Acheological Background Studyftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/get-involved/hou/sl-336/... ·...
Transcript of Acheological Background Studyftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/get-involved/hou/sl-336/... ·...
The environmental review, consultation, and other actions required by applicable Federal environmental laws for this project are being, or have been, carried-out by TxDOT
pursuant to 23 U.S.C. 327 and a Memorandum of Understanding dated December 16, 2014, and executed by FHWA and TxDOT.
Archeological Background Study for Loop 336 in Conroe, Montgomery County, Texas CSJ: 0338-11-056
Prepared by: AmaTerra Environmental, Inc.
Date: August 2016
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Introduction
The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) proposes to improve approximately 2.5 miles of
Loop 336 South from Interstate Highway (IH) 45 to Farm-to-Market (FM) 1314 in Conroe, Montgomery
County, Texas (Figure 1). The proposed project would create a divided 4-lane highway by constructing
a 2 lane roadway to the south of the existing roadway. The new lanes would serve as the east bound
lanes with the existing lanes being converted to serve west bound traffic. The existing Loop 336 (from
East of Cypress Lane Boulevard to West of FM 1314) consists of one 13.5-foot lane (west bound lane)
and one 12 foot lane (east bound lane) with an 8-foot outside shoulder, within a 300-foot right-of-way
(ROW).The proposed Loop 336 westbound lanes would consist of one 13.5-foot lane and one 12 foot
lane with an 8-foot outside shoulder. The proposed eastbound lanes would consist of two 12-foot
lanes, a 15-foot outside shoulder, and a 10-foot hike and bike trail. The hike and bike trail would be off-
set from the shoulder by 10-foot. An approximate 192-foot grassy median would be located between
the eastbound and westbound lanes.
Similarly, the existing Loop 336 at FM 1314 consists of one 13.5-foot lane and one 12-foot-lane
(westbound lanes), a center left turn lane, two 12-foot lanes (eastbound lanes) and an 8-foot outside
shoulder. The proposed Loop 336 at FM 1314 westbound lanes would consists of one 13.5-foot lane,
two 12-foot lanes, one 12-foot left turn lane, and a 20-foot inside shoulder. The eastbound lanes
would consist of one 12-foot left turn lane, two 12-lanes, a 15-foot outside shoulder, and a 10-foot hike
and bike trail. The hike and bike trail would be off-set from the shoulder by 10-foot. An approximate
142-foot grassy median would be located between the eastbound and westbound lanes (see Attached
Project Schematics).
The proposed project is being funded by the TxDOT using federal funds. Since the project is being
built with federal transportation money on land owned or controlled by the State of Texas, it is
considered an undertaking subject to the provisions outlined under Section 106 of the National
Historic Preservation Act (Section 106) and the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT).
The Area of Potential Effects (APE) for archeological resources for this undertaking is defined as the
footprint of the proposed project to the maximum depth of impact, including all easements, and
project specific locations. Therefore, the APE for archeological resources will cover a total distance of
approximately 6.4 miles and encompass an area of approximately 105 acres, all of which will take
place entirely within existing ROW (Figure 2). The vertical APE (depth of impacts) is estimated to
extend no more than three to five feet into the subsurface. Project schematics provided by the
Houston District are attached.
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Physical Setting
The APE is located within the Southern Tertiary Uplands, a sub region of the South Central Plains
ecoregion (Griffith et al. 2007). This ecoregion, which is locally known as the “piney woods”, is
characterized by irregular plains and “represents the western edge of the southern coniferous forest
belt” (Griffith et al. 2007:87). The Southern Tertiary Uplands encompasses approximately 7667 square
miles and consists of “dissected irregular plains with some low, rolling hills; low to moderate gradient
streams with sandy and silty substrates” (Griffith et al. 2007:91). Historically, natural vegetation
consisted of upland longleaf pine-bluestem (Pinus palustris-Schizachyrium spp. and Andropogon spp.)
woodlands, shortleaf pine-hardwood forests (Pinus echinata-Quercus spp.), mixed hardwood-loblolly
pine (Pinus taeda) forests, American beech (Fagus grandifolia) or magnolia-beech-forests, bogs, and
sandstone glades. Bog plant species include southern sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), hollies or
gallberry (Ilex spp.), wax-myrtles (Morella spp.), insectivorous plants, orchids, and wild azalea
(Rhododendron spp.). Today, pine forest is the dominant vegetation type with National Forest land
making up large parts of this region (Griffith et al. 2007).
