Account of 25/60 years of Greek Marine Research Athens, May 2005 by André MONACO CEFREM - CNRS /...
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Transcript of Account of 25/60 years of Greek Marine Research Athens, May 2005 by André MONACO CEFREM - CNRS /...
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Account of 25/60 years of Greek Marine Research
Athens, May 2005
by André MONACOby André MONACOCEFREM - CNRS / U.Perpignan.frCEFREM - CNRS / U.Perpignan.fr
(from personal experience)
Step 1From Geomarine Science…
…< 1985
Centers of scientific interest…
-Geotectonic- geology-palaeoenvironment + oil exploration
+ non living resources+ development of coastal areas
-a semi-enclosed basin inherited from the Tethys- between two plates =>Northward drift of Africa- subduction => deep trenches, earthquakes, volcanism
Geotectonic
sel massif
gypse
-6 MY ago « Messinian crisis »Deposition of evaporites- then the Plio-Quaternary sedimentary filling
Geology
Examples of evaporites in
Algeria
Sicily
Palaeoenvironment (EasternMediterranean)
Age
ka
0
100
200
300
400
CLIMAT 18O LITHOLOGY0 -10 -20 ‰
cold warm
Tephra
T
T
Sapropel
S
SS
S
(Schackelton & Emiliani, 1974 ; Keller et al., 1978)
Sedimentary record ofthe last 500 000 years!
3500 Minoeantephra
Atlantide?
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The Santorini eruption
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-Origin of the last téphra, volcanic ashes-End of the minoean civilization3500 ans year ago = minoean tephra
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Physiographical & monodisciplinary investigationsof the Mediterranean Basin
==> Greek scientist? An observer!
Step 1 =
to Interdisciplinary research …steps towards European collaboration…
« Eurecomarge » supported by
- C I E S M (Monaco)- « Action de Stimulation », supported by E. C.- Bi - lateral collaborations
Step 2
1985 - 1993
EURECOMARGE
SPAIN
FRANCE
GREECEITALY
SWITZERLAND
ALGERIA
Links with
Vertex programmeNE Pacific
SEEP programmeMid-Atlantic BightLamont Doherty N.Y.
Ecosystems of coastal zones
To Origin and fate of the matter and elements
0
500
1000
1500
2000
dept
h (m
)
The system become living
From sediment record
- An euro-mediterranean group set up, promoting interdisciplinaryResearch in marine science
- First International workshop on biogeochemical fluxes
==> Greek marine research emerges : IROH =>NCMR 1985 R/V Aegaeo 1985
Step 2 =
May 1987
The Odyssey 1 : Greek vessel moves westward
to Integrated Approach of a RegionalSea, within the frame of the EuropeanMarine Research (MAST programme)
==> The MTP II - MATER programme(1996-1999)
==> The MTP I - pilot phase (1993-1996)
+ METROMED, INTERPOL…
Step 3
1993 - 2000
The Mediterranean Sea, Test Zone of Global and Anthropogenic Changes
3 interrelated domains : physics, biology, geochemistry
Researches on Bio-geo-chemistry and Ecosystem Analysis
Large scale Oceanic circulation
(after Pinardi,1997)
Biological production & bio-geo-chemical cycles
« an oligotrophic body »
12,8012,7512,7012,6512,6038,4638,4538,4438,4338,4238,4138,4038,39196019501970198019902000= 0,13°C= 0,04 PSUS°CPSUAnnée
TemperatureTemperature
SalinitySalinity
(D’après Bethoux, 1995)(D’après Bethoux, 1995)
Is the Mediterranean changing ?
Temperature & Salinity increase !
Sea Level ?
Global Mean Sea Level VariationsMediterranean Sea Level Variations
==> Sea level rises !
TOPEX-POSEIDON Altimeter
Year 020°E25°E30°EYear 420°E25°E30°E40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°N40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°N40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°N40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°NYear 220°E25°E30°EYear 720°E25°E30°E38.7538.838.8538.9Salinity
Water mass circulation is changing : dense water formation in the Aegean
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
10
9
8
7
6
0,48
0,40
0,35
0,30
µM
µM
Phosphate
Nitrate
Industrial, agricultural and urban activities
1965-1995 : N, P + 0,5 %/year
Nutrient concentrations increase
(after Bethoux, 1996)Human wastes at 1000 m depth
After Galgani (Ifremer)
The Mediterranean Sea registered
==> Metals and Radioactivity increase
A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms and their variability in the Mediterranean Basin
AtmosphericAtmosphericinputsinputs
Sediment-waterSediment-waterexchangesexchanges
WaterWatercirculationcirculation
=> First level ecosystem model
…Man enters the ecosystemA complex ecosystem
. Greek research contributes at allScientific Activities (field, laboratory, Modeling, data banking…
. Greek research contributes at the same scientificand technological level as other Euro-mediterranean countries
Hêurêka !
•Greek research became competitive
In the multidisciplinary approach of the functioningof the Mediterranean Sea
The Odyssey 2 : Greek vessels moved in the overall Mediterranean
- May & Dec. 1994- Transmediterranean cruise 1999
97 - R/V AEGAEO refitted
==>to assess and forecast environmental changesIn the Mediterranean & Black Seas
==> to develop the basin scale approach initiated during theMTPs, integrating the Black Sea to the overall semi-enclosedBasin system==> to integrate atmosphere and continent interfaces==> to serve the sustainable management and policy==> M & B Seas areas of European Research
and NOW?
NAO
+/- Gulfstream
outflow
Mediterranean and Black Seas in the global environment
+
-Cold front
Ocean/ atmosphere coupling
-10 0 10 20 30 40 5020
30
40
50
60
30
40
50
-10 0 10 20 30 40
SeaWifs Chlorophyll a, April 1999
Ocean/watershed coupling
Mediterranean and Black Seas in the regional environment
(Semi-enclosed basin)
Med. SeaContinent/sea areas : 2,20
Black Sea Continent/sea areas : 5,20
==> Greece has to play a major role in driving the international collaboration and in exporting now its scientific and technological experience
The Odyssey 3 : Greek vessels move in the Black and White Seas
It is the first Institute in Greece conducting multidisciplinary marine research
It raised the marine research to a priority in Greece
It has developed and participates in numerous international collaborations withEU- and non-Eu countries
It combines basic research, technological development, Data Banking, operational activities, in relation with national economy and public policy
==>Although Greek marine research began to grow in the late 1980s,it has grown exponentially during the last years
==> An explosion of development…
It put its competence at national’s disposal
To encourage the HCMR to continue its effort to secure a center of Excellence in marine research for the benefit of the European Research
Particular tributes to the Président of HCMR and to NCMR and IMBC teams for their scientific Odyssey
Sea Our Future ?