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“Let the Science be your passion”

E-ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)P-ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)

Internationally Indexed,Peer Reviewed, Multidisciplinary

Scientific Journal ICV: 4.18

Vol 04 / Issue 01 / Jan 2012Frequency: FortnightlyLanguage: English

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR)


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2 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.comVol. 04 issue 01 January 2012

Editorial Board

Dr. Prof. Dato‟Proom Promwichit

Deputy Vice Chancellor, Research & InnovationDivision, Masterskill University College ofHealth Sciences, Cheras, Malaysia

Dr. Nahla Salah EldinBarakat

Faculty, University of Alexandria, Alexandria,Egypt

Dr. Ann Magoufis Director, Ariston College, Shannon, IrelandDr. PongsakRattanachaikunsopon

Faculty, Ubon Ratchathani University, WarinChamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand

Dr. ChellappanDinesh

Dean, School of Pharmacy, MasterskillUniversity College of Health Sciences, Cheras,Malaysia

Dr. R. O. Ganjiwale HOD, Department of Pharmacognosy, I.P.E.R.Wardha, Maharashtra

Dr. Shailesh Wader HOD, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,IPER, Wardha, MH, India

Dr. Alabi OlufemiMobolaji

Faculty, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun-State, Nigeria

Dr. Joshua DansoOwusu-Sekyere

Faculty, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast,Ghana

Dr. Okorie Ndidiamaka Hannah

Faculty, University of Nigeria Nsukka, EnuguState

Dr. ParichatPhumkhachorn

Faculty, Ubon Ratchathani University, WarinChamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand

Dr. Manoj Charde Dean, NRI Group of Post Graduate Studies,Bhopal

Dr. Shah MuradMastoi

HOD, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, LahoreMedical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan

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About International Journal of Current Research and Review ( ijcrr )

International Journal of Current Research and Review ( ijcrr ) is one of the popularmonthly international interdisciplinary science journals. ijcrr is a peer reviewedindexed journal which is available online and in print format as well. Referencesehave shown that within short span of time, citations for ijcrr are increasing withnoticeable pace. ijcrr indexing agencies are in the process of calculating currentimpact factor for the journal.

Indexed in: Copernicus, Scopus, Revistas Médicas Portuguesas, BOAI, DOAJ,Google Scholar, Ulrich, Open-J-Gate, NEWJOUR, ResearchGATE

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R“Let the science be your passion” Vol 4 / Issue 1 / Jan 2012

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Index

S.N.

Title Authors PageNo.

1 Impact of Distillery SpentwashIrrigation on Sprouting and Growth ofHimalayan Balsam (Balsaminaceae) andCrossandra (Acanthaceae) FloweringPlants

S. Chandraju, C.Thejovathi, C. S.Chidan Kumar

6

2 Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction inUniversity Faculty Members

MohammadFarzanjou 14

3 In Vitro Evaluation of Aqueous andEthanolic Extracts of Vernonia Colorata as an Antibacterial Agent

Oseni, LateefAdebayo, Berkoh,Eric Asamoah, Mills-

Robertson, FelixCharles

21

4 A Diffuse Coronary Spasm – A Variantof a Variant?

A.Noel, B.Amirthaganesh 28

5 Antinociceptive Effects of Diazoxide inRodent Model of Chronic Pain Induced

by Chronic Constriction Nerve Injury

Deshmukh A. B.,Patel J. K., PrajapatiA. R., Patel K. S.,Jadav R. J.

33

6 Isolation of Salmonella Typhi fromdifferent Water Sources andIdentification of Drug Resistant GenesCAT P and TEM .

Sita Lakshmi T,Geetha R.V, Devi.G,Anitha Roy

43

7 Polyaniline Coated Expanded Graphite

acts as a New Electrode Material forEthanol Fuel Cell

Abhik Chatterjee, I

Basumallick 50

8 Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella Sativa, Acorus Calamus, Myristica Fragrans And Hemidesmus Indicus and itsSynergistic Effect with Antibiotics

A.Vidhya,V.Gopikrishnan,M.Radhakrishnan, R.Balagurunathan

55

9 Photodynamic Therapy – A NovelApproach in Pocket Sterilization

Jannani Muthu,Jaideep Mahendra 64

10 Application of Operations Research withSpecial Reference to TransportationProblem

V. P. Deshmukh, S.P. Shinde 73

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Index

S.N.

Title Authors PageNo.

11 Chennai‟s Regional TemperatureVariation and its Correlation withSunspot Numbers and Co 2 Emission

R. Samuel Selvaraj,P.R. Uma rani, N.Mahalakshmi, S.P.Vimal Priya

85

12 A Comparative Histological Study onCystic Kidneys in Foetus With Melnick-Fraser Syndrome

Sunitha Vinnakota, Neelee Jayasree 92

13 Students Perception to AnatomyEducation in Medical Curriculum

Vijay Bhaskhar, VarunMalhotra, RaviShankar, Aadhar

Adhlakha, Hirak, JaiGanga

99

14 Comparative Evaluation of CommonlyAdopted Methods of Oak Tasar SilkCocoon Cooking

Y. Ranjana Devi,L. Rupachandra Singh,S. Kunjeshwori Devi

106

15 Incidence of Urinary Tract Infectionalong with its known Associated RiskFactors among Select Nomad TribalPopulations of Rajasthan, India

Bandana Sachdev111

16 Review of Researches on Leaf SpringRegarding use of Composite Materialand Various Methods for PredictingFatigue Life

Dakshraj Kothari,Rajesh Satankar 119

17 Prevalence of Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus Aureus in CommunityAcquired Pyoderma

Kulkarni P,Tankhiwale NS. 124

18 Balance Exercises in Children withDown‟s Syndrome: A RandomisedControlled Trial

Sharma A., GanesanS., Tedla JS 130

19 Vascular Endothelial Growth FactorConcentration in Gingival CrevicularFluid in Diabetic and Non-DiabeticPatients with Periodontal Disease - ABiochemical Study

Marilyn Thomas, P.Rajapriya, PamelaEmmadi,

N.Ambalavanan,T.Ramakrishnan

135

20 An Interesting and Rare Case of

Keratoacanthoma ofConjunctiva

M.R.Madhavi,

D.Sahitya, Ch.DilipKumar, G.Naga Sudha 145

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ijcrr Vol 04 issue 01Category: ResearchReceived on:05/10/11Revised on:13/10/11Accepted on:20/10/11

ABSTRACTGermination of Himalayan Balsam (Balsaminaceae) and Crossandra (Acanthaceae) seeds wasmade by irrigated with distillery spentwash of different concentrations. The spentwash i.e.,

primary treated spentwash (PTSW), 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 spent wash were analyzed for their plantnutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other physical and chemicalcharacteristics. Experimental soil was tested for its chemical and physical parameters.Himalayan Balsam and crossandra seeds were sowed in different pots and irrigated with rawwater (RW), 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 spentwash. The nature of germination of seeds was studied. It wasfound that, the germination was very good (100%) in 1:3 SW irrigation, while very poor (25%)in 1:1 SW, moderate (80%) in 1:2 SW and 95% in RW irrigations.

______________________________________________________________________

Keywords : Distillery spentwash,

Himalayan Balsam , Crossandra ,Germination, Growth, Irrigation, Soil.

INTRODUCTIONHimalayan Balsam belongs to the family

Balsaminaceae . It typically grows to 1 to 2m high, with a soft green or red-tingedstem, and lanceolate leaves 5 to 23 cmlong. The crushed foliage has a strongmusty smell. The flowers are pink, with a

hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm broad the flowershape has been compared to a policeman‟shelmet, giving rise to the alternativecommon name Policeman‟s Helmet.Although it does not range all over Indiaand is by no means the only Impatiensnative to that country, it is also known asIndian Balsam in countries where it isintroduced. In India it is commonly calledas Karnakundala . Himalayan Balsam,

Impatiens glandulifera, is a large annual

plant, native to the Himalayans (resulting

in its colloquial name of Kiss-me-on-the-mountain 1 in the UK. After flowering

between June and October, the plant formsseed pods 2 to 3 cm long and 8mm broad.Which explode when disturbed, scatteringthe seeds up to 7 meters. The green seed

pods and seeds can be eaten, and also theyoung leaves and shoots. Which is amethod of controlling the plant‟s spread 2- 4 .However, a recent study it may cause more

harm than good. Destroying riparian standsof Himalayan Balsam can open up thehabitat for more aggressive invasive plants.The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds inWiesbaden, Germany is trying to establisha self sufficient project to conserve theirlocal biodiversity by developing severalfood products made from the Impatiensflowers. Eventually, if all goes well, this

project will have the Himalayan Balsam

financing its own eradication.

