Acetic Acid production from Carbon Dioxide Done by Luluwa Al-Mutairi 203113380 Modhi Al-Nassar...
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Transcript of Acetic Acid production from Carbon Dioxide Done by Luluwa Al-Mutairi 203113380 Modhi Al-Nassar...
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Acetic Acid production from Carbon Dioxide
Done by
Luluwa Al-Mutairi 203113380
Modhi Al-Nassar 203114383
Zainab Al-Fadhli 202113449
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Overview:
• Introduction.• Properties of Carbon dioxide.• Sources of Carbon dioxide.• Capture and Regeneration of CO2.• Physical Utilization of CO2.• Chemical Utilization of CO2. • Acetic Acid.• Conventional method of Acetic Acid.• Production of acetic acid from Carbon dioxide. • Conclusion.
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1. Introduction:
• CO2 is the major cause of global warming and it has a 64% of the greenhouse effect .
• The essential greenhouse gases are water vapor that result about 36-70% of the greenhouse influence, carbon dioxide (CO2) 9-26%, methane (CH4)4-9%, ozone 3-7%.
• Global warming : as the result of greenhouse effect that trap in the infrared rays of the sun.
Influences of Global warming are :
– Increase temperature of the earth. – Its responsibility of the appearance of new illnesses.
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2. Properties of Carbon dioxide:
2.1Chemical Properties:
•Carbon dioxide dissolves very well in water.• Not chemically reactive• It is applied to extinguish fire hence it is not flammable gas.
2.2 Physical Properties:
• Colorless and odorless gas.• Becomes a solid at -78.5 ºC. • Slightly toxic.• Much denser than air.
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3.Sources of Carbon Dioxide:3.1 Natural sources:
It is created naturally by human activities (respiration) and by thedecay of plants, also oceans is another large natural source of CO2.
3.2 Industrial sources:
-Types of industrial process CO2emissions:
1. Production and consumption of mineral products.2. Production of iron and steel. 3. Chemical production (ammonia and petrochemicals). 4. Consumption of petroleum products in feedstock and other end uses .
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Fig.1: Pie chart shows how CO2 is produced .
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3.3The Essential Sources of CO2 in the world
Fig .2: Shows the amount of CO2 emission per capita in the world
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3.4 The Essential Sources of CO2 in Kuwait
Thermal Power Plants:
Fig.3. Thermal Power Plants in Kuwait.
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Emission Carbon dioxide in power plant in Kuwait Emissions of CO2 from Natural gas (ton/yr) from
power plant in kuwait
8%
35%
14%12%
28%
3% Shawaikh
Shuiwba
Doha East
DohaWest
AlZour
Subia
Emissions of CO2 from Crude or heavy oil (ton/yr) from power plant in kuwait
13%
23%
39%
25%Doha East
Doha West
AlZour
Subia
Fig.5. Emissions of CO2 from Crude or heavy oil (ton/yr) from power plant in Kuwait.
Fig.4. Emissions of CO2 from natural gas (ton/yr) from power plant in Kuwait.
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Refineries (Hydrogen plant):
Fig.6. the Refineries and Companies in Kuwait.
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Refineries (Hydrogen plant):
Emissions of CO2 from Hydrogen plant (ton/day) from refineries in kuwait
37%
34%
29%
AL-Ahmadi
Mina Abdullah
Shuaiba
Fig.7. Emissions of CO2 from hydrogen plant (ton/yr) from refineries in Kuwait.
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4. Capture and Regeneration of CO2
• The carbon dioxide capture is an important concept to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sources such as fossil fuel power plants and refineries (mainly from hydrogen units).
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Methods for CO2 capture:
Methods for CO2 Capture
Absorption AdsorptionMembrane Separation
Cryogenic
Physical ChemicalHybrid
Absorption Process
Organic Amine
Inorganic
MEA
NAK/ Carbonate/
ammonia
PSA TSA ESAGas Separation
MembraneGas Absorption
Membrane
Fig.8: The following separation methods are used to capture CO2 from fossil fuel.
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4.1.Absorption• A specific gas can be separated from a mixture of gases by contacting the
mixture of gases with a solvent that will selectivity dissolve the specific gas.
Fig 9. Schematic of the absorption process.
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4.1.1 Chemical Absorption
• chemical absorption can be used at low CO2 partial pressures ,since CO2 is an acid.
