ABOVE CRITERIA ARE NECESSARY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF A ...Chronic Relapsing Pericarditis occurs in a...

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2 OF THE ABOVE CRITERIA ARE NECESSARY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS ABSENCE OF A PERICARDIAL EFFUSION DOES NOT EXCLUDE THE DX PERICARDITIS SHOULD BE SUSPECTED WITH PERSISTANT FEVER PERICARDIAL EFFUSION ORCADIOMEGALLY SINCE THE SAME VIRUSES CAN CAUSE BOTH PERICARDITIS/ AND MYOCARDITIS THERE ARE COMMON ELEMENTS TERM: PERIMYOCARDITIS SOMETIMES USED

Transcript of ABOVE CRITERIA ARE NECESSARY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF A ...Chronic Relapsing Pericarditis occurs in a...

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2 OF THE ABOVE CRITERIA ARE NECESSARY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS

ABSENCE OF A PERICARDIAL EFFUSION DOES NOT EXCLUDE THE DX

PERICARDITIS SHOULD BE SUSPECTED WITH PERSISTANT FEVERPERICARDIAL EFFUSIONOR CADIOMEGALLY

SINCE THE SAME VIRUSES  CAN CAUSE BOTH PERICARDITIS/ AND MYOCARDITIS THEREARE COMMON ELEMENTS     TERM: PERIMYOCARDITIS SOMETIMES USED

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CHEST PAIN: ‐ FAIRLY SUDDEN‐ OVER ANT. CHEST WALL‐ PLEURITIC/SHARP‐ DEC. LEANING FORWARD

PERICARDIAL FRICTION RUB:‐ VERY SPECIFIC (85% OF CASES)

CARDIAC BIOMARKERS: ACUTE PERICARDITIS‐ INCR. TROPONIN I (MYOCARDITIS)

SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION: WBC/ SED RATE/CRP/

EKG: STAGE1‐ SEEN HOURS/DAYS‐ ST ELEV. CONCAVE UPATRIAL INJURY‐ PR CHANGE  (ST:PR CHANGE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION)

STAGE2‐ NORMALIZATION ST AND PRSTAGE3‐ DIFFUSE T WAVE INVERSION (CAN BE ABSENT)STAGE4‐MAY NORMALIZE OR T WAVES MAY PERSIST INDEFINITELY)

CXR: USUALLY NORMAL

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INITIAL EVALUATION– STANDARD APPROACH

PERICARDITIS IS USUALLY BRIEF AND BENIGN

1. INITIAL HISTORY AND PHYSICAL2. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY3. EKG4. CHEST X‐RAY5. TB TEST6. ANA7. HIV8. BLOOD CULTURES IF TEMP.> 100.49. VIRAL STUDIES‐USUALLY NOT DONE SINCE COURSE IS NOT ALTERED

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TREATMENT

1. IF IDENTIFIED CAUSE OTHER THAN VIRAL/ OR IDIOPATHIC‐ TX UNDERLYING CAUSE2. VIRAL OR IDIOPATHIC: NO THERAPY HAS PROVEN TO PREVENT SERIOUS SEQUELLA3. IF NO HIGH RISK FEATURES‐ CAN BE TREATED AS AN OUTPATIENT4. NSAIDS‐ RELIEF OF PAIN AND DECREASE INFLAMMATION/ OR EFFUSION  ESC 2004

A) IBUPROFEN 300‐800 MG/Q6‐8HR. Days or wks. OR ASA 2‐5 G/DAY—ALTHOUGH DOESN’T CHANGE NATURAL HXB) KETOROLAC‐ IV

5. IF NO RESPONSE X 1WK. – LOOK FOR OTHER CAUSES/ AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS6. IN AMI‐ USE ONLY ASA/ NOT NSAID‐‐‐( INDOMETHICIN)7. COLCHICINE: ‐ MAY HELP PREVENT RECURRENCE OF ACUTE IDIOPATHIC OR VIRAL   ? FOR 1ST EPISODE

0.5‐1MG TWICE ON THE 1ST DAY, THEN 0.5 1OR 2 X DAY FOR THREE MONTHS8. GLUCOCORTICOIDS:  USE ONLY IF REFRACTORY TO NSAIDS OR COLCHICINE

‐ ACUTE PERICARDITIS DUE TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE‐ IMMUNE MEDIATED PERICARDITIS‐ UREMIC PERICARDITISHIGH DOSES OF STEROIDS WITH RAPID TAPERING

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Pericardial DiseaseAcute PericarditisChronic Relapsing PericarditisConstrictive PericarditisCardiac TamponadeLocalized and Low Pressure TamponadeRestrictive Cardiomyopathy

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Pericardial Anatomy

Two major componentsserosa (viceral pericardium)mesothelial monolayerfacilitate fluid and ion exchange

fibroa (parietal pericardium)fibrocollagenous tissue

Pericardial Fluid15 ‐ 50 ml of clear plasma ultrafiltrate

Ligamentous attachmentsto the sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm

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Pericardial Physiologynot needed to sustain lifephysiologic functionslimit cardiac dilatation

maintain normal ventricular compliance

reduce friction to cardiac movement 

barrier to inflammation

limit cardiac displacement

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Acute Pericarditiscommon causes

Outpatient settingusually idiopathic

probably due to viral infections

Coxsackie A and B (highly cardiotropic) are the most common viral cause of pericarditis and myocarditis

Others viruses: mumps, varicella‐zoster, influenza, Epstein‐Barr, HIV 

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Acute PericarditisNon‐infectiousPost‐myocardial infarction

Uremia

Neoplastic disease

Radiation induced

Connective tissue diseases

Drug induced

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Acute Pericarditiscommon causes

Inpatient setting

T = Trauma, TUMORU = UremiaM = Myocardial infarction (acute, post)  Medications (hydralazine, procain)O = Other infections (bacterial, fungal, TB)R = Rheumatoid, autoimmune disorder Radiation

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Acute PericarditisDiagnostic Clues

Historysudden onset of anterior chest pain that

is pleuritic and substernal

Physical exampresence of two‐ or three‐component rub

ECGmost important laboratory clue

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Acute pericarditis: clinical findings

Chest painPleuritic, positional, may mimic MI

Fever, tachycardia, dyspneaPericardial friction rub3 component “scratchy” sound

Abnormal ECG  Diffuse ST elevation

PR depression *

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Heart Murmurs of PericarditisPericardial friction rub is pathognomic for pericarditisscratching or grating soundClassically three components:presystolic rub during atrial filling

ventricular systolic rub (loudest)

ventricular diastolic rub (after A2P2)

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Acute PericarditisECG features

ST‐segment elevationreflecting epicardial inflammation

leads I, II, aVL, and V3‐V6

lead aVR usually shows ST depression

ST concave upwardST in AMI concave downward like a “dome”

PR segment depression (early stage)T‐wave inversionoccurs after the ST returns to baseline

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Acute Pericarditis: Electrocardiogram

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Viral PericarditisCoxsackievirus and EchovirusOften diagnosed as idiopathic

Seasonal variation

Can occur with AIDS as a result of CMVHistoryUsually self‐limited

Complications: myocarditis, recurrence, tamponade, constriction

Treat underlying disorder

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Acute PericarditisManagement

Treat underlying causeAnalgesic agentscodeine 15‐30 mg q 4‐6 hr

Anti‐inflmmatory agentsASA 648 mg q 3‐4 hrs

NSAID (indomethacin 25‐50 mg qid)

Corticosteroids are symptomatically effective , but preferably avoided

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Chronic Relapsing Pericarditisoccurs in a small % of patients with acute idiopathic pericarditissteroid dependency requiring gradual tapering over 3‐12 months; NSAIDs, analgesics, and colchicine may be beneficialpericardiectomy for relief of symptoms is not always effective

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Dressler’s Syndrome

Described by Dressler in 1956fever, pericarditis, pleuritis(typically with a low grade fever and a pericardial friction rub)occurs in the first few days to several weeks following MI or heart surgeryincidence of 6‐25% treat with high‐dose aspirin

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Acute PericarditisDifferential Diagnosis

Acute myocardial infarctionPulmonary embolismPneumoniaAortic dissection

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Recurrent PericarditisIncidence ~25%TreatmentNSAID’s initially

Steroids Rarely

Colchicine

Well Tolerated

60% effective long‐term, more effective if taken chronically

Fewer side effects than long‐term steroids

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Large pericardial effusion: signs

Soft heart soundsReduced intensity of friction rubEwart’s sign: Dullness, decreased breath sounds, and egophony over posterior L lung due to compression by large pericardial sacElectrical alternans on ECG 

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ECG in Pericardial EffusionDiffuse low voltageamount of fluid

electrical conductivity of the fluid

Electrical alternansalternating amplitude of the QRS

produced by heart swinging motion

also seen in PSVT, HTN, ischemia

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Dignostic Evaluation

Chest x‐rayusually requires > 200 ml of fluid

cannot distinguish between pericardial effusion and cardiomegly

Echocardiographystandard for diagnosing pericardial effusion

convenient, highly reliable, cost effective

false positives (M‐mode)‐ left pleural effusion, epicardial fat, tumor tissue, pericardial cysts