IMPACT OF DISTILLERY SPENTWASH IRRIGATIONON SPROUTING AND GROWTH OF HIMALAYANBALSAM (BALSAMINACEAE) AND CROSSANDRA(ACANTHACEAE) FLOWERING PLANTS

S. Chandraju 1, C. Thejovathi 1, C. S. Chidan Kumar 2

1Department of Studies in Sugar Technology, Sir M. VishweswarayaPostgraduate Center, University of Mysore, Tubinakere, Mandya, Karnataka

2Department of Chemistry, G. Madegowda Institute of Technology, Bharathi Nagar, Mandya, Karnataka

E-mail of Corresponding Author: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Crossandra is belongs to the family Acanthaceae , comprising 52 species thatoccur in Africa, Madagascar, Arabia andthe Indian subcontinent. Some species,

especially Crossandra infundibuliformis 5, 6 ,are cultivated for their brightly coloredflowers. It is known as Kanakambara inKarnataka, southern states in India.Crossandra from the Greek, meaningfringed anthers. The male portion of theflower, the anthers, is distinctly fringed inthis genus of plants. The firecracker flower,while relatively unknown to the general

public as a houseplant, is just about the

most prolifilic indoor flowering plant. Awell tended specimen will bloomcontinuously for years. It is growing fromfour sided stalked spikes; the asymmetrical

petals arise as a slender tube and then splitin to their ends. Plant breeders, especiallyin Europe, have been hybridizingCrossandras. Cultivars with yellow andeven red flowers are available. Crossandrais a sturdy, productive ornamental that

should be more popular with indoorgardens.Molasses (one of the important byproductsof sugar industry) is the chief source for the

production of ethanol in distilleries byfermentation method. About 08 (eight)liters of wastewater is generated for everyliter of ethanol production in distilleries,known as raw spentwash (RSW), which isknown for high biological oxygen demand(BOD: 5000-8000mg/L) and chemicaloxygen demand (COD: 25000-30000mg/L), undesirable color and foulodor 7. Discharge of RSW into open field ornearby water bodies results inenvironmental, water and soil pollutionincluding threat to plant and animal lives.The RSW is highly acidic and containseasily oxidisable organic matter with veryhigh BOD and COD 8. Also, spentwashcontains high organic nitrogen and

nutrients 9. By installing biomethenation plant in distilleries, reduces the oxygendemand of RSW, the resulting spentwash iscalled primary treated spentwash (PTSW)

and primary treatment to RSW increasesthe nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and

phosphorous (P) contents and decreasescalcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium(Na), chloride (Cl -), and sulphate (SO 4

2-)10.PTSW is rich in potassium (K), sulphur(S), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) as wellas easily biodegradable organic matter andits application to soil has been reported toincrease yield of sugar cane, wheat and rice11

, Quality of groundnut12

and physiological response of soybean 13.Diluted spentwash could be used forirrigation purpose without adverselyaffecting soil fertility 14, seed germinationand crop productivity 15. The diluted spentwash irrigation improved the physical andchemical properties of the soil and furtherincreased soil micro flora 16, 17, 18 . Twelve

pre-sowing irrigations with the diluted

spent wash had no adverse effect on thegermination of maize but improved thegrowth 19. Diluted spentwash increases thegrowth of shoot length, leaf number per

plant, leaf area and chlorophyll content of peas 20. Increased concentration of spentwash causes decreased seed germination,seedling growth and chlorophyll content inSunflowers (Helianthus annuus) and thespentwash could safely used for irrigation

purpose at lower concentration 21. Thespentwash contained an excess of variousforms of cations and anions, which areinjurious to plant growth and theseconstituents should be reduced to beneficiallevel by diluting spentwash, which can beused as a substitute for chemical fertilizer 22.The spent wash could be used as acomplement to mineral fertilizer tosugarcane 23. The spentwash contained N, P,K, Ca, Mg and S and thus valued as a


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fertilizer when applied to soil throughirrigation with water 24. The application ofdiluted spentwash increased the uptake ofZinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and

Manganese (Mn) in maize and wheat ascompared to control and the highest totaluptake of these were found at lowerdilution levels than at higher dilutionlevels. Mineralization of organic materialas well as nutrients present in thespentwash was responsible for increasedavailability of plant nutrients. Dilutedspentwash increase the uptake of nutrients,height, growth and yield of leaves

vegetables25

, nutrients of cabbage and mint

leaf 26, nutrients of top vegetable 27, pulses,condiments, root vegetables, of some rootvegetables in untreated and spentwashtreated soil, yields of top vegetables(creepers). However, no information isavailable on sprouting and growth ofHimalayan Balsam and Crossandraflowering plant irrigated by distilleryspentwash. Therefore, the present

investigation was carried out to study theinfluence of different proportions of spentwash on the sprouting and growth 35, 36, 37, 38 of Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPhysico-chemical parameters and amountof nitrogen (N), potassium (K),

phosphorous (P) and sulphur (S) present inthe primary treated diluted spentwash (1:1,1:2 and 1:3 SW) were analyzed by standardmethods 28. The PTSW was used forirrigation with a dilution of 1:1, 1:2 and1:3.A composite soil sample collected prior tospentwash irrigation was air-dried,

powdered and analyzed for physico-chemical properties 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 .Flowering plants selected for the presentinvestigation were Himalayan Balsam andCrossandra. The sets were planted indifferent pots 30(h), 25(dia)] and irrigated

(by applying 5-10mm/cm 2 depends uponthe climatic condition) with raw water(RW), 1:1 SW, 1:2 SW and 1:3 SW at thedosage of twice a week and rest of the

period with raw water as required.Cultivation was conducted in triplicate, ineach case sprouting, growth were recorded.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONChemical composition of PTSW, 1:1, 1:2,and 1:3 SW such as pH, electricalconductivity, total solids (TS), totaldissolved solids (TDS), total suspendedsolids (TSS), settelable solids (SS),

chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD),carbonates, bicarbonates, total phosphorous(P), total potassium (K), ammonicalnitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium(Mg), sulphur (S), sodium (Na), chlorides(Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn),copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb),chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) wereanalyzed and tabulated (Table-1). Amount

of N, P, K and S contents are presented(Table-2). Characteristics of experimentalsoils such as pH, electrical conductivity,the amount of organic carbon, availablenitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium(K), sulphur (S), exchangeable calcium(Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na),DTPA iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper(Cu) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed andtabulated (Table-3 & 4). It was found thatthe soil composition is fit for thecultivation of plants, because it fulfils allthe requirements for the growth of plants.Sprouting and growth of HimalayanBalsam and Crossandra plant leaves,uptakes of all the parameters were verygood in both 1:2 and 1:3 spent wash ascompared to1:1, SW and raw water. In both1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 spent wash irrigation, theuptake of the nutrients such as fat, calcium,zinc, copper and vitamins carotene and


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vitamin c were almost similar but theuptake of the nutrients and parameters suchas protein, fiber, carbohydrate, energy,magnesium and phosphorous were much

more in the case of 1:1, 1:2, spent washirrigation than 1:3, and raw waterirrigations (Table-5).

Crossandra (Acanthaceae) Balsam (Balsaminaceae) This is due to the more absorption of plantnutrients present in spentwash by plants athigher dilutions. It was also found that nonegative impact of heavy metals like lead,cadmium and nickel on the leaves ofHimalayan Balsam and Crossandra plant.The soil was tested after the harvest; found

that there was no adverse effect on soilcharacteristics (Table-4).

CONCLUSIONIt was found that, the germination of bothHimalayan Balsam (Balsaminaceae) andCrossandra (Acanthaceae) was very good(100%) in 1:3 SW irrigation, while very

poor (25%) in 1:1 SW, moderate (80%) in1:2 SW and 95% in RW irrigations. Thisconcludes that, the maximum absorption ofnutrients by plants at more dilutedspentwash irrigation. At higherconcentrations, spentwash made the maskon the surface of soil and hence, decreasesthe sprouting of seeds. Growth of plants isalso maximum in 1:3 SW irrigation than1:1 SW, 1:2 SW and RW irrigations. Thismight be due to the

maximum absorption of nutrients by plantsat higher dilution compare to 1:1 SW and1:2 SW irrigations.After harvest, soil was tested; it was foundthat, there was no adverse effect on soilcharacteristics. Hence the spentwash can beconveniently used as irrigation mediumwith required dilution without affecting

environment and soil without externalfertilizers (either Organic or Inorganic),which minimizes the cost of cultivation offlowering plants and elevates the economyof growers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are grateful to The GeneralManager, N. S. L. Koppa, Maddur Tq.,Karnataka, India, for providing spentwash.

REFERENCES 1. Wanted Himalayan Balsam, British

isles.2. A National History BBC, Retrieved 04

December 2009.

3. Impatiens glandulifera plants for afuture.

4. Himalayan Balsam Retrieved o4December 2009.


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5. Yamunchi,M; Tsuruma,K;Imai,S; Nakanishi,T; Umigai, N;Shimajawa,M;Hara, H(2011).

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Distillery effluent and downstream products, SISSTA, Sugar Journal. 20:129-131.

10. Mohamed Haroon AR, SubashChandra Bose M (2004). Use ofdistillery spentwash for alkali soilreclamation, treated distillery effluentfor fertile irrigation of Crops. Indian

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12. Amar BS, Ashisk B, Sivakoti, R(2003). Effect of distillery effluent on

plant and Soil enzymatic activities andground nut quality. Journal of Plant

Nutrition and Soil Science, 166: 345-347.

13. Ramana S, Biswas AK, Kundu S,Saha JK, Yadava RBR (2000).Physiological response of soybean(Glycine max L.) to foliar applicationof Distillery effluent . Plant SoilResearch, 2: 1-6.

