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Transcript of Abductive Reasoning .
Scientific method
1 Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, 2.25) described the incipient stages
of inquiry, instigated by the "irritation of doubt" to venture a plausible guess, as abductive reasoning
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Empiricism - Pragmatism
1 To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive
reasoning
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Logic programming - Abductive logic programming
1 It has also been used to interpret Negation as Failure as a form of abductive reasoning.
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Charles Sanders Peirce -
1 Influences radiate from points on parallel lines of inquiry in Aristotle's work, in such loci as: the
basic terminology of psychology in On the Soul; the founding description of sign relations in On
Interpretation; and the differentiation of inference into three modes that are commonly translated into English as Abductive reasoning|abduction, Deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive
reasoning|induction, in the Prior Analytics, as well as inference by analogy (called paradeigma by
Aristotle), which Peirce regarded as involving the other three modes.
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Charles Sanders Peirce - Modes of inference
1 Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three
basic modes of inference — abductive reasoning|abduction,
deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive reasoning|induction — in his critique of arguments or logic
proper
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Abductive reasoning
1 Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that it rained last night
is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a
single logical form covers all abduction).A Letter to J
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Abductive reasoning
1 Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination that, e.g., Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is
among the Occam's razor|most economical explanations for P.
Simplification and economy both call for that leap of abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie
Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from of Memoir 27:
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Abductive reasoning
1 In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do
not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning
as inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot. Core
Questions in Philosophy,5th edition.
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Abductive reasoning - Deduction, induction, and abduction
1 Deductive reasoning and abductive reasoning thus differ in the direction
in which a rule like a entailment|entails b is used for inference
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Abductive reasoning - Abductive validation
1 Abductive validation is the process of validating a given hypothesis through
abductive reasoning
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Abductive reasoning - Probabilistic abduction
1 Probabilistic abductive reasoning is a form of abductive validation, and is
used extensively in areas where conclusions about possible
hypotheses need to be derived, such as for making diagnoses from
medical tests
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Formal reasoning -
1 Abductive reasoning, or argument to the best explanation, is a form of
inductive reasoning, since the conclusion in an abductive argument does not follow with certainty from
its premises and concerns something unobserved
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Psychology of reasoning - Different sorts of reasoning
1 Psychologically, what are the relationships between inductive reasoning|induction, deductive reasoning|deduction, abductive
reasoning|abduction, and analogy?
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List of thought processes
1 * Abductive reasoning
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Models of scientific inquiry - Classical model
1 The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle, who
distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning,
set out the threefold scheme of abductive reasoning|abductive,
deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive
inference, and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning
by analogy.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html
Inquiry - Abduction
1 The locus classicus for the study of abductive reasoning is found in
Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Book 2, Chapt. 25. It begins this way:
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Inquiry - Abduction
1 We have Reduction (απαγωγη, abductive reasoning|abduction):
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Inquiry - Abduction
1 Aristotle's latter variety of abductive reasoning, though it will take some
explaining in the sequel, is well worth our contemplation, since it hints already at streams of inquiry that course well beyond the syllogistic
source from which they spring, and into regions that Peirce will explore
more broadly and deeply.
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Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm
1 Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three
fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in inquiry, commonly known as abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|
deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference.
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Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm
1 In rough terms, abductive reasoning|abduction is what we use to generate a
likely hypothesis or an initial diagnosis in response to a phenomenon of interest or a
problem of concern, while deductive reasoning|deduction is used to clarify, to
derive, and to explicate the relevant consequences of the selected hypothesis,
and inductive reasoning|induction is used to test the sum of the predictions against the
sum of the datahttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html
Semiotics - Some important semioticians
1 He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also
encompassing study of arguments (Abductive reasoning|hypothetical, Deductive reasoning|deductive, and Inductive reasoning|inductive) and
inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but
distinct from logic's pure mathematics
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Logic
1 Logic is often divided into three parts; inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.
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Inference - Nonmonotonic logic
1 Various kinds of defeasible but remarkably successful inference have traditionally captured the
attention of philosophers (theories of induction, Peirce's theory of
abductive reasoning|abduction, inference to the best explanation,
etc.)
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Defeasible reasoning
1 Other kinds of non-demonstrative reasoning are probabilistic reasoning,
inductive reasoning, statistical reasoning, abductive reasoning, and
paraconsistent reasoning
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Defeasible reasoning
1 * abductive reasoning|Abductive (from data and theory): p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p;
hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
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Automatic reasoning
1 The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving
(and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving) and automated proof checking
(viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Extensive work
has also been done in reasoning by analogy Induction (philosophy)|induction and
Abductive reasoning|abduction.
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Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis
1 Model-based diagnosis is an example of abductive reasoning using a model
(abstract)|model of the system. In general, it works as follows:
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Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis
1 The semantics of these formulae is the following: if the behaviour of the system is not abnormal (i.e. if it is normal), then the internal (unobservable) behaviour will be
Int1\, and the observable behaviour Obs1\,. Otherwise, the internal behaviour will be
Int2\, and the observable behaviour Obs2\,. Given the observations Obs\,, the problem is to determine whether the system behaviour
is normal or not (\neg Ab(S)\, or Ab(S)\,). This is an example of abductive reasoning.
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Analogies
1 In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an Logical argument|argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deductive reasoning|deduction,
inductive reasoning|induction, and abductive reasoning|abduction,
where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general
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Analysis of competing hypotheses
1 Abductive reasoning is an earlier concept with
similarities to ACH.
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Analysis of competing hypotheses - Weaknesses
1 Since deception often is the result of a cognitive trap, Elsaesser and Stech
use state-based hierarchical plan recognition (see abductive
reasoning) to generate causal explanations of observations
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Gregory Bateson - Other terms used by Bateson
1 *'Abductive reasoning|Abduction'
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List of statistics articles - A
1 *Abductive reasoning
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Grounded theory - Strauss Corbin's approach
1 The research principle behind grounded theory method is neither inductive reasoning|inductive nor
deductive reasoning|deductive, but combines both in a way of abductive reasoning (coming from the works of
Charles Sanders Peirce)
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Semiotic - Some important semioticians
1 He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also
encompassing study of arguments (Abductive reasoning|hypothetical, Deductive reasoning|deductive, and Inductive reasoning|inductive) and
inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but
distinct from logic's pure mathematics
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Outline of human intelligence - Capacities of intelligence
1 *** Abductive reasoning
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Nursing process
1 Some authors refer to a mