Abiotic factors in an ecosystemAbiotic factors in an ecosystemThe ClimateThe Climate

TemperatureTemperature MoistureMoisture Nutrient cyclingNutrient cycling

All are controlled by the location of the All are controlled by the location of the ecosystemecosystem

Living Living Components of Components of an Ecosysteman Ecosystem

The cycle of EnergyThe cycle of Energy

Energy Cycling Energy Cycling

Energy travels through an ecosystem Energy travels through an ecosystem It enters as sunlight and become low It enters as sunlight and become low

energy detritus.energy detritus. It passes through organism to organism.It passes through organism to organism. Many different organisms carry the same Many different organisms carry the same

energy. energy. It is passed by being eaten (consumed)It is passed by being eaten (consumed) The amount of usable energy decreases The amount of usable energy decreases

on each stepon each step

DecomposersDecomposers

Decomposers enter the energy cycle Decomposers enter the energy cycle at nearly all levels. at nearly all levels.

They consume dead organisms and They consume dead organisms and intern are eaten.intern are eaten.

They recycle potentially wasted They recycle potentially wasted energy. energy.

Primary producersPrimary producers

Also called autrotrophs.Also called autrotrophs. Convert solar energy (sunlight) into Convert solar energy (sunlight) into

chemical energy.chemical energy. May be plants algae or types of bacteria.May be plants algae or types of bacteria. Provide chemical energy to those who Provide chemical energy to those who

consume them.consume them. 94% of the energy utilized is converted 94% of the energy utilized is converted

lo low energy waste 6% or less is lo low energy waste 6% or less is passed on passed on

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

Convert Co2 and energy into Convert Co2 and energy into C6H12O6C6H12O6

Account of most of the biomass on Account of most of the biomass on earth.earth.

Biomass the Biomass the amount or life in an amount or life in an area-by weightarea-by weight

11stst order Consumers order Consumers

Consume primary producers.Consume primary producers. Called herbivores / primary consumers.Called herbivores / primary consumers. Use only 10 % of the energy provided Use only 10 % of the energy provided

by the plants.by the plants. 90% of energy the organism receives 90% of energy the organism receives

from plants is converted to waste.from plants is converted to waste.

22ndnd order consumers order consumers

Eat 1Eat 1stst order consumers order consumers Are called carnivores or parasites Are called carnivores or parasites Receive only about 10% of the Receive only about 10% of the

energy that herbivores use.energy that herbivores use. They intern waste 90% the energy They intern waste 90% the energy

they receive. they receive.

Higher order consumersHigher order consumers

Have humungous ranges because of the Have humungous ranges because of the enormous amount of primary productivity enormous amount of primary productivity required to support all the links in the required to support all the links in the chain.chain.

33rdrd order consumers are called tertiary order consumers are called tertiary consumers an are relatively common. consumers an are relatively common. Wolfs or killer whalesWolfs or killer whales

4th and 5th level consumers are found 4th and 5th level consumers are found only in extremely productive ecosystems only in extremely productive ecosystems and are very rare. and are very rare.

Organisms By decreasing biomassOrganisms By decreasing biomassRule of 10Rule of 10

Food websFood webs

Arrows indicate the direction of Arrows indicate the direction of energy.energy.

BioaccumulationBioaccumulation

Toxins are passed up a food chain Toxins are passed up a food chain each step becoming more each step becoming more concentrated.concentrated.

Mercury in aquatic organisms

6 Kingdom classification6 Kingdom classification

Eubacteria Eubacteria Archaeobacteria 3.6Archaeobacteria 3.6 Protists 1.2 billionProtists 1.2 billion Animals 700 million Animals 700 million Fungi 390 million Fungi 390 million Plants 420 millionPlants 420 million

Organisms Compete Organisms Compete

Between the individuals in a Between the individuals in a population population

Between populationsBetween populations

Competition reduces nichesCompetition reduces niches

Fundamental niche the total range Fundamental niche the total range an organism could occupy.an organism could occupy.

Realized niche the range of an Realized niche the range of an organism after competition.organism after competition.