14. Kaushik K, Nisha R, Jagjeeta K.Kaushik CP (2005). Impact of long and

short term irrigation of a sodic soil withdistillery effluent in combination withBio-amendments. BioresourceTechnology, 96. (17): 1860-1866.

15. Kuntal MH, Ashis K, Biswas AK,Misra K (2004). Effect of post-methanation effluent on soil physical

properties under a soybean-wheatsystem in a vertisol. Journal of Plant

Nutrition and Soil Science. 167 (5):584-590.

16. Raverkar KP, Ramana S, Singh AB,Biswas AK, Kundu S (2000). Impactof post methanated spent wash (PMS)

on the nursery raising, biologicalParameters of Glyricidia sepum and

biological activity of soil. Ann. PlantResearch, 2(2): 161- 168.

17. Ramana S, Biswas AK, Kundu S,Saha JK, Yadava RBR (2001). Effectof distillery effluent on seedgermination in some vegetable crops.Bio-resource Technology, 82(3): 273-275.

18. Devarajan L, Rajanna G, RamanathanG, Oblisami G (1994). Performance offield crops under distillery effluentirrigations, Kisan world, 21: 48-50.

19. Singh Y, Raj Bahadur (1998). Effect ofapplication of distillery effluent onMaize crop and soil properties. IndianJ. Agri. Science., 68: 70-74.

20. Rani R, Sri Vastava MM (1990).Eco-physiological response of Pisumsativum and citrus maxima to distilleryeffluents. Int. J. of Ecology andEnviron. Science, 16-23.

21. Rajendran K (1990).Effect of distilleryeffluent on the seed germination,seedling growth, chlorophyll contentand mitosis in Helianthus Annuus.Indian Botanical Contactor, 7: 139-144.

22. Sahai R, Jabeen S, Saxena PK (1983).Effect of distillery waste on seed


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germination, seedling growth and pigment content of rice. Indian Journalof Ecology, 10: 7-10.

23. Chares S (1985). Vinasse in thefertilization of sugarcane. Sugarcane, 1,20.

24. Samuel G (1986). The use of alcoholdistillery waste as a fertilizer,Proceedings of International AmericanSugarcane Seminar.245-252.

25. Chandraju S, Basavaraju HC (2007).Impact of distillery spent wash on Seedgermination and growth of leavesVegetables: An investigation. Sugar

Journal (SISSTA). 38: 20-50.26. Chandraju S, Siddappa and Chidan

Kumar C.S. (2011) Studies on thegermination and growth of Musterdand Caster seeds irrigated by distilleryspent wash, Bio-research bulletin 5:1-10.

27. Chandraju, S. Siddappa and ChidanKumar C.S. (2011) Studies on thegermination and growth of Cotton and

Groundnut seeds irrigated by distilleryspent wash, current Botony 2(3):38-42.28. Manivasakam, N., (1987), Phisico-

chemical examination of water, sewageand Industrial effluent. PragathiPrakashan, Merut.

29. Piper, C.S., (1966), Soil and Plant Analysis , Han‟s Publication, Bombay.

30. Jackson, M.L., (1973), Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, p. 85.

31. Walkley, A.J. and Black, C.A., (1934),An examination of the method fordetermining soil organic matter and a

proposed modification of the chromic

acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29-38.

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Available nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci. ,25: 259-260.

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Am. J., 42: 421-428.

35. S.Chandraju, Thejovathi.C, ChidanKumar.C.S., Sprouting and Growthstudies of Rose and Hibiscus flowering

plants irrigated by distillery spentwash. Research in Plant Biology , 1(2), 06-13.2011.

36. S.Chandraju, Thejovathi.C, ChidanKumar.C.S., Studies on theGermination and Growth of Zinnia andVinca seeds irrigated by Distillery

spentwash. SISSTA, 2011.37. S.Chandraju, Thejovathi.C, ChidanKumar.C.S., Impact of Distilleryspentwash irrigation on sprouting andGrowth of Gardenia flowering plant. J.Chem. Pharm. Res. (In press)

38. S.Chandraju, Thejovathi.C, ChidanKumar.C.S., Impact of Distilleryspentwash irrigation on sprouting andGrowth of Tagetes flowering plant

Asian J. Research Chem, 2011(Accepted).


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Table: 1 Chemical characteristics of distillery Spentwash

Chemical parameters PTSW 1:1 PTSW 1:2 PTSW 1:3 PTSW pH 7.57 7.63 7.65 7.66Electrical conductivity a 26400 17260 7620 5330Total solids b 47200 27230 21930 15625Total dissolved solids b 37100 18000 12080 64520Total suspended solids b 10240 5380 4080 1250Settleable solids 9880 4150 2820 3240COD 41250 19036 10948 2140BOD b 16100 7718 4700 2430Carbonate b Nil Nil Nil NilBicarbonate b 12200 6500 3300 1250Total Phosphorous b 40.5 22.44 17.03 10.80Total Potassium b 7500 4000 2700 1620Calcium 900 590 370 190Magnesium 1244.16 476.16 134.22 85Sulphur b 70 30.2 17.8 8.4Sodium b 520 300 280 140Chlorides b 6204 3512 3404 2960Iron b 7.5 4.7 3.5 2.1Manganese 980 495 288 160Zinc b 1.5 0.94 0.63 0.56Copper b 0.25 0.108 0.048 0.026Cadmium b 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.001Lead b 0.16 0.09 0.06 0.003Chromium 0.05 0.026 0.012 0.008

Nickel 0.09 0.045 0.025 0.012Ammonical Nitrogen b 750.8 352.36 283.76 178

Carbohydratesc

22.80 11.56 8.12 6.20Units : a – μS, b – mg/L, c- %, PTSW - Primary treated distillery spentwash

Table: 2 Amount of N, P, K and S (Nutrients) in distillery Spentwash

Chemical parameters PTSW 1:1 PTSW 1:2 PT SW 1:3 PTSWAmmonical Nitrogen b 750.8 352.36 283.76 160.5Total Phosphorous 40.5 22.44 17.03 11.2Total Potassium 7500 4000 2700 1800Sulphur b 70 30.2 17.8 8.6

Unit: b – mg/L, PTSW - Primary treated distillery spentwash

Table: 3 Characteristics of experimental soil

Parameters ValuesCoarse sand c 9.24Fine sand c 40.14Slit c 25.64Clay c 20.60

pH (1:2 soln) 8.12Electrical conductivity a 530Organic carbon c 1.64Available Nitrogen b 412Available Phosphorous 210

Available Potassiumb

110


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Exchangeable Calcium b 180Exchangeable Magnesium b 272Exchangeable Sodium b 113Available Sulphur 330DTPA Iron b 204DTPA Manganese b 206DTPA Copper b 10DTPA Zinc b 55

Units : a – μS, b – mg/L , c- %

Table: 4 Characteristics of experimental soil(After harvest)

Parameters ValuesCoarse sand c 9.69Fine sand c 41.13Slit c 25.95Clay c 24.26

pH (1:2 soln) 8.27Electrical conductivity a 544Organic carbon c 1.98Available Nitrogen b 434Available Phosphorous b 218Available Potassium b 125Exchangeable Calcium 185Exchangeable Magnesium 276Exchangeable Sodium b 115Available Sulphur b 337DTPA Iron b 212

DTPA Manganese b 210DTPA Copper 12DTPA Zinc b 60

Units: a – μS, b – mg/L

Table: 5 Growth of Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra plants at different irrigations(cm)

Name of the plants RW15 th 22 nd 29 th

(Day)

1:1SW15 th 22 nd 29 th

(Day)

1:2 SW15 th 22 nd 29 th

(Day)

1:3 SW15 th 22 nd 29 th

(Day)

Himalayan Balsam(Balsaminaceae)

Crossandra(Acanthaceae)

22, 25, 27

23, 24, 26

08, 09, 10

06, 08, 09

23, 24, 26

22, 25, 26

23, 27, 31

24, 26 30


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ijcrr Vol 04 issue 01

Category: ReviewReceived on:12/11/11Revised on:23/11/11Accepted on:5/12/11

ABSTRACT

This paper have been produced and developed to study the factors affecting job satisfaction ofuniversity faculty members. Various concepts and sometimes conflicting views have beenformed and developed concerning the definition of “job satisfaction”. Some experts such asHerzberg believes that it has two dimensions: one group is the factors and conditions that theirabsence may lead to dissatisfaction; however, they do not cause a strong motivation if

provided, but only prevents the occurrence of dissatisfaction, that is the health factors or theones influencing in maintaining the status quo or survival factor. According to Herzberg, thesefactors include: staff attitudes and perceptions, methods of administration, organization

policies, nature and extent of supervision, job security, working conditions, status, salary level,the establishment of bilateral relations, supervis ors, homogeneous, subordinate staff‟s personal

life. The lack of these factors may lead staff to dissatisfaction to the extent that employees leavethe organization and endanger its existence. Hence, Herzberg maintains that these factors arenecessary to p rovide and maintain the organization‟s health. The second factors are the onesaffecting in creating motivation which are lead to individual‟s motivation and satisfaction, buttheir absence only makes a poor satisfaction. Therefore, the absence of the second group factorsis the same as not having attitude. According to Herzberg, the factors affecting in creatingmotivation are: business success, recognition and appreciation of the people and their work, joband career development, personal growth and the n ature of one‟s work are called motivationalfactors.

