Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids (cont.)
• Acids that can donate more than one hydrogen ion are polyprotic acids.
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Properties of Acids
Acids are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donors Acids have a pH lower than 7 Acids taste sour Acids effect indicators
Blue litmus turns red Methyl orange turns red
Acids react with active metals, producing H2
Acids react with carbonates Acids neutralize bases
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Acids Effect
Indicators
Blue litmus paper turns red in contact with an acid.
Methyl orange turns red with addition of an acid
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Acids React with Active Metals
Acids react with active metals to form salts and hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2(g)
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2(g)
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2(g)
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Acids React with Carbonates
2HC2H3O2 + Na2CO3
2 NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
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Effects of Acid Rain on Marble(calcium carbonate)
George Washington:BEFORE
George Washington:AFTER
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Properties of Bases Bases are proton (hydrogen ion, H+) acceptors Bases have a pH greater than 7 Bases taste bitter Bases effect indicators
Red litmus turns blue Phenolphthalein turns purple
Solutions of bases feel slippery Bases neutralize acids
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Bases Effect Indicators
Red litmus paper turns blue in contact with a base.
Phenolphthalein turns bright pink in a base.
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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 18.1 Assessment
A conjugate acid is formed when:
A. a base accepts a hydrogen ion
B. an acid accepts a hydrogen ion
C. an acid donates a hydrogen ion
D. a base donates a hydrogen ion