The APE is underlain by the Tertiary-age Willis Formation (Pow), which is composed mostly of clay,
silt, sand, and siliceous granule to pebble gravel (BEG 1992). According to the United States
Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS 2016) Web Soil
Survey (2016), soils within the APE consist of eight soil groups (Table 1). Soils are characterized by
loam to very fine sandy loam with restrictive features, such as clay, encountered as shallow as 36
centimetres below the ground surface.
Table 1. Soil Groups Found within the Project Area (USDA-NRCS 2016; Abbott 2001).
Soil Slope Landform/Topographic
Position Parent Material
Solum
Thickness
Geoarch.
Potential
Atasco fine
sandy loam 2 to 5 Terraces/Upland
Loamy alluvium derived from igneous,
metamorphic and sedimentary rock >60 Low
Conroe
gravelly
loamy fine
sand
0 to 5 Interfluves/Upland
Sandy and gravelly fluviomarine
deposits over clayey fluviomarine
deposits
60-100+ Low
Conroe
loamy fine
sand
0 to 5 Interfluves/Upland Clayey marine deposits 60-100+ Low
Hatliff-Pluck-
Kian complex 0 to 1
Flood Plains/Forested
Floodplain
Loam alluvium of Holocene-age 10 High
Loamy alluvium - -
Loamy alluvium - -
Landman
fine sand
0 to 3
Stream Terraces/- Loamy alluvium and/or sandy alluvium - -
Lilbert loamy - Interfluves Loamy marine deposits - -
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Soil Slope Landform/Topographic
Position Parent Material
Solum
Thickness
Geoarch.
Potential
fine sand
Sorter-
Tarkington
complex
0 to 1 Flats/Upland
Loamy fluviomarine deposits derived
from igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary rock
60-100+ Low
- -
Splendora
fine sandy
loam
0 to 2 Flatwoods/Upland Loamy fluviomarine deposits of Early
Pleistocene-age 60-100+ Low
Current Setting Located in southeast Conroe, Texas, the APE is within and surrounded by undeveloped woodland. The
existing two-lane undivided FM 336 roadway parallels an approximately 100-foot wide cleared area
(Figure 3) for much of its length. Topographically, the APE is hilly with elevations ranging from 141 to
184 feet above mean sea level. The APE crosses Stewarts Creek and abuts Little Caney Creek at its
easternmost terminus. Both creeks empty into the West Fork of the San Jacinto River located roughly
3.5 kilometers to the south and southwest of the APE. Disturbances within the APE are minimal and
include land clearing activities and those associated with the construction of roads, such as artificially
levelled and paved surfaces (Figure 4).
Archeological Background and Previous Archeological Studies
Background research for this project consisted of an online records search through the Texas
Historical Commission’s Archeological Sites Atlas (Atlas; 2016) and a review of historical maps and
aerial photographs. Research focused on the identification of archeological sites, sites listed as State
Antiquities Landmarks (SALs), Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks (RTHLs), sites listed on the
National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), cemeteries, and previously conducted archeological
surveys within one kilometer (0.62 mile) of the APE (Figure 5). The search revealed that no previously
recorded archeological sites, SALs, RTHLs, or sites listed on the NRHP fall within one kilometer (0.62
mile) of the APE. However, one cemetery and 12 previously conducted archeological surveys (Table 2)
are near or transect the APE.
The Conroe Memorial Park Cemetery (Cemetery ID Number: MQ-C011) is situated approximately 825
meters to the north of the APE. The cemetery opened in 1944 and reportedly contains over three
thousand internments. It is still active. The proposed undertaking will not have any foreseen effects on
the cemetery.
A total of 12 previously conducted archeological surveys fall within one kilometer (0.62 mile; Table 2).
Of these, only three intersect with the project area and none of the archeological surveys resulted in
the recording of new archeological sites within or near the APE.
Table 2. Archeological Surveys that intersect the APE.