______________________________________________________________________

Keywords : satisfaction, dissatisfaction, jobsatisfaction, needs, factors affecting jobsatisfaction

INTRODUCTION From the early 1920s, the discussion about

job satisfaction has been paid attention todifferent management schools and asLocke (1972) predicted, at least 3,350articles were published in this field up to

1978, and over hundreds of articles areannually published on job satisfaction now.Robbins defines job satisfaction as person‟sgeneral attitude towards his job. Shertzermaintains that job satisfaction is consideredas having interest the tasks required to havea job, the conditions where a job is

performed and the reward obtained for.Graham conducted a research concerning

job satisfaction.

FACTORS AFFECTING JOB SATISFACTION INUNIVERSITY FACULTY MEMBERS

Mohammad Farzanjou

Sama Technical and Vocational College, Islamic Azad University, ZahedanBranch, Zahedan, Iran



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Needs TheoryOne of the most important theories in thefield of human motivation proposed byAbraham Maslow entitled “ hierarchy of

needs” including: physiological needs,safety needs, need to love, esteem needs,self-actualization needs, the needs ofresearch and freedom of speech and theneed to acquire knowledge andunderstanding. Maslow maintained thatonce one level of needs is met they are nolonger motivational and higher level ofmotivation are initiated for person‟smotivation. In the end, Maslow did not

maintain that his hierarchy of needs arecomprehensive and total and the same goesfor everyone and everywhere.Health-Motivation TheoryOne of the controversial theories in humannature was offered y “Frederick Herzberg”which is called Herzberg‟s two -factortheory. Herzberg conducted a study ofapproximately 200 accountants andengineers employed in institutions located

in the preview of Petersburg, Pennsylvania.He made use of “ expressing the criticalevents” to present a substantive theory,then the responses have been analyzed andthe reasons of staff‟s satisfaction anddissatisfaction are derived, and came to thisconclusion that bad feelings often related to

job environment and/or job satisfaction isconcerned with job content anddissatisfaction is the one with job

environment. Satisfying factors are called“stimulators” and dissatisfaction factors are“health factors”.Health factors or the ones maintain the

status quo which their absence lead todissatisfaction, but they are not lead tostrong and powerful motivation if notexisted provided and. Providing thesefactors only prevents dissatisfaction, butthey are not lead to motivation if existed.Existing these factors maintain staff in theorganization, otherwise they are affected toextreme satisfaction and may leave theorganization.

There are other factors affecting in creatingmotivation and are lead to individual‟ssatisfaction and motivation if existed, whilethey are lead to weak dissatisfaction if notexisted. Therefore, their absence is lead tolack of motivation. Herzberg maintains thatthe factors affecting in creating motivationare business success, recognition andappreciation of people and their works, jobdevelopment and advancement. He called

these factors “motivational factors” . According to Herzberg, job satisfactionmay be increased without jobdissatisfaction decreased, and vice versa.Table (1) shows the theoretical relationship

between motivational and health factors in job environment in Herzberg‟s model.

Table 1: Herzberg’s Contingency Model [1] Health Stimulator Factor/Phase

Lack of dissatisfaction Satisfaction Presence

Dissatisfaction Lack of satisfaction Absence

Factors Affecting Job SatisfactionFive dimensions of job are as follows:1. Automatic or nature of work: the

amount where by a job providesinteresting tasks, opportunities to learn

and the possibility to acceptresponsibilities for the person.

2. Promotion opportunities: opportunitiesand chances for advancement in theorganizational hierarchy.


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3. Payment: the rewards and wagessomeone receives and the amountconsiders the payment as just andequitable against other staff‟s wages.

4. Monitoring and control: the ability tosupervise in providing supportive

behaviors and technical assistance.5. Partners: the extent to which partners

are technically efficient and are sociallysupportive to the person.

Concerning job satisfaction, Snider (1975)maintains that job satisfaction is one‟sassessment of the current conditions and

positions in the job and the results achieved

from having the job. Poti and Khanmaintain that one‟s emotional aspects ofworking in an organization is called jobsatisfaction.In 1960s, Mrs. Smith and colleaguesmentioned the following factors affecting

job satisfaction:1. Wages (income)2. The nature of job3. Opportunities for job promotion

4.

Monitoring and supervision5. The peer group

Wage Sand IncomeIt has a determining role on staff‟s jobsatisfaction. In a research conducted onmore than 2000manager, Porter and Lowlerfound out that there is a relatively strongrelationship between income and jobsatisfaction.Similar reports are offered by Smith andKindal. They reckoned that there is a strongrelationship between annual incomes ofindustrial workers in 21 factories and jobsatisfaction [2].Automatic or nature of job: having

published Herzberg‟s research results in the book “Motivation at Work” in 1959, therole of automaticity in job satisfaction has

been considered.Three aspects of nature of job affecting job

satisfaction are as follows:

1. High control on methods of work performed and its rapid measurement.

2. Variation in scientific managementschool, high emphasis on

specialization and division ofresponsibilities and jobs to enhanceefficiency.

3. Using skills and abilities.Instruments to Measure Job SatisfactionPeople do not clearly express their views towhat they reveal, but preserve theirattitudes towards the policies, laws andother issues which are widely relevant tothem. The attitudes associated with the

work are no exception. Most of these people reveal their attitudes related to jobtowards their close friends and relatives,

but do not make it clear to their ownsupervisors and chiefs. Thus, contrary toinitial impressions, assessing jobsatisfaction is a difficult task. However,there are several ways to evaluate jobsatisfaction that one is briefly explicated inthis section[3].

Job Description Index (JDI): one of themost accurate and common means ofmeasuring job satisfaction is JobDescription Index which has beendeveloped by Smith at Cornell University(Nanchian, Tavakoli, Mousavi andTrameshlou). In this index, respondentsrespond to some descriptive and shortsentences about each five aspects of job

position. These include regarded nature ofwork, supervision, coworkers, salary andwage and job promotions.Research on Job SatisfactionThe research conducted by FrederickHerzberg in 1966 on 200 accountants andengineers of industrial and commercialorganizations in Petersburg City, inPhiladelphia State of America may beconsidered as one of the first ones

performed n this field. Having studied inthis regard, he concluded that job


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satisfaction depends on five factorsincluding job success, job identification,

job attractiveness, job responsibilities andcareer advancement, and the lack of

employee‟s job satisfaction depends onsome factors as below:1. Regulations, policies and administrative

regulations.2. Proper monitoring and control.3. Wage rights.4. Private relations of corporate

individuals.From the beginning of human relationsmovement, all comments were concerned

with the relationship between performanceand satisfaction. Content theories areabsolutely assumed that satisfaction causesimproving performance; and on thecontrary, dissatisfaction causes the lack ofattention to performance. However, Porterand Lowler maintain that motivation is notthe same as satisfaction and performance.Satisfaction, motivation and performanceare separate variables that are related to

each other differently, and there is acomplex relationship between motivation,satisfaction and performance.Porter and Lawler maintain that therewards that are consecrated and how theyreceived is determined by satisfaction andindicated that satisfaction is lead to

performance and suggested that in practice,managers must step beyond what aretraditionally thought and measure variablessuch as the values of possible rewards,understanding possible effort-reward andunderstanding the roles; these variablescertainly helps management have a betterunderstanding staff‟s efforts and

performance [4].Woroum came to the following conclusionsin his research:

There is a negative relationship between job satisfaction and retirement fromwork.

There is a negative relationship between job satisfaction and job absence.There is a negative relationship between

job satisfaction, the extent of injuriesand accidents resulted from working.There is a positive relationship between

job satisfaction and performance.Kimbel Wilez maintains, in his researchlasted four years, that the followingfactors are the ones affecting jobsatisfaction among faculty members:1. Assuredness and comfort in life2. Fair and equitable treatment3. Feeling love and attachment4. Participating in determining working

policy5. Desirable working conditions6. Support and assistance of managers

towards personnel7. Appreciation and acknowledgments

to the services performed8. Feeling of success and developmentThe above mentioned researchhypotheses was confirmed by various

correlation coefficients. Good satisfactionwill increase the level of job satisfaction.Faculty member‟s job dissatisfaction ismore in men than women and there is aninverse relationship between jobsatisfaction and level of education.Having reviewed the scientific writings,Ratsoury concluded that job satisfactionamong faculty members in bureaucraticuniversities is low and there is also a

correlation between job satisfaction andmotivation [5]. Hersy and Blanchardfound out in their studies that there is a

positive relationship between leadershipstyles (ordering, understanding,

participative and delegating personality)and job satisfaction of faculty members.They found out that faculty members areless satisfied with wages and facilitiesand are more pleased with cooperationand participation in leadership.