• The most common chemical absorption processes are organic solvent process (amine) , in organic solvent process and by caustic soda.
• The following Chemical solvents are used to remove CO2:
Organic solvent( amines).
• The major method used to remove CO2 and operation condition is depend on the type of amine( primary ,secondary and tertiary amines).
• The most common types of amine solvents are MEA, DEA, DIPA and MDE.
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• Continue:
• The Most common amine is the monoethanol amine (MEA) from the primary amines.
• This type has many advantages such as low cost, works at low pressure and fast reaction kinetics.
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Amine process:
Fig 10.Amine absorption unit for CO2 recovery from flue gas.
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4.1.2 Physical Absorption
• It is as a good solution for capturing CO2 in hydrogen production unit, as well as in power plants.
• Physical absorption is more suitable for higher partial pressure .
• The removal efficiency of CO2 is around 90%.
• The most widely used process is flour process , purisol process, rectisol and sulfinol process.
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• Flour process:
The flour solvent CO2 removal process is intended primarily for the purification of gases containing CO2 in high concentrations at high pressure.
• Purisol process:
This process uses n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone also known as NMP as a solvent. The solvent removes CO2 and hydrocarbons.
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4.1.3Hybrid process:
• Hybrid solvents combine the of both the chemical and physical solvent and they are usually composed of a mixture of components.
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4.2 Adsorption:• The intermolecular forces between gases such as CO2 and the surface of
certain solid materials permit separation by adsorption .
• The solid adsorbents, such as activated carbon and zeolits molecular sieves .
• Adsorption is widely used for the purification of hydrogen.
There are three types of adsorption such as :
1. Pressure swing adsorption PSA. 2. Temperature swing adsorption TSA. 3. Electric adsorption ESA.
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4.3 Cryogenic:
• Cryogenic separation is widely used commercially for purification of CO2 from streams that already have high CO2 concentration .
• In a cryogenic separation system, CO2 is physically
separated from other gases by condensing it into a liquid form at an extremely low temperature
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4.4Membranes:
• The selectivity of the membrane to different gases is intimately related to the nature of the material.
• The flow of the gas is usually driven by the pressure difference across the membrane.
• There are many types of membrane materials, such as polymers, metals and ceramics .
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The following two types of membranes systems :
1.Gas separation membranes:
There differences in physical or chemical interactions between gases and a membrane ,causing one component to pass through the membrane faster than another .
2.Gas absorption membranes:
- Micro-porous solid membranes. - These membranes are used as contacting devices between gas flow
and liquid flow, through the membrane the carbon dioxide diffuses and is removed by the absorption liquid.
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Principles of gas separation and gas absorption membranes
Fig.11. principles of gas separation and gas absorption membranes
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5. Physical Utilization of CO2:
• In the food industry.
• For fire extinguish and artificial rain.
• In well re-injection.
• In nuclear fields: as in power plant cooling.
• Dry Ice
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Dry Ice What is Dry Ice?
-Dry ice keeps items colder ,with temperature 109 degrees below zero (-78.5° C).
How to Make Dry Ice?
-First Pressurizing (CO2)
- refrigerated to form liquid CO2; which is allowed to expand in an atmospheric chamber.
- CO2 converts from liquid CO2 to gas, -by an extreme drop in temperature some of the gas to freeze, yielding both
snow-like CO2 and vapor CO2
1) The “snow” is then hydraulically pressed into dry ice blocks and pellets.2)The CO2 vapor is captured and recycled using a recovery system to
maximize the yield of dry ice from each pound of liquid CO2.
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Dry Ice Uses :
• To remove floor tiles , and skin imperfections. • In the poultry industry ,baking industry. • To lengthen the life of wet ice. • To shrink metal • To retard chemical catalysts. • To improve porosity in oil wells. • To pack ice cream on trips .• To purge fuel tanks .• By blood banks for shipping. • By the concrete industry to prevent heat buildup .• To freeze unstable ground .• To germinate food. • To freeze water lines without shutoff valves .
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Fig 12. Shows carbon dioxide bubbles in a soft drink.
Fig 13. Shows small pellets of dry ice subliming in air.
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6. Chemical Utilization of CO2
• In rubber and plastic industry
• In chemical industry: synthesis, polymers, inorganic carbonates.