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Fieldwork
Year Contractor
Sponsor or
Agency
TAC
Permit
Type (Linear or
Area)/Size
Newly
Recorded
Sites
1980 Unknown EPA Unknown Linear/Unknown None
1983 Unknown EPA – TWDB Unknown Linear/Unknown None
2007 Blanton & Associates, Inc. FHWA/TxDOT 4314 Area/5,280 Feet None
Historic Land Use
Conroe, the county seat of Montgomery County, was established when Houston lumberman Isaac
Conroe moved his sawmill from Stewarts Creek to the International-Great Northern Railroad’s (I-GN)
Houston-Crockett line. Conroe’s sawmill became a station along the I & GN Railroad and by 1884.
Around this time, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway’s Navasota-Montgomery spur was built
through Conroe forming the only major junction of rail lines in Montgomery County. Settlers moved
to the region with the prospect of profiting from the region’s lumber boom. As a result, in 1889, the
population had reached 300 residents. Situated along a major rail line junction, By 1892, Conroe also
supported five steam-powered saw and planning mills, several brickyards, a cotton gin, a gristmill,
several hotels and general stores, and supported a population of 500 residents. Conroe became an
important shipping point for lumber, cotton, livestock, tobacco, and bricks (Jackson 2016). Both the
agricultural and timber industries continued to thrive through the early twentieth century, but was
curtailed with the dwindling supply of local timber and the Great Depression. In 1931, George W.
Strake discovered oil seven miles to the southeast of Conroe, which temporarily stimulated the local
economy. A revival of the lumber industry, the construction of Interstate Highway 45, and the
impounding of the West Fork of the San Jacinto River forming Lake Conroe all helped to promote
growth within the community. Today, the City of Conroe supports 63,322 residents (Jackson 2016).
According to a 1901 General Land Office Map of Montgomery County, Texas, the APE crosses land
originally patented by Hansom House and A. M. Folks (Figure 6). A 1938 USDA Map of the Sam
Houston National Forest depicts the APE as devoid of development with the exception of a pipeline
owned by the Prairie Pipe Line Company, which intersects FM 336 near its current intersection with
Stewarts Forest Drive (Figure 7). By 1953, two additional pipelines are visible transecting the APE and
FM 1314 is present at the project area’s easternmost end. However, the rest of the project area
remained forested and relatively free of development at this time (Figure 8). Urban development
began to encroach upon the project area by the late 1970s (Figure 9) with Loop 336 constructed prior
to 1989. The actual APE and its immediate surrounding, however, remain forested.
Archeological Site Potential
Historic aerial photographs and maps depict no residential or commercial development within the
APE at any time during the nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. Therefore, based on the information
provided above, there is low potential for historic-period archeological materials to be present within
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the APE. However, the potential for prehistoric archeological sites is considered to be high. The
Potential Archeological Liability Mapping of the Houston District (PALM; Abbott 2001), classifies the
project area as Map Units 1, 2, and 4 (Figure 10). While no survey is recommended for those areas
located within Map Unit 4, survey is recommended for areas classified as Map Units 1 and 2. In
addition, the presence of sandy terraces overlooking natural waterways increases the potential for
intact prehistoric sites within the project area. Finally, the landscape has remained relatively
unchanged and lacks any major disturbances. Therefore, a survey for archeological sites is
recommended within the APE.
Summary and Recommendations
To summarize, historical maps and aerial photographs indicate that the potential for historic-period
archeological sites within the APE is low. On the other hand, topographic and soils maps, the presence
of natural waterways, a lack of disturbances, and the Houston PALM all suggest that there is a good
potential for intact prehistoric archeological remains to be present within the APE. This background
study recommends that an archeological survey is warranted for the APE. The survey should include
shovel testing and backhoe trenching at Stewarts Creek, where there is potential for deeply buried
archeological materials.
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References Cited
Abbott, J. T.
2001 Framework for Archeological Investigation, Interpretation, and Cultural Resource
Management in the Houston Highway District. Archeological Studies Program Report 27.
Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division.
Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG)
1992 Geologic Map of Texas. The University of Texas, Austin.
Jackson, Charles Christopher
2016 Conroe, Texas – The Handbook of Texas. Electronic document,
https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HEC03, accessed July 2016.
Omernik, Glenn, James Griffith, Anne Rogers
2007 Ecoregions of Texas (EPA). Project report submitted to the Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality.
Texas Historical Commission
2016 Texas Historic Sites Atlas. Electronic document, http://nueces.thc.state.tx.us/, accessed on July
2016.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS)
2016 Montgomery County, Texas – Web Soil Survey. Electronic document,
http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.asp, accessed on May 2016.
