Abhijit Banerjee and Lackshmi the Legaby of Colonial Land

7/30/2019 Abhijit Banerjee and Lackshmi the Legaby of Colonial Land

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TABLE 1 : STATE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF LANDLORD AND NON-LANDLORD DISTRICTS

Mean non- Total districts

State landlord Landlord Individualproportion based based Landlord Non-landlord

Andhra Pradesh 0.66 2 8 0 0 10

Bihar 0.00 12 0 0 0 12

Gujarat 1.00 0 7 0 0 7

Haryana 0.85 0 0 0 5 5

Karnataka 1.00 0 15 0 0 15

Madhya Pradesh 0.10 14 1 0 0 15

Maharashtra 0.78 4 14 0 0 18

Orissa 0.32 6 2 0 0 8

Punjab 0.87 0 0 0 6 6

Rajasthan 0.00 1 0 0 0 1

Tamil Nadu 0.75 2 9 0 0 11

Uttar Pradesh 0.42 0 0 12 35 47

West Bengal 0.00 11 0 0 0 11

Total 0.51 52 56 12 46 166

Notes: This table lists only districts which used to be part of British India. Areas where the British

did not set up the land revenue system are excluded.

Districts of British India which are currently in Pakistan, Bangladesh or Burma are excluded.

The table also excludes the states of Assam and Kerala, for which agricultural data is not available

in the World Bank dataset.

The table lists 1960 districts, some of which were split into two or more districts over time. We use

un-split districts in all our analysis.

Classification of revenue systems

Village bodies


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TABLE 2 : DIFFERENCES IN GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Mean Standard Differencea

Standard error

deviation of difference

Geography

Latitude 22.19 5.60 -4.35*** (0.961)

Altitude 366.41 148.14 93.64*** (25.98)

Mean annual rainfall (mm) 1263.09 471.64 -373.99*** (80.83)

Coastal dummy 0.1497 0.3579 0.084 (0.065)

Top 2 soil types: Black soil 0.2096 0.4082 0.244*** (0.072)

Alluvial soil 0.1677 0.3747 -0.135** (0.067)

Red soil 0.5689 0.4967 0.075 (0.090)

Top-soil depth 300 cm 0.5482 0.4991 -0.268*** (0.088)

Area share of various crops:1956-1987

area share of rice 0.366 0.298 -0.194*** (0.054)

area share of wheat 0.149 0.157 -0.058** (0.026)

area share of other cereals 0.205 0.172 0.128*** (0.031)

area share of oilseeds 0.067 0.088 0.065*** (0.013)

area share of cotton 0.041 0.096 0.066*** (0.018)

area share of tobacco 0.003 0.015 0.005** (0.002)area share of sugarcane 0.031 0.053 0.005 (0.008)

Cash crops to cereals ratio 0.149 0.257 0.152*** (0.048)

Demographics: 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991

log(Population) 14.26 0.634 -0.088 (0.109)

Population density 36.44 85.92 -11.22** (4.02)

Proportion of scheduled castes 0.1598 0.0733 -0.034** (0.014)

Proportion of scheduled tribes 0.0980 0.1630 -0.010 (0.031)

Proportion rural 0.8102 0.1237 -0.066*** (0.023)

Proportion of working population in farming 0.7119 0.1352 -0.050* (0.027)

Standard errors in parentheses, corrected for district-level clustering.

* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%aDifference represents the average difference between non landlord and landlord districts


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ESINAGRICULTURALINVESTMENT

SANDYIELDS

tion=0.5051(s.d.=0.4274)

M

eanofdependent

variable

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

Fulls

ample

ExcludingBenga

l

Fullsample

Excludingvillage-

andBihar

baseddistricts

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

MENTS

reairrigated

0.276

0.065*

0.066*

0.077***

0.005

(0.0

34)

(0.035)

(0.027)

(0.032)

24.64

10.70

8***

10.992***

9.988***

10.695***

(3.3

45)

(3.406)

(2.301)

(3.040)