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Pericardial effusion

L

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Pericardial tamponade:pathophysiology

Increased intra‐pericardial pressureExceeds ventricular diastolic pressure

Causing impaired diastolic fillingElevated venous pressureIncreased JVP, hepatomegaly, edema

Dyspnea

Decreased filling � decreased stroke volumeReflex tachycardia, hypotension

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Cardiac TamponadeEarly stagemild to moderate elevation of central venous pressure

Advanced stage� intrapericardial pressure� ventricular filling, � stroke volume

hypotension 

impaired organ perfusion

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Beck’s TriadDescribed in 1935 by thoracic surgeon Claude S. Beck3 features of acute tamponade Decline in systemic arterial pressure

Elevation in systemic venous pressure (e.g. distended neck vein)

A small, quiet heart

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Pulsus paradoxusExaggerated (>10mmHg) cyclic decrease in systolic BP during normal inspirationInspiration: increased venous return    increased RV volume.   

Interventricular septum shifts left,    decreased LV volume   decreased stroke volume   systolic pressure falls.

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Pulsus Paradoxus

an exaggerated drop in SBP with inspiration (>10mmHg)

Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 1878; 10:461

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Cardiac Tamponadeclinical features

Symptomsdyspnea, fatigue, cough, agitation and restlessness, syncope, shock, anuria

Physical examination pulsus paradoxus

tachycardia

increased jugular venous pressure

hypotension

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Echocardiographic Diagnosis

Pericardial effusionhighly reliable

Cardiac tamponadeRA and RV diastolic collapse

reduced chamber size

distension of the inferior vena cava

exaggerated respiratory variation of the mitral and tricuspid valve flow velocities

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RA and RV diastolic collapseRA and RV walls are thin with relatively low intracavitary pressuresAbsence of compression virtually excludes tamponadePresence of compression is suggestive but not diagnostic

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When to treat pericardial effusion ?

Tamponade is not an all‐or‐non‐phenomenaEcho more sensitive than clinical criteriaLimited data exist with respect to the optimal timing of intervention for pericardial effusionCardiogenic shock must be aggressively addressedInfusion of large volume of IV fluids may temporarily stabilize the patient

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Echo‐guided PericardiocentesisSAFE and EFFECTIVElocating the optimal site of puncturedetermining the depth of the pericardial effusion and the distance form the puncture site to the effusionmonitoring the results of the pericardiocentesis

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PericardiocentesisDiagnostic tapnot always indicated

Pericardial biopsy may be more definitive

Therapeutic drainageindicated for tamponade

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Clearance for percutaneous pericardiocentesis

Subcostal viewAt least 1 cm fluid between visceral and parietal pericardiumNo significant adhesionsEffusion not consolidatedPath to pericardium not THROUGH the liver

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Constrictive pericarditis

Fibrous thickening, adhesion, calcification of the pericardium.Most common etiologies:TB

Idiopathic

Post pericarditis of any etiology

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ConstrictionThickening of the pericardium that limits diastolic volumeResultant syndrome mimicking right heart failureDifficult to separate from Restriction

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ConstrictionEtiologyIdiopathic              33%

Post‐pericarditis   18%

Post‐surgical         16%

Radiation              14%

Rheumatic              6%

Infection                 3%

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Constrictive pericarditis: clinical findings

Fatigue, hypotension, tachycardiaElevated JVPKussmaul’s signPericardial “knock”Ascites, edema

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Constrictive pericarditis: Diagnosis

Calcified pericardium on XrayImage thickened pericardium:  CT scan, MRICardiac cath: Elevated, equalized diastolic pressures

Restricted filling pattern in RV  (“dip and plateau”)

Prominent “y” descent on RA pressure tracing

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MRI‐ Constriction

LV

RV

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Echocardiographic signs of constriction

Thickened and adherent pericardiumRespiratory “bounce” of septumDiastolic mitral regurgitationDilated IVC without respiratory variationNormal E’ and loss of A’ on tissue Doppler

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Constriction Treatment

Medical management‐palliativeDiuretics to minimize edema

Anti TB drugs x 4 weeks before surgery

Surgical management‐PericardiectomyMortality ~10%

Symptomatic improvement 90%

Poor Prognostic Indicators:

NYHA class III or IV

Incomplete resection

Radiation induced

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