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Kenly and Lerin Stone (1993) reported thatexperienced faculty member‟s participationin re-designing job cause their jobsatisfaction and this has less effect on new

faculty members. But increasing salary iseffective in increasing job satisfaction in

both groups. Kahn also points out fourindependent factors in his investigationsthat indicate employee‟s satisfaction:

Usefulness and satisfaction of duty.Certain elements of the task that

are mutually beneficial, such as Being satisfied by job‟s physical

value, the present salaries and those of the

future. Job satisfaction, having interest

and enthusiasm to job and the dignity that it provides for the owner.

Being satisfied by organization,working conditions and operation ofdevice.

Being satisfied by professional‟scompetency in the role of supervisors andleaders[6].

Roll and Kani (1993), Barry FoldokroukVadani. etc. conducted some studiesconcerning job satisfaction and as others,they discussed the factors affecting theemployee‟s job satisfaction and consideredit as an effective factor in organizationalefficiency and effectiveness and implicitlyindicated that regarding it is one ofadministrative needs.Maghaze found out in his study that

faculty members are satisfied with their jobs but are not satisfied with the ones suchas authorities‟ performance, how toadministrate university, workingconditions, inadequate facilities andamounts of salaries[7].Esmailei (2008) came to this generalconclusion, in a research conducted inTehran, that there is a positive andsignificant relationship between facultymember‟s job satisfaction and their

academic performance. That is to say, theacademic satisfaction is increased when jobsatisfaction is increased and their

performance is reduced when their

satisfaction is declined[8].Moradi (2010) came to a conclusion,regarding job satisfaction that was almostdifferent from the ones obtained in otherstudies. He concluded that men have more

job satisfaction than women[9].Kontenz maintains that job satisfaction islead to organizational effectiveness andefficiency[10].According to the aforementioned studies, it

seems that factors as nature of work,colleagues, opportunities for promotion andadvancement, salaries and facilities andmanagement is effective on facultymember‟s job satisfaction.Generally speaking, it can be said that

people who are motivated to work are morerequired into high level needs of hierarchyof needs, such as the need to be respected,the need to be independent and the need for

self- actualization. Regarding other‟s needsis resulted to their satisfaction sandsatisfaction is lead to consistency andcommitment.

Suggestions As the above-mentioned studies indicated,

job satisfactions are among the factors thatcan be resulted into organizationaleffectiveness and efficiency and preventsfrom negative consequences of its absence.Therefore, the following cases aresuggested to headmasters, assistants andadministrators in universities and highereducation:1. Faculty members are often dissatisfied

their jobs and currently do not involvein their working.

Being away from workplace helpdissatisfied people avoid from unpleasantaspects of their workplace. On the contrary,

satisfied faculty members are less inclined


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to making complain; they are moreacquired with health and longevity andquickly learn the tasks associated with their

job. Therefore, it is required the workplace

to be pleasant and desirable for facultymembers to be benefited from increasingsatisfaction as well as other consequences.2. Manager‟s support and is an important

factor in faculty member‟s satisfactionwhich can be effective in developing agood understanding of organi zation‟senvironment. If faculty members areassured they are acquired with managersand co- worker‟s support, they will

continue their work with greaterconfidence and interest and will be moresatisfied.

CONCLUSION Being satisfied with university‟s goals and

performances can increase people‟smotivation and morale in higher education,and on the contrary, if someone does notsatisfied with one‟s workplace, hell will not

be satisfied and his working motivationwill be reduced. An appropriate anddesirable atmosphere is so effective increating motivation and satisfaction in

people. It would be diligent to create suchan atmosphere.One of the important factors in creatingmotivation and an appropriate atmosphereis workplace satisfaction. If the workplaceis inappropriate and people are not satisfiedwithin, their motivation will be weakened.There are many factors involved in creatinga suitable and satisfactory environment,including:Creating intimacy and cordiality among

people, establishing security, regarding resttimes and classroom, the time to handle

personal affairs and being reasonable.Establishing facilities and healthyrecreation: healthy and appropriaterecreation must be arranged to create

diversity and increasing work and life

motivation with taking into accountappropriate time and duration.Creating a sense of mutual respect among

people, regarding respect and considerate

attention.People are required to the opportunities foradvancement and promotion in workplace,having rights and adequate facilities.Establishing these factors is highlysignificant in the profession of faculty andhigher education members.Creating a rewarding and encouragingsystem which is appropriate with providingobjectives and organization‟s missions is

treme ndously significant in employee‟sadvancement and personal development aswell as creating job satisfaction within.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wish to tanks from Prof. M.H.Pardakhtchi and Prof. K. Fathi due to theirefforts, also tanks to assistants forcooperation in editing this paper.

REFERENCES 1. Muhammadzade, A, and Mehrojan,“Contingency Approach toOrganizational Behavior”, Tehran,University of Alamme TabatabaiePublications, 1996.

2. Rezaie, Doulatabadi, “Study of therelationship between administrativeatmosphere and employee‟s jobsatisfaction in Zoub Ahan Company”,Esfahan, 1994.

3. Abbaszadeh, M, “General ManagementTraining”, Oroumie UniversityPublications, 1995.

4. Boroumand, Z, “OrganizationalBehavior Management”, Tehran,Payame Nour Publications, 1995.

5. Hevi, V and Miskel, S “PracticalTheory and Research in AdministrativeManagement”, translated by M.


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Abbaszade, Oriumieh, NozouliPublications, 1992.

6. Kourmen, A. K. “Industrial andAdministrative Psychology”, translated

by Hussein Shokr Shekan, Tehran,Roshd Publications, 1991.

7. Kamp, A “Applied Psychology”,translated by F. Maher, Tehran, AstanQods Razavi Publications, 1991.

8. Houman, Heydarali, “Preparing andMeasuring Job Satisfaction AssessmentScale”, 2002.

9. Robins, A, P, “Organizational BehaviorManagement”, translated by A,Parsaiian and M, Arabi, Tehran,Institute of Business Studies and

Experiments, 1989.10. Kontenz, H, Oudanol, S and Wihrokh,

H, “Principles of Management”,translated by M. Tousi and V. Alavi,Tehran, Administrative ManagementTraining Center, 1996.


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Category: ResearchReceived on:30/10/11Revised on:12/11/11Accepted on:03/12/11

ABSTRACTRecent reports have shown the increased emergence of bacteria resistance to many existingantimicrobial drugs. This has prompted the need to find alternative remedies, and plant products have

proven to be vital in this search. Vernonia colorata has been reported to be active against syphilis, pneumonia, measles, dysentery and several skin infections in traditional medical practices. In the present study, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from the leaves of Vernonia colorata were evaluated in vitro for growth inhibitory activity on Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using Agar diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis revealedthe presence of reducing sugars, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, sterols andtriterpenes in both extracts. These classes of phytochemicals have widely been reported for theirantibacterial properties. Of the several bacteria tested, only S. aureus and P. aeruginosa showedsignificant susceptibility to both ethanolic and aqueous extracts with concentrations range between2.00 to 5.00mg/ml. The aqueous extract also showed the highest activity on S. aureus at

concentration of 5mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the aqueous extract ranged between 4.00 and 6.00mg/ml while that of the ethanolic extract ranged between 5.00 and 6.00mg/ml.Following the results from the current study, it can be concluded that V. colorata has significantantibacterial activity and will be very useful in the discovery of novel antibiotics against S. aureus and

P . aeruginosa ______________________________________________________________________

Keywords : Vernonia colorata, Antibacterialactivity, Minimum Inhibition Concentration,Phytochemical screening, Agar diffusion

method

INTRODUCTIONBoth ancient and modern men of all cultureshave widely used medicinal plants for treatingdifferent ailments. Scientific discoveries haveshown that plants produce a wide range ofcomplex compounds (secondary metabolites)as part of their normal metabolic process.Several secondary metabolites have beenreported to have significant therapeutic

properties. Therefore, plants are model sourceof medicines as they contain many chemicalagents with therapeutic properties.

Despite increasing advancement in the field ofmedicine and molecular diagnosis, reportsindicate that close to 80% of the world

population still dependant on plant derived pharmaceuticals. There are also reports thatsuggest that nearly 28% of drugs available inthe market are plant based products and itsderivatives. (Newman et al., 2003).In recent times, scientists have extensivelyreported on bio-assays of several plants ofnutritional and medicinal values. Furthermore,

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS ANDETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF VERNONIA COL ORATA ASAN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT

Oseni, Lateef Adebayo 1, Berkoh, Eric Asamoah 1, Mills-Robertson,Felix Charles 2

1Department of Applied chemistry & Biochemistry, University forDevelopment Studies, Navrongo Campus, Navrongo, Ghana

2Department of Pharmacology, Centre For Scientific Research into PlantMedicine, Mampong Akwapim, Ghana



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a large proportion of compounds used as leadmolecules in drug discovery are plant basedcompounds. This suggests that plant basedcompounds play a vital role in diversityoriented synthesis of natural product-like

pharmaceuticals. (Marcaurelle and Johannes,2008).Bacterial infection treatment options includechemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.In chemotherapy, antibacterial drugs areusually employed in the treatment of variousforms of bacterial infections. However, thereare reports on increased emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains of clinicallyimportant pathogens. This development has

fetched the interest of scientist to developnewer broad spectrum antimicrobial agents.Due to the high cost and the less availability ofnew generation antibiotics, it is imperative tolook for the substances from alternativemedicines with claimed antimicrobial activity.A significant number of medicinal plants withsignificant antimicrobial activity have beenreported in different traditional literatures.Vernonia is a genus of about 1000 species of

forbs and shrubs in the family Asteraceae. Theuses of several species of Vernonia , includingVernonia amygdalina , Vernonia auriculifera ,Vernonia colorata, Vernonia galamensis, andVernonia hymenolepis in traditional healthcare have been reported.There are many convergence in the usage ofVernonia spp. in its traditional use throughoutWest and Central Africa and North America asanti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacteria,anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimalariaand antioxidant.(Abosi and Raseroka, 2003;Phillipson et al., 1993).Previous studies on Vernonia spp have largely

been confined to Vernonia amygdalina . Thisspecies has been reported to containglycosides, tannins, steroidal saponins,sesquiterpenes lactones flavonoids and vitaminC. (Ifeoma and Chukwunonso., 2011). V.