HYV

0.298

0.079*

0.094**

0.016

0.074*

(0.0

44)

(0.043)

(0.032)

(0.038)

erHYV

0.518

0.09

2**

0.119***

0.031

0.107**

(0.0

46)

(0.045)

(0.036)

(0.052)

eaunderHYV

0.196

0.057*

0.084***

-0.035

0.109***

(0.0

31)

(0.024)

(0.025)

(0.041)

TIVITY

0.15

7**

0.152**

0.173***

0.089

(0.0

71)

(0.074)

(0.053)

(0.085)

0.17

1**

0.195**

0.099

0.173**

(0.0

81)

(0.081)

(0.062)

(0.079)

0.229***

0.228***

0.188***

0.143

(0.0

67)

(0.070)

(0.054)

(0.098)

166

143

166

109

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

ontrol

YES

YES

YES

YES

ses,correctedfor

district-levelclustering.*significantat10%;**significantat5%;***significan

tat1%

efficientfromaregressionofthedependentv

ariableonthemeasureofnon-landlordcontrol.

taforareaunderh

igh-yieldingvarieties(HYV)isafter1965.

itude,latitude,me

anannualrainfall,anddum

miesforsoiltypeandcoastalregions.

sassignedasfollo

ws:thedummyequalsone

forallindividual-baseddistrictsandallvillage-based

districtsexcept

d-baseddistrictsandthevillage-baseddistrictsofOudh,thedummyiszero.

Coeffic

ientonnon-landlordproportion

Coefficientonnon-landlorddummy


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TABLE 5: ARE YIELDS EXPLAINED BY INVESTMENTS?

Log total yield Log rice yield Log wheat yieldOLS OLS OLS

(1) (2) (3)

Proportion non-landlord 0.035 0.070 0.109

(0.053) (0.063) (0.063)

Proportion of gross cropped area irrigated 0.693** 0.439** 0.435**

(0.112) (0.096) (0.117)

Fertilizer use (kg/ha) 0.007** 0.004** 0.001

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

% area under HYV 4.274** 0.580** 0.618**

(1.122) (0.063) (0.070)

Adjusted R-squared 0.60 0.52 0.56

No. of districts 166 166 166

Year fixed effects YES YES YES

Geographic controls YES YES YESDate of British land revenue control YES YES YES


* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%

Data are from 1956-87. Data for area under high-yielding varieties (HYV) is after 1965.

Geographic controls are altitude, latitude, mean annual rainfall, and dummies for soil type and coastal regions.

Dependent variables


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TABLE 6: WHEN DO THE DIFFERENCES APPEAR?

PANEL A : FULL SAMPLE

Dependent variable Difference1956-65 After 1965

(1) (2) (3)

AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTS

Proportion of gross cropped area irrigated 0.046 0.079** 0.033**

(0.033) (0.036) (0.016)

Fertilizer use (kg/ha) 1.026** 15.581*** 14.55***

(0.425) (4.763) (4.44)

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

log(yield of 15 major crops) 0.066 0.201*** 0.135***

(0.065) (0.076) (0.033)

log(rice yield) 0.108 0.196** 0.088**

(0.069) (0.089) (0.044)

log(wheat yield) 0.146** 0.268*** 0.122*

(0.058) (0.079) (0.063)

No. of districts 166 166 166Year fixed effects YES YES YES

Geographic controls YES YES YES

Date of British land revenue control YES YES YES


* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%

Data are from 1956-87. Geographic controls are altitude, latitude, mean annual rainfall, and dummies

for soil type and coastal regions. Estimates in column (3) are computed from a regression of the dependent

variable on the interaction of the non-landlord proportion and a dummy for year>1965, after controllingfor the main effects of these variables, as well as geographic controls.