University of Missouri Extension
2016 Ag Site Assessment Tool. Electronic document,
http://www.communitycommons.org/groups/agsite/, accessed July 2016.
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Figure 1. The project location in southeast Conroe, Montgomery County, Texas.
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Figure 2. The APE depicted on 2016 aerial imagery.
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Figure 3. The approximately 30-meter wide cleared area that parallels Loop 336, photographed facing
west (Source: Google Earth).
Figure 4. Typical disturbances observed within the APE, photographed facing east (Source: Google
Earth).
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Figure 5. Results of the Atlas search with one kilometer (0.62 mile) buffer around the APE.
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Figure 6. Detail from a 1901 General Land Office Map of Montgomery County, Texas depicting
the approximate location of the APE.
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Figure 7. The project area overlain onto a 1938 USDA Map of Sam Houston National Forest.
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Figure 8. A 1953 aerial photograph depicting the location of the APE.
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Figure 9. The APE depicted on a 1977 aerial photograph.
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Figure 10. Map Units within the APE as defined by the Houston PALM.
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This report was written on behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation by
4009 Banister Ln., Austin
TX, 78704 www.amaterra.com
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APPROVED: / /
DATE: 02/12/2016
CSJ: 0338-11-020
LP 3
36
LIMITS TO: .2 MI EAST OF FM
LIMITS FROM: IH-45
COUNTY: MONTGOMERY
FRONTAGE ROAD DESIGN SPEED: 45 MPH
FRONTAGE ROAD DESIGN CRITERIA: RURAL COLLECTOR
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION: URBAN PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
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ET
S
PO
T294
+33.62
295+00
300+00
305+00
310+00
315+00 P
C317
+39.64
320+00
325+00
330+00
335+00
340+00
PT344+35.44
345+00
350+00
355+00
360+00
PC361+49.52
365+00
370+00
375+00
380+00
385+0
0
PT388+91.13
390+0
0
PC392+59.37
395+0
0
400+00
PT400
+18.84
405+00
PC405
+26.03
410+0
0
PT413+19.73
415+0
0
PC419+12.54
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PO
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+33.62
295+00
300+00
305+00
310+00
315+00 P
C317
+39.64
320+00
325+00
330+00
335+00
340+00
PT344+35.44
345+00
350+00
355+00
360+00
PC361+49.52
365+00
370+00
375+00
380+00
385+0
0
PT388+91.13
390+0
0
PC392+59.37
395+0
0
400+00
PT400
+18.84
405+00
PC405
+26.03
410+0
0
PT413+19.73
415+0
0
PC419+12.54
420+0
0
425+00
300' RIGHT-OF-WAY
EXISTING TYPICAL SECTION
12'
2%3%
123'
6:1 4:1
27'CL
13.5' 8'
E. OF CYPRESS LANE BLVD.TO W. OF FM 1314 LOOP 336
300' RIGHT-OF-WAY
PROPOSED TYPICAL SECTION
2%
12'
CL
4:1 max
6:1 usual4:1
123'
12'
2%
12' 15'
4:1 ma
x6:1 us
ual
4:1
102'
FROM STEWARTS FOREST DR. TO 1400' E. OF W. OF FM 1314 LOOP 336
3%
13.5' 8'
RE STRIPED WB FRONTAGE RD.
10'10'
48'27'
1'
LANE LANE SHDLR
BIKE
AND
HIKE
PROPOSED EB FRONTAGE RD.
300' RIGHT-OF-WAY
EXISTING TYPICAL SECTION
12'
2%
3%
123'
6:1 4:1
27'CL
AT FM 1314 LOOP 336
12' 12'12'
TURNLEFT
13.5'2' BERM
8'
300' RIGHT-OF-WAY
PROPOSED TYPICAL SECTION
2%3%
123'
6:1 4:1
27'CL
AT FM 1314 LOOP 336
12' 12'12'13.5'2' BERM
12'
2%
12' 15'
4:1 ma
x6:1 us
ual4:1
102'
10'10'
48'
12'
TURNLEFT
1'
LANE LANE SHDLR
BIKE
AND
HIKE 20'
TURNLEFT
RE STRIPED WB FRONTAGE RD. PROPOSED EB FRONTAGE RD.
END PROJECT
BEGIN PROJECT