Amygdalina is also known for its activityagainst syphilis, malaria, measles, dysentery

and yellow fever. (Oluwalana andAdekunle.,1998).V. colorata has also been reported to be usedin traditional herbal medicine across manyAfrican countries for the treatment of bacteria,fungal, parasitic and inflammatory disorders.Despite the traditional uses of V. colorata in

primary health care, reports on the phytochemical profile and bio-assay of V.colorata are limited.In this regard, we aim to explore scientifically,the antibacterial potential of V. colorata tosubstantiate the reported claims. The currentresearch seeks to screen for phytochemicals inthe leaves of Vernonia colorata and also

evaluate its potential as an antibacterial agent by analysing its growth inhibitory activity on E. coli , K. Pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus .

MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterialsPlant materialFresh leaves of vernonia colorata werecollected from a piece of land at Mampong-

Akuapim in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Theleaves were later taken to the herbariumDepartment of the Centre for ScientificResearch into Plant Medicine, Mampong-Akuapim, for botanical identification.ReagentsEthanol, Fehling‟s solutions, Chloroform,Acetone, Sodium Picrate paper, Ferricchloride, Ammonia, Chloramphenicol test

paper, Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO),Hydrochloric acid (HCl), and Sulphuricacid(H 2SO 4) were of analytical grade and fromBDH, UK. Other reagents used were ofanalytical grades and water used was glassdistilled. Bacteria strainsFour different microbes of standard strainswere purchased at the Komfo AnokyeTeaching Hospital (KATH) Kumasi, withstandard codes. The microbes were; E.coli (ATCC25922), K. Pneumoniae (ATCC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species


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33495), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S.aureus (ATCC 25923).

MethodsExtraction from plant materialAdequate quantity of the leaves werecollected, sun dried and then milled. The fine

powder was then divided into two portions. Preparation of ethanolic extractAbout 500g of the powder were soaked in 5Lof 70% ethanol for 24 hours. The suspensionwas then filtered. The filtrate was concentratedusing rotary evaporator and then freeze dried.

Preparation of aqueous extract Another 500g sample of the powdered leaves

was soaked in 5L of distilled water and then boiled for 15minutes after which thetemperature was lowered to 60 oC for another15 minutes. This was then filtered and thefiltrate evaporated using rotary evaporator at60oC and then freeze dried.Phytochemical analysisAbout 5g of each freeze dried sample of crudeextract was dissolved to 100ml and portionsanalyzed for phytochemical constituents using

standard methods.(Stahl , 1969; Harborne,1973)MicrobiologyMediaMuller Hilton Agar and Peptone Agar wereused.SterilizationAll other materials used in the microbiologicalwork were sterilized before usage. Preparation of Muller Hilton agarAbout 15.2g of Muller Hilton agar wasweighed and added to 400ml of distilled water,and then heated to dissolve. The media wassterilized at 121 oC in an autoclave for 20minutes and then cooled to about 60 oC.About 20ml of the media was poured gentlyinto each plate and left to cool and then storedin an oven at 37 0C for 16 hours.Peptone waterPeptone agar was used as the broth for theculture of the microbes.

About 0.5g of peptone agar was weighed andadded to 50ml of distilled water and thenheated to dissolve. This was sterilised at 121°Cfor 20 minutes and cool to about 60°C. 5ml

portions of the broth were pipetted into testtubes and then stored in an oven at 37 0C for 16hours.Antimicrobial susceptibility testThe antibacterial test was performed using theagar diffusion method of Collins et al. (1995).The test microorganisms were inoculated onnutrient agar plates and spread uniformly usinga sterile glass spreader. Wells of 5 mm indiameter were made on the nutrient agar usinga sterile cork borer. The cut agar disks were

carefully removed by the use of forcepssterilized by flaming. Different concentrationsof the freeze extracts were prepared bydissolving various masses in 20% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). To each well wasintroduced different concentrations (1.0, 2.0,3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/ml) of plant extracts. Controlexperiments were set up usingChloramphenicol and DMSO as positive andnegative controls respectively.

The plates were allowed to stand for one hourat room temperature for diffusion of thesubstances to proceed before the growth ofmicroorganisms commenced. The plates weremade in triplicate and were incubated at 37°Cfor 24 h. Diameters of zones of inhibition inthe triplicate plates were measured bycalculating the difference between cork borer(5mm) and the diameters of inhibition (Hewettand Vincent, 1989; Singh et al., 2002;Adebayo and Adegoke; 2009). The zones ofinhibition were then recorded.Determination of minimum inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) Various concentrations of both aqueous andethanolic extracts ranging between 4.0 and 6.0mg/ml were introduced into different testtubes; each tube was inoculated with anovernight culture of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa,

E. coli and K. pneumonia diluted to give afinal concentration of 10 6 cells per ml. The


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tubes were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Theleast concentration of extract that did not

permit any visible growth of the inoculatedtest organism in broth culture was regarded asthe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)in each case (Collins et al., 1995).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPhytochemistry of plant extractsPreliminary phytochemical screening of crudeaqueous and ethanolic extracts from leaves ofV. colorata revealed the presence oftriterpenes, sterols, alkaloids, reducing sugars,

polyphenols, tannins, phlobatannins andsaponins. Cynogenic glycosides, polyuronoids,

anthracenocides and flavonoids were absent.(Table1).Antimicrobial activity Both crude ethanolic and aqueous forms of theextracts of V. colorata exhibited varyingdegree of antimicrobial activities against thetest organisms. (Table 2a,b) E. Coli and K.

pneumoniae showed significant resistanceagainst both aqueous and ethanolic extracts ofV. colorata at concentrations below

5.00mg/ml. However, S. aureus and P.aerugenosa showed susceptibility to bothextracts at concentrations between 4.00 and5.00mg/ml. (Table 2a,b).It was observed that antibacterial effectivenessincreased with increasing concentration ofextracts. This supports previous work byKurosaki and Nishi (1983) who reported thathigher concentrations of antimicrobialsubstances showed appreciable growthinhibition to microorganisms.Although, phytochemical screening revealedsimilar results for both aqueous and ethanolicextracts, the compounds found in the classes of

phytochemicals present in each extract maydiffer and this could account for their varyinginhibitory activities. (Table 2a,b). Another

possible reason for the varying degree ofinhibition by the extracts could be the presenceof other classes of phytochemicals that werenot tested for in the ethanolic extract. Further

to this, the boiling of leaves during the preparation of the aqueous extract may rendersome compounds inactive in the aqueousextract and this could also contribute to theobserved variation in inhibitory activities.Although the positive control(Chloramphenicol) showed significant growthinhibitory activity on all the bacteria tested, theaqueous extract was found to be moreeffective on S. Aureus at concentration of5mg/ml while the ethanolic extract was foundto more effective on P. Pneumonia at the sameconcentration than the standard.(Table 2c).The MIC of the aqueous extract in this studyagainst the test organisms ranged between 4.0

and 6.0 mg/ml while those of the ethanolicextract ranged between 5.0 and 6.0 mg/ml.(Table 3).Antimicrobial agents with low activity againstan organism have a high MIC while a highlyactive antimicrobial agent gives a low MIC.The present result shows that the aqueousextract is slightly more effective than theethanolic extract.Tannins, alkaloids saponins and phlobatannins

have been reported for their antibacterial andantiviral activity (Enzo, 2007). Furthermore,alkaloids and saponins are classes ofcompounds that are known to be effective forthe treatment of syphilis and other venerealdiseases. (Sofowara, 1993). Steroids in modernclinical studies are known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.(Pithayanukul et al., 2007). The antibacterialactivities demonstrated by extracts from V.colorata may be attributed to the presence ofthese phytochemicals and this supports the useof the plant for the treatment of syphilis,

pneumonia and skin infections as reported intraditional folk medicine.

CONCLUSIONAlthough, a large number of medicinal plantsare constantly screened for their antimicrobialeffects, many plant species with potentantimicrobial properties are yet to be


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discovered. The present study reveals theantibacterial potential of leaves of V. colorata .The antibacterial activities of the extractsagainst S. aureus and P. aeruginosa werecomparable to those of the standard(Chloramphenicol). These results seem to

justify the continued use of the plant in thetreatment of microbial infections such as

pneumonia, syphilis and skin diseases. Inaddition, the inhibition of growth of the testorganisms ( S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ) thatare known to display multidrug resistance tomost antibiotics and nonantibioticantimicrobial agents justify the continued useof these plants in folk and traditional medical

practice.