PANEL B: RICE YIELDS FOR TAMIL NADU DISTRICTS

Sample : 10 districts of Tamil Nadu

Data are for 1870, 1901, 1911, 1917, 1919, and five-yearly intervals from 1922 to 1982

Dependent variable

Before 1965 After 1965 Difference

Log rice yield -0.099 0.415 0.514**

(0 172) (0 366) (0 217)

Coefficient on non-landlord proportion



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TABLE 7: IMPACT OF STATE POLICY

Dependent variables Mean of

dependent OLS OLS OLSvariable Base specification Control for state State FE

dev exp per capita

(1) (2) (3)

PANEL A: AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTS

Proportion of gross cropped area irrigated 0.276 0.065* 0.074** 0.028

(0.034) (0.035) (0.036)

Fertilizer use (kg/ha) 24.64 10.708*** 10.805*** 4.297

(3.345) (3.717) (3.308)

Proportion of rice area under HYV 0.298 0.079* 0.007 0.000

(0.044) (0.040) (0.042)

Proportion of wheat area under HYV 0.518 0.092** 0.061 0.028

(0.046) (0.047) (0.039)

Proportion of other cereals area under HYV 0.196 0.057* 0.025 0.043*

(0.031) (0.030) (0.026)

PANEL B: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

log(yield of 15 major crops) 0.157** 0.174** 0.059

(0.071) (0.076) (0.072)log(rice yield) 0.171** 0.083 0.016

(0.081) (0.082) (0.078)

log(wheat yield) 0.229*** 0.243*** 0.150***

(0.067) (0.072) (0.045)

PANEL C: EDUCATION AND HEALTH INVESTMENTS 1981

Proportion of villages having:

Primary school 0.745 0.154*** 0.062* 0.102***

(0.036) (0.037) (0.039)Middle school 0.204 0.125*** 0.093*** 0.064***

(0.023) (0.021) (0.018)

High school 0.082 0.052*** 0.019 0.030**

(0.018) (0.014) (0.013)

Primary health center 0.023 0.011*** 0.002 0.012***

(0.004) (0.004) (0.004)

Primary health subcenter 0.031 0.033*** 0.011 0.006

(0.011) (0.009) (0.006)

PANEL D: EDUCATION AND HEALTH OUTCOMES

Literacy rate (1961, 1971, 1981, 1991) 0.2945 0.0524** 0.0290* 0.0241

(0.0190) (0.0171) (0.0176)

Infant mortality rate (1991) 82.17 -32.71*** -25.43*** -15.81***

(5.38) (5.28) (5.40)



36/50

TRICTSOFBRITISHINDIA,WITHDATESANDMODEOFAC

QUISITIONBYTHEBR

ITISH

Datean

dmodeofacquisition

Districtsincluded

SetupbyBritishin1690

Calcutta

onland

obtainedfromMughalemperor

s

Cameu

nderBritishpoliticalcontrol

24-Parganas(parts),Burdwan,Midn

apore(parts),

from1

757to1761

Chittagon

g

ehar

Revenu

ecollectionrightsgranted

Bankura,

Birbhum,Hooghly,Howra

h,Malda,Murshidabad,

byMughalemperorin1765

Nadiya(m

odernWestBengal);Bhagalpur,Champaran,

Darbhang

a,Gaya,Hazaribagh,Lohardagga,Munger,Patna,

Purnea,SantalParganas,Saran,Shahabad,Singhbhum

(modernBihar);Bakirganj,Bogra,D

acca,Faridpur,Dinajpur,

Jessore,Khulna,Maimansingh,Noa

khalli,Pabna,Rajshahi,

Rangpur,Tipra(modernBanglades

h)

Cameu

ndercontrolin1826

Jalpaiguri,Darjeeling.

and1838respectively.