• Caron dioxide can be used in some chemical processes as an inert gas, solvent and reagent.
• CO2 can be used to neutralize alkaline water.
• In methane reforming.
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• Hydrogenation
• CO2+ 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O methanol• 2CO2+ 6H2 C2H5OH+ 3H2O ethanol• CO2+ H2 C H3-O-CH3 dimethyl ether
• Hydrocarbon Synthesis
• CO2+ 4 H2 CH4 + 2H2O methane • 2CO2+ 6 H2 C2H4 + 4H2O ethylene
Continue
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• Carboxylic Acid Synthesis
• CO2+ H2 HC=O-OH formic acid
• CO2+ CH4 CH3-C=O-OH acetic acid
• Graphite synthesis
• CO2+ H2 C+ H2O
• CH4 C + H2
• CO2+ 4 H2 CH4 + 2H2O
• Amine Synthesis
• CO2+ 3 H2 +NH3 CH3 – NH2 + 2H2O methyl amine and higher amines.
Continue
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• Hydrolysis and Photo catalyst Reduction
• CO2+ 2H2O CH3OH+ O2
• CO2+ H2O HC=O-OH+1/2 O2
• CO2+ 2H2O CH4+ 2O2
• Other Reaction
• CO2+ ethyl benzene styrene
• CO2+ C3H8 C3 H6 + H2 +CO
• Dehydrogenation of propane
•CO2+ CH4 2CO + H2 reforming
Continue
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6.1 Acetic acid• Acetic acid is an important chemical and the most produced acid
in the world.
• It is known as ethanoic acid, and the structural formula is represented as CH3COOH.
• The major producers of synthetic acid are currently the United States, Western Europe, Japan, Canada, and Mexico .
• The total capacity in these countries is close to 4*10^6 t/a and production is 3*10^6 t/a.
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• Physical properties: clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
• Chemical properties: Although acetic acid is not unusually reaction, many useful and commercially valuable materials can be prepared from it.
• reacts with alcohols or olefins to form esters.
• Acetic acid also can be converted to acetyl chloride using chlorination agents (phosphorus trichloride or thionyl chloride).
• Acetic acid is a raw material for a number of commercial processes.
• Acetic acid also is used in the manufacture of acetic acid anhydride and chloroacetic acid.
6.1.1 Properties of Acetic Acid
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6.2 Uses of Acetic Acid
in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride and ester production .
in the manufacture of chloroacetic acid, plastics,photographic chemicals, food.
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6.3 Production of Acetic Acid • Methanol carbonylation
In this process, methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation:
CH3OH + CO → CH3COOH
• Acetaldehyde oxidation
This method remains the second most important manufacturing method
2 CH3CHO + O2 → 2 CH3COOH
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6.4 .Comparison of Acetic acid process
• Conventional process:
- Methanol carbonylation: In Acetic acid production we find that Methanol carbonylation route is the conventional process and more than 60% of the world production is through this process.
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Fig.14. flow sheet of acetic acid production by Methanol carbonylation.
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6.6 Uses Carbon dioxide:
• Uses Carbon dioxide was new catalytic process that produces acetic acid which is one of potential chemical target.
• In principle, acetic acid can be produced by the direct reaction of methane and carbon dioxide:
CH4 + CO2 CH3OOH
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Fig.15. flow diagram for acetic acid using CO2 as a raw material .
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Process Methanol Carbonylation(conventional method)
Use Carbon dioxide .as a raw
materialRaw material Methanol, Carbon Monoxide Methane, Carbon Dioxide
Reaction CO+CH3OH CH3 COOH CH4+CO2 CH3COOH
Heat of reaction (DH) -135 kJ/mol 36 kJ/mol
Operating Conditions temperature
450 K 350 K
Operating Conditionspressure
30 bar 25 bar
Catalyst Use Hydrogen iodide catalyst Vanadium catalyst
Conversion 100% 97%
Equipment Reactor ,flash drum, four distillation columns
Reactor ,distillation column
6.7 Comparison of Acetic Acid Processes:
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7.Conclusion:
• When we make comparing between to process we should study :
1. The cost of the equipments.2. The purity of the feed.3. The type of the reaction (what are they ?)4. The conversion of the reactor.
• When we make comparing between exothermic and endothermic reaction we see when use cooler for exothermic reaction is less cost and safety than use steam for endothermic reaction.
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