Table 1. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Vernoni a colorata

Phytochemical constituent Aqueous extract Ethanolic extract

Reducing Sugars + +

Saponin + +

Cynogenic Glycosides – –

Polyuronoids – –

Polyphenols + +

Tannins + +

Phlobatannins + +

Anthracenocides – –

Alkaloids + +

Sterols + +

Triterpenes + +

Flavonoids – – KEY: (+) = Presence of Phytochemical constituent ; (-) = Absence of Phytochemical constituent

Table 2a: I n vitro Antimicrobial activity of Vernoni a colorata aqueous Leaf extract

Concentration(mg/ml)

Mean Diammeter of Zone of Inhibition (mm±SEM)E. coli K. pneumonia P. aeruginosa S. aureus

1.0 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

2.0 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 14.00±0.00

3.0 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 18.00±0.00

4.0 9.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 14.00±0.00 20.00±0.00

5.012.00±0.00 5.00±0.00 16.00±0.30 24.00±0.30

Table 2b: I n vitro Antimicrobial activity of Vernoni a colorata ethanolic Leaf extract



1.0 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

2.0 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 12.00±0.30 12.00±0.00

3.0 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 16.00±0.30 16.00±0.00

4.0 8.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 18.00±0.00 18.00±0.00

5.010.00±0.00 5.00±0.00 21.00±0.30 20.00±0.00


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Table 2c: I n vitro Antibacterial activity of Chloramphenicol



5.012.00±0.00 20.00±0.20 18.00±0.30 20.00±0.00

Table 3: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Extracts on organisms

Organism MIC (aqueous extract) mg/ml MIC (ethanolic extract) mg/ml

S. aureus 4.0 5.0

P. aerugenosa 4.5 5.0

K. pneumonia 6.0 -

E. coli 4.0 6.0

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors acknowledge the support provided

by the Department of Applied chemistry &Biochemistry of the UDS and the Centre ForScientific Research into Plant medicine, Ghanatowards their work. Authors also acknowledgethe immense help received from the scholarswhose articles are cited and included inreferences of this manuscript. The Authors are

very grateful to authors/editors/publishers ofall articles, journals and books from where theliterature for this article has been reviewed anddiscussed.

REFERENCES1. Abosi, A.O. and Raseroka, B. H. (2003).

In vivo anti-malarial activity of V ernoniaamygdalina . Br. J. Biomedical Sci . 60 : 89-91.

2. Adegoke, Anthony A. and Adebayo-Tayo,Bukola C. (2009). African Journal ofBiotechnology Vol. 8 (1), pp. 077-080

3. Collins GH, Lynes PM, Grange JM(1995). Microbiological Methods (7 th edn)Butterwort – Heinemann Ltd, Britain pp.175 – 190.

4. Enzo, A.P., (2007). Traditional plants andherbal remedies used in the treatment ofdiarrheal diseases. Mode of action, quality,efficacy and considerations. In: Ahmad I,

Aqul F, Qwaiss M, ModernPhytomedicine Turning Medicinal Plantsinto Drugs. WILEY-VCH Verlag GMBH& Co. KGQA. Weinheim, pp: 248-260.

5. Harborne J.B. Phytochemical methods(1984). 2 nd ed. Chapman and Hall, NewYork, 3:100-117.

6. Harborne J.B. Phytochemical methods(1984). 2 nd ed. Chapman and Hall, New

York, 1:4-7.7. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods .

Chapman and Hall, London (1973) 172-278.

8. Hewitt W, Vincent S (1989). In:Theoryand application of microbiological assay.Academic Press, San Diego, p. 39.

9. Ifeoma I. Ijeh and Chukwunonso E. C. C.Ejike (2011). Current perspectives on themedicinal potentials of Vernoniaamygdalina Del. Journal of MedicinalPlants Research Vol. 5(7), pp. 1051-1061

10. Kurosoki F, Nishi A (1983). Isolation andantimicrobial activity of the phytoalexin – 6-methoxymellein from cultured carrotcells. Phytochemistry 22(3): 669-672.

11. Marcaurelle LA and Johannes CW (2008)Application of natural product-inspireddiversity-oriented synthesis to drugdiscovery. Prog Drug Res . 66(187):89-216.


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12. Newman DJ, Cragg GM and Snader KM(2003) Natural products as sources of newdrugs over the period 1981-2002. J Nat

Prod 6:1022-37.13. Oluwalana SA, Adekunle MF (1998).

Forest plant roots in household nutritionand health care J. Trop. For. Resources14(1): 120 - 136.

14. Phillipson JD, Wright CW, Kirby GC,Warhurst DC (1993).Phytochemistry ofsome plants used in traditional medicinefor the treatment of protozoal diseases.Abstracts, Int Symposium of thePhytochem Soc of Europe; University of

Lausanne, Switzerland, p.L3.

15. Pithayanukul P., Tubprasert J., Wuthi-udomlert M (2007). I n vitro antimicrobialactivity of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai) oiland a 5% Plai oil gel. PhytotherapyResearch, 21:164-169.

16. Singh B, Sahu PM, Sharma MK (2002).Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobialactivities of triterpenoids fromStrobilanthes callosus Nees. Phytomed.9:355-359.

17. Stahl E. (1969) Thin LayerChromatography . 2nd ed. MRF AshworthSpringer-Verlag, Heidelberg 421-470.


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Category: Case ReportReceived on:19/10/11Revised on:24/10/11Accepted on:28/10/11

ABSTRACT

A 55 year old mild hypertensive presented with typical angina pain associated with giddinessand profuse sweating. His initial Electrocardiogram showed „Junctional rhythm‟ with diffuse„T‟ wave changes in leads II, III, avF, V4 to V6. 2D Echocardiogram, on the same day, showedregional wall motion abnormality of Left Anterior Descending (LAD) and Left circumflex(LCX) /or Right Coronary Artery (RCA) territories with moderate Left Ventriculardysfunction. Subsequently, Coronary Angiogram done two weeks later showed normalepicardial coronaries.

______________________________________________________________________

Keywords : Coronary Spasm; Prinzmetal;

ECG abnormalities; Regional Wall MotionAbnormality (RWMA); Acute coronarysyndrome

INTRODUCTIONPrinzmetal variant angina has always beena medical curiosity and thought to be a rareentity, nonetheless increasing number ofcases are being reported every year. It wasfirst described as "A variant form of angina

pectoris" in 1959 by the Americancardiologist Dr. Malcolm Prinzmetal. [1] Prinzmetal angina most commonly affectsa single site (usually the RCA) and presentsas a focal spasm, which may vary for eachattack (migratory spasm). [2,3] We report a55 year old man who presented with multi-vessel involvement as evidenced by his

Electrocardiogram and Echocardiogram

findings.

Case ReportA 55 year old man was brought withhistory of typical anginal pain associatedwith giddiness and profuse sweating in theearly morning hours lasting for half anhour. He was euglycemic and a non smokerdiagnosed to have hypertension 6 months

prior to the present hospitalization, which

was well controlled on Enalapril Maleate(5mg). His lipid profile was normal and thefamily history was non-contributory.As he could reach the hospital only fourhours later, his electrocardiogram that timeshowed „Junctional rhythm‟ at rate of50/min with deep “T” inversion in leads II,III, avF, V4 to V6.

A DIFFUSE CORONARY SPASM – A VARIANT OF AVARIANT?

A.Noel, B. Amirthaganesh

Department of Cardiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and ResearchInstitute, Puducherry




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Figure 1: His initial electrocardiogram deep “T” inversion in leads II, III, avF, V4 to V6

Consequent 2D Echocardiogram showedregional wall motion abnormality involvingthe both Left coronary artery and LeftCircumflex /or Right coronary arterydomains with moderate LV dysfunction(Ejection Fraction ~ 38%).A provisional diagnosis of Acute Coronarysyndrome was made and was managedconservatively with low molecular weightHeparin, Statins and Anti-platelet drugs

before he was referred to our hospital. Onarrival at our hospital, he was totallyasymptomatic, his ECG was within normallimits (Figure: 2) and his ECHO showednormal LV systolic function with no

RWMA. A coronary Angiogram was donewhich showed normal epicardial coronarieswith left dominant system (Figures: 3 & 4).Provocative tests could not be done due toethical and safety concerns. Intra VascularUltra sonogram (IVUS) could not be

performed on him due to lack of technicalexpertise and economical consideration. Hewas managed with Diltiazem hydrochloride90 mg (sustained release) along withAsprin 75 mg and Rosuvastatin 10 mg. Hishospital course was uneventful and therewere no further angina attacks till date (on10 months follow up).