Conque

redin1803

Balasore,

Cuttack,Puri

(restofO

rissaundertributarychiefs)

GrantedbyNawaboftheCarnatic

Chingleput,Madras

in1750-63

ars

GrantedbyMughalemperorin1765,

Vizagapatam,Ganjam,Kistna,Goda

vari

grantconfirmedbyNizamofDeccan

in1768.

tained

ObtainedfromMysoreafterthe

Salem,Coimbatore,Malabar,Kanara,

SecondMysoreWar1792

somearea

sofMadura

ts

ObtainedbyNizamofDeccanafter

Anantapu

r,Bellary,Cuddapah,Karn

ul

Mysore

Warandthencededto

British

in1800

icts

CededtoBritishbyNawabof

Nellore,N

orthArcot,SouthArcot,M

adura,

Carnaticin1801

Trichinop

oly,Tinnevelly

TakenoverbyBritishduetoincap

acity

Tanjore

ofHind

urulerin1799

TakenoverbyBritishin1831due

to

Mysore

misman

agementofruler,givenbackto

Wodey

arsin1881


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Datean

dmodeofacquisition

Districtsincluded

CededbytheNawabofOudhin1775

Benares,Mirzapur,Jaunpur,Ghazipur,Ballia,

ts

CededbytheNawabofOudhin1801

Azamgarh,Gorakhpur,Basti,Allaha

bad,Fatehpur,Kanpur,

Farukhabad,Etawa,Mainpuri,Etah,

Shahjahanpur,Badayun,

Bareli,Pilibhit,Moradabad,Bijnaur,TaraiParganas

stricts

ConqueredbyLordLakefromScindia

Agra,Ma

thura,Aligarh,Bulandshah

r,Meerut,

andoth

ersin1803

Muzaffarnagar,Saharanpur

Conqueredinpartsfrom1803-17.

Banda,Hamirpur

Takenoverduetolapse,forfeiture

etc.

Jalaun,Jh

ansi,Lalitpur

inyearsafter1840.

CededaftertheNepalwarin1815

Dehradun

.

Annexe

dfromNawabofOudhin1856.

Kheri,Sitapur,Hardoi,Lucknow,Unao,Barabanki,Rai-Bareli,

Partabgar

h,Sultanpur,Faizabad,Gonda,Bahraich

ObtainedfromNawabofSuratin1800

Surat

ConqueredfromBarodain1803a

nd

Ahmedab

ad,Kaira,Broach

Marathasin1818.

ory

ConqueredfromPeshwain1818

Thana,Khandesh,Nasik,Ahmednag

ar,Poona,Sholapur,

Kolaba,R

atnagiri,Belgaum(somep

artsobtainedin1827),

Bijapur,D

harwar

Takenoverbylapsein1848

Satara

Transfe

rredfromMadrasin1862

Kanara

Conqueredin1843

Karachi,Haidarabad,Shikarpur,UpperSindhFrontier,

Thar&Parkar(modernPakistan)

Obtainedin1861

PanchMahals

Obtainedaspartofdiwaniin1765

,

Goalpara

(modernAssam),Sylhet(m

odernBangladesh)

latertr

ansferredtoAssam

Conqueredin1824

Darrang,Kamrup,Lakhimpur,Naug

ong,Sibsagar

Brough

tundercontrolin1830-35

Cachar,C

acharHills,EasternDwars

(1866),Jaintya

Parganas,KhasiandJaintyas,NagaHills.

ory

ConqueredfromBhonslein1818;

someareas

Balaghat,

Betul,Bhandara,Bilaspur,Chanda,Chhindwara,

leftund

erBhonsletill1854

Damoh,H

oshangabad,Jabalpur,Ma

ndla,Nagpur,

Narsinghpur,Nimar(1820),Raipur,

Sagar,Seoni,Wardah

Conqueredin1818,underlocalch

ief

Sambalpu

r

till184

9


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Datean

dmodeofacquisition

Districtsincluded

Conqueredin1803

Delhi,Gu

rgaon,Hisar,Karnal

ObtainedafterSikhWarin1845-46

Ambala,Firozpur,Hoshiyarpur,Jala

ndhar,Kangra,Ludhiana

ObtainedafterSikhWarin1849

Amritsar,

Gurdaspur,Rohtak(India)

;Bannu,DeraGhaziKhan,

DeraIsmailKhan,Gujranwala,Gujr

at,Hazara,Jhang,Jhelum,

Kohat,Lahore,Montgomerty,Multa

n,Muzaffargarh,Peshawar,

Rawalpin

di,Shahpur,Sialkot(Pakistan)

Obtainedin1815

Shimla

894),Kumar(1982)


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APPENDIX TABLE 2: ESTABLISHMENT OF LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS IN BRITISH INDIA

Province Dates of British Formation of land tenure systemland revenue control

Bengal 1757, 1765 Revenue auctions in early 1770s; old landlords dispossessed,

Presidency several defaults and famine;old landlords reinstated in 1784;

Lord Cornwallis announces Permanent Settlement in 1793:

landlords' rents fixed in perpetuity with stiff penalties for default.

Madras 1765, 1790-1801 1765 territories came under Permanent Settlement.

Presidency Munro and Read tried individual system in some districts from

1796-1805; in 1807 all districts put under landlords for 3 years,

leases renewed for 10 years in 1810-11; Munro went to England

and convinced the Directors of the East India Company to order

an individual settlement in the whole of Madras;order implemented

after 1820 when leases expired; all future defaulting landlord

estates also converted to individual system.

Bombay 1803, 1817-18 Individual system tried in Poona in 1820's, but failed; Wingate andPresidency Goldsmid start Bombay Survey System in 1835 for individual

settlement system; a few long-standing landlords left in place in

certain areas.

North-West 1775, 1801-03 Permanent Settlement in 1775 areas.

Provinces 3 and 4-year landlord leases in 1802-1819. Question of Permanent

Settlement widely debated; revenue secretary Holt Mackenzie's

1819 Minute recognized the existence of village bodies and asked

for their rights to be protected in any settlement; regulation passedin 1822.

Oudh 1856 Lord Dalhousie announced settlement with village bodies wherever

possible; Mutiny in 1857 before this could be done; Lord Canning

reversed policy in 1858 and brought back landlords (talukdars ) with

full proprietary rights.

Central 1818, 1849 No fixed policy until landlord settlement (malguzari )

Provinces announced in 1853, implemented in 1850s. Sambhalpurdistrict however put under individual cultivator system.

Berar 1856 Was under Nizam till 1856; landlord system tried found unsuccessful;

Bombay Survey System (individual cultivator based) implemented.


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APPENDIX TABLE 3: DATA SOURCES AND CONSTRUCTION OF VARIABLES

Post-Independence dataData on district geography, crop areas, yields, irrigation, fertilizer use, adoption of

high-yielding varieties: India Agriculture and Climate Data Set (World Bank)

http://www-esd.worldbank.org/indian/home.cfm

District level data on literacy, occupation classes, proportion of scheduled castes etc:

Indian Database Project Vanneman, Reeve and Douglas Barnes (2000)

Indian District Data, 1961-1991: Machine-readable data file and codebook, Center on Population,

Gender, and Social Inequality, College Park, Maryland.

URL: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/districts/index.html

Districts and maps of modern India: http://www.mapsofindia.com

Village infrastructure variables: State statistical abstracts of 1981

Land-holdings by size category: Agricultural census of 1990-91.

Data on poverty and inequality (1972, 1987): based on National Sample Surveys.

Data on state development expenditure: Database on Poverty and Growth in India compiled by

Berk Ozler, Gaurav Datt and Martin Ravallion (World Bank)

Data on state land reforms: Besley and Burgess (2000)

Historical data

Districts and maps of British India: Baden-Powell (1892)

Non-landlord proportion:

For Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Panjab: computed from district-level Land Settlement

Reports as the proportion of villages, estates or land area not under the revenue liability of landlords.

The Settlement Reports were compiled by British administrators in the 1870's and 1880's.

For Madras Presidency: non-landlord proportion obtained from Baden-Powell (1892).

For Bombay Presidency, Bengal Presidency, Orissa, Berar and districts for which we do not have

district-level settlement reports: Non-landlord measure is assigned as zero or one based onhistorical accounts of the dominant land tenure system in the district. Sources of information include

Baden-Powell (1892), Gupta (1940), Kumar (1982), Misra (1942), Mukherjee (1962) and Patel (1957).