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Figure 2: Electrocardiogram recorded ten days later shows no significant changes

Figure 3: Right Coronary filling shows normal arteries


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Figure 4: Left Coronary filling shows normal arteries

DISCUSSIONThe typ ical presentations of Prinzmetal‟svariant angina (PVA) are: Pain at rest, notrelated to any physical or emotional stress[4] and associated ST segment elevation. [3,5] Some studies say that not all ECGchanges are accompanied by symptoms,sometimes there are ECG changes even inthe absence of symptoms. [6] Moreover theattacks tend to have a circadian rhythmusually between 12:00 am and 8:00 am [2] and occur in clusters. They generally arenot associated with any classical riskfactors (except for heavy smoking). [2] Theyare also found to be associated with other

vasospastic disorders such as Migraine andRaynaud‟s Phenomena. [2,3] In our study we found that the subject hadinvolvement of both coronary arteryterritories. The symptoms were presentduring the early morning hours and wereaccompanied by ECG and ECHO changes.In some cases, PVA can take a benigncourse without any complications but inothers it can present with dreaded

complications such as syncope, AV block,

asystole, ventricular tachy-arrhythmias [5] or MI. [2,3] Although numerous reports areavailable on variant angina, very little isknown about spasm involving multiplevessels.Various theories have been proposed in the

pathophysiology of Prinzmetal angina suchas eNOS gene mutation, [7] increasedPhospholipase C activity etc. [2] Basically itis an endothelial dysfunction causingincreased vasomotor tone or vasospasmand repetitive vasospasm causes injury tothe vasculature, which in turn leads tocoronary stenosis. [2] There are few provocative tests [1] using

Ergonovine and Acetylcholine that caninduce coronary vasospasm. The testinduced spasm can be relieved by intra-coronary nitrates or calcium antagonists.This helps in diagnosing PVA.Apart from these, 24 hours ECGmonitoring can show episodic ST segmentelevation, any associated arrhythmias [5] ora silent MI. [6] Exercise stress testing [4] isnot very contributory. Since Prinzmetal is

not a "demand" induced symptom but


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rather a vasospastic abnormality, it can not be induced by exercise. [3] Diagnostichallmark of this disease has always beenAngiogram; which may even be normal

during an asymptomatic period. Nitrates and Calcium channel blockers(CCBs) are the mainstay of treatment forVariant angina. Nitroglycerin (in any route)effectively treats an episode of anginawithin minutes and CCB can be used as a

prophylaxis to prevent future attacks. [8, 9] Diltiazem in particular produces coronarydilation but is a less potent peripheralvasodilator. Accordingly our patient was

also started on Diltiazem hydrochloride 90mg (sustained release) along with Asprin75 mg and Rosuvastatin 10 mg. And therewere no further anginal episodes in him atten months follow up confirming theefficacy of the drugs on multi vesselcoronary spasm. [10]

CONCLUSIONA variant of Prinzmetal Variant Angina

with features of multi-vessel involvementinvolving normal or near normal coronaryarteries, although transient and seemingly

benign, can be life threatening. A multi-vessel presentation should not deter a

physician from diagnosing a variantPrinzmetal angina because the conditioncan be successfully treated and preventedwith Calcium channel blockers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the immense helpreceived from the scholars whosearticles are cited and included inreferences of this manuscript. Theauthors are also grateful to authors/editors/ publishers of all those articles,

journals and books from where theliterature for this article has beenreviewed and discussed.

REFERENCES1. Maile S, Moarof I, Michot M. Early

morning recurrent chest pain .Cardiovascular Medicine 2011; 14(1):

24 – 26.2. Braunwald E, ed. Heart Disease: A

Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine.8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders;2008. P. 1337-40.

3. Keller KB, Lemberg L. Prinzmet al’sangina . Am J Crit Care 2004; 13: 350-354.

4. Gubbay ER. Prinzmetal’s variantangina . Can Med Assoc J 1960; 83(4):

164 – 166.5. Huckell VF, McLaughlin PR, Morch

JE, Wigle ED, Adelman AG. Prinzmetal's angina with documentedcoronaryartery spasm: Treatment and

follow-up. British Heart Journal 1981;45: 649-55.

6. Guazzi M, Fiorentini C, Polese A, andMagrini F. Continuouselectrocardiographic recording in

Prinzmetal's variant angina pectoris.British Heart journal 1970; 32: 611-616.

7. Valentin Fuster, Robert O‟Rouke . Hurst’s the Heart . 12 th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional; 2007. P. 1370-72.

8. Gomez FP, De Dious RM, Rey J andAguado G. Prinzmetal's angina: reflexcardiovascular response duringepisode of pain. British Heart Journal1979; 42: 81-87.

9. Madias JE. The syndrome of variantangina culminating in acutemyocardial infarction. Circulation1979; 59:297-306

10. Harper R, Peter T, Hunt D. Syncope inassociation with Prinzmetal variantangina . British Heart Journal 1975;37: 771-774.


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Category: ResearchReceived on:11/09/11Revised on:13/10/11Accepted on:20/10/11

ABSTRACT

Aim: Previous studies show that neuropathic pain is refractory against conventional analgesicsand thus novel medicaments are desired for the treatment. Activated K + channels are associatedwith reducing inappropriate or excessive neuronal activity. The aim of this study was toinvestigate the possible analgesic effects of potassium channel opening on neuropathic pain.Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate whether potassium channel activatorcan generate qualitative analgesic effects on the acute pain induced by thermal and mechanicalstimulation. Methods: The effect of diazoxide at the dose of 200 mg/kg on acute thermal andmechanical nociception were assessed by sensory testing like spontaneous pain, mechanicalhyperalgesia, tactile as well as cold allodynia in chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced painin rat. Results: After CCI surgery, the rats developed neuropathic pain syndrome. Behavioral

studies demonstrated that rats with the CCI experienced spontaneous pain, dynamic allodyniaand mechanical hyperalgesia which were significantly different from the sham group.Treatment with diazoxide decreased significantly the withdrawal durations in all sensory tests.Conclusion: The present study indicates that activity of K + channel may contributesignificantly to the development of central sensitization-mediated pain and suggests that K +

openers may be an important molecular target for the treatment of chronic pain of neuropathicorigin.

______________________________________________________________________

Key words: Neuropathic pain, Diazoxide,

Potassium channels, Chronic constrictioninjury, sensory test

INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain is one of the mostsignificant health problems in the world.

Neuropathic (neurogenic) pain is defined by IASP as pain caused by a lesion ordysfunction of the nervous system (1). It ischaracterized by inappropriate spontaneousor excessive neuronal activity in response

to physiological stimuli. Chronic pain is

one of most common reasons for hospitalvisits so it should be considered to be adisease rather than just a symptom. Recentadvances in molecular biology techniquesand the subsequent discoveries of keymolecules involved in pain production,have clearly contributed to betterunderstanding acute pain (2-5), by whichthe molecular multiple mechanismsunderlying chronic pain can be fullyclarified. Proper diagnosis and early

ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS OF DIAZOXIDE INRODENT MODEL OF CHRONIC PAIN INDUCED BYCHRONIC CONSTRICTION NERVE INJURY

Deshmukh A. B. 1, Patel J. K. 2, Prajapati A. R. 3, Patel K. S. 2, Jadav R. J. 4

1Department of Pharmacology, Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu InstituteofPharmacy, Unava, Gandhinagar, Gujarat

2Department of Pharmaceutics, Nootan Pharmacy College, Visnagar, Gujarat3Department of Quality assurance, Shree Sarvajanik Pharmacy College,Mehsana- Gujarat

4Department of Pharmacology, Nootan Pharmacy College, Visnagar, Gujarat




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treatment are often found to be difficult inneuropathic pain, because it is quitedifferent from other types of pain, such asnociceptive (or physiological) or

inflammatory pain and it is irreversible,even when the underlying cause has beenrectified (3). Also, the occurrence ofneuropathic pain is commonly as asecondary symptom in diseases (e.g.diabetes, cancer, and herpes zosterinfection) or as a side effect ofchemotherapeutic treatments (4, 6-8).The management of this disorder isachieved by various classes of drugs that

are capable of dampening neuronalexcitability. Examples may be voltage-gated sodium channel blockers(carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigineand topiramate), voltage-operated calciumchannel modulators (ethosuximide,gabapentin, levetiracetam) and modulatorsof inhibitory GABAergicneurotransmission (benzodiazepines,vigabatrin and tiagabine). Of these, the

approved drugs for the treatment ofneuropathic pain are gabapentin, andcarbamazepine and lamotrigine hasdemonstrated efficacy for neuropathic painin clinical trials (9). Various drugs withsodium channel blocking actions

preferentially suppress thermal nociceptionwhich may be partly explained by the localanesthetic action of sodium channel

blocking agents and differentialsensitivities to local anesthetics of thefibers activated by thermal and mechanicalnociception (10). However, a number of issues regarding thistreatment, including the effective,meaningful drug dose range, the durabilityof pain-relief effects leading a poortreatment to patient with currently availabledrugs. So there is a need for new agentswith their novel mechanism for thetreatment of neuropathic pain. Potassium

(K +) channel opening is one potentialmechanism that has not yet been exploitedfor neuropathic pain. Activated K + channels are associated with reducing

inappropriate or excessive neuronal activity(11).Therefore, the present study was designedto investigate whether potassium channelactivation generate qualitative analgesiceffects on the acute pain induced bythermal and mechanical stimulation .

MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals

Wistar-kyoto male rats of 8 weeks age withthe body weight range from 250-300 gmswere procured from Central AnimalFacility, Nootan pharmacy college,Visnagar, India. They were main

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