Land revenue inequality 1885: Digital South Asia Library (http://dsal.uchicago.edu)


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AILEDREGRE

SSIONSPECIFICATION

ulturalyield(basedon15majorcrops)

Nocontrols

Altitude,latitude

Meanannualrainfall,

Soildummies

Dateo

fBritish

coastaldummy

landreve

nuecontrol

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

0.101

0.091

0.123

0.117*

0.1

57**

(0.076)

(0.088)

(0.086)

(0.069)

(0.071)

0.296

0.425*

0.644***

0.722***

(0.243)

(0.245)

(0.194)

(0.189)

0.004

0.003

-0.007

-0.006

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.007)

0.161**

0.029

0.006

(0.067)

(0.060)

(0.062)

0.171*

0.072

0.032

(0.096)

(0.094)

(0.093)

-0.409***

-0.396***

(0.085)

(0.085)

0.137*

0.104

(0.071)

(0.069)

0.196***

0.190***

(0.053)

(0.052)

ontrol

-0.002***

(0.001)

-0.314***

-0.503***

-0.782***

-0.494***

3.5

86**

(0.038)

(0.145)

(0.181)

(0.186)

(1.502)

ye

s

yes

yes

yes

yes

166

166

166

166

1

66

0.1

7

0.19

0.23

0.42

0

.43

cantat5%;***significantat1%

adjustedfordistrict-levelclustering.


42/50

TOFNEIGHBO

RINGDISTRICTS

Landlorddistricts

Non-landlorddistricts

Reasonfordifferenceintenure

Srikakulam

EastGodavari

AreasputunderlandlordsandPermanent

Vishakhapatnam

SettlementbeforetherestofMadras

Presidencywasconvertedtoindividualsystem.

Madurai

Coimbatore

AreasputunderlandlordsandPermanent

Ramanathapuram

Thanjavur

SettlementbeforetherestofMadras

Tiruchirapalli

Presidencywasconvertedtoindividualsystem.

Tirunelveli

Bilaspur

Raigarh

Sambalpurdistrictwas

putunder

Raipur

Sambalpur

individualcultivatorsy

stem,unlikethe

restoftheCentralProv

inces.

Chandrapur

Amravati

Berarprovincewasind

ividual-based

Wardha

Yavatmal

whileCentralProvinceswaslandlord-based.

Betul

Faizabad

Allahabad

Oudhdistrictshavegre

ater%of

Gonda

Azamgarh

landlordsbecauseofch

angeof

Pratapgarh

Basti

policyafter1857Mutiny.

Sultanpur

Gorakhpur

Jaunpur

Hardoi

Farrukhabad

Oudhdistrictshavegre

ater%of

Kheri

Fatehpur

landlordsbecauseofch

angeof

RaeBareli

KanpurNagar

policyafter1857Mutiny.

Unnao

Pilibhit

Shahjahanpur


43/50

NDINEQUALI

TY

Meanof

dep.var

OLS

OLS

OLS

IV

OLS

Fulls

ample

Fullsample

Neighborsonly

Fullsample

StateFE

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

oefficientfrom

-0.0018

0.033**

0.019*

0.011

-0.013

0.018**

(0.013)

(0.010)

(0.010)

(0.026)

(0.007)

atiofrom

-10.95

-3.491

-6.844***

-4.951

8.187

-5.701**

(3.108)

(2.466)

(2.965)

(13.235)

(2.275)

218

218

37

218

150

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

N

O

YES

YES

YES

YES

Britishrevenueco

ntrol

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

N

O

NO

NO

NO

YES

correctedforNS

Sregionlevelclustering.

cantat5%;***s

ignificantat1%

de,latitude,mean

annualrainfall,anddummiesforsoiltypeandcoastalregions.

atevariationinth

enon-landlordproportion(WestBengal,Bihar,Gujaratand

pedfromregressionsinvolvingstatefixedeffects,andthenumberofdistrictsis

atevariationinth

enon-landlordproportion.

henumberofdis

trictsis184for1981and1

50for1971.C

oefficientonnon-landlordproportion


44/50

DEVELOPMEN

TEXPENDITURE

Landlor

dstates

Non-landlordsta

tesDifference

(1

)

(2)

(3)

(1960rupeespercapita)

26.38

44.24

7.37

(2.45)

12.80

19.18

5.67

(1.83)

29.40

49.40

8.18

(2.54)

edomesticproduct

0.0869

0.1056

0.0218

(0.0071)

0.0497

0.0639

0.0195

(0.0071)

0.0952

0.1135

0.0227

(0.0074)

ntheses.

andnon-landlord

statesiscomputedbyregressingonstate-level

on,aftercontrollingforstatedomesticprodu

ct(SDP)percapitaandyearfixedeffects.

dhyaPradesh,Orissa,Rajasthan,UttarPrade

shandWestBengal.

aPradesh,Assam

,Gujarat,Karnataka,Kerala,Maharashtra,PunjabandTamilNadu.

Mean


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RATES

Meanof

dep.var

O

LS

OLS

IV

OLS

Full

sample

Neighborsonly

Fullsample

StateFE

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

1991

2.024

-0.7

33***

-0.178

-1.998**

-0.4

61**

(0.239)

(0.423)

(0.888)

(0.223)

0.246

-0.0

70***

-0.045*

-0.178**

-0.021

(0.023)

(0.026)

(0.083)

(0.019)

0.055

-0

.002

-0.007

-0.059

-0.007

(0.009)

(0.010)

(0.039)

(0.009)

2

18

37

218

150

Y

ES

YES

YES

YES

Britishrevenueco

ntrol

Y

ES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

YES

correctedfordistrict-levelclustering

cantat5%;***s

ignificantat1%

de,latitude,mean

annualrainfall,anddummiesforsoiltypeandcoastalregions.

,homicide,rape,

kidnap,dacoityandriots.

andcounterfeiting.

atevariationinth

enon-landlordproportion(WestBengal,Bihar,Gujaratand

pedfromregressionsinvolvingstatefixedeffects,andthenumberofdistrictsis

atevariationinth

enon-landlordproportion.

henumberofdis

trictsis184for1981and1

50for1971.

Coefficientonnon

-landlordproportion


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Fig 2: Land tenure and land inequality

Lan

downershipinequality(Gini)

A. Provinces 1885Nonlandlord proportion

0 .25 .5 .75 1

0

.25

.5

.75

1

CP

Oudh

NWP

Madras

Panjab

BerarBombay

La

ndrevenueinequality(Gini)

B. Uttar Pradesh districts 1948Nonlandlord proportion

0 .25 .5 .75 1

.25

.5

.75

1


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Fig 3: Agricultural yields in Colonial period

Logriceyield

A. Uttar Pradesh rice yields: 1870sNonlandlord proportion

0 1

1.95945

.508931

Logwheatyield

B. Uttar Pradesh wheat yields: 1870sNonlandlord proportion

0 1

1.08671

1.37976

Logriceyield

C. Tamil Nadu districts 1911Nonlandlord proportion

.373244 .99279

.122169

.633193


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Fig 4: Instrumental variables strategy

Non

landlord

proportion

Kernel regressionsDate of British conquest

Log

agriculturalyield

Nonlandlord prop.(first stage)Log yield(reduced form)

1765 1800 1820 1856

.125587

.876013

.194232

.155067


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Fig 5: Investment and productivity time series

A. Proportion of irrigated areayear

Landlord districts Nonlandlord districts

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

.176707

.466565

B. Fertilizer usageyear


1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

.346324

85.713

C. Mean log yieldyear


1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

.488489

.418232

D. Log rice yield: Tamil Nadu districtsyear


1901 19111917 1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977

.148565

.773232

Abhijit Banerjee and Lackshmi the Legaby of Colonial Land

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Transcript of Abhijit Banerjee and Lackshmi the Legaby of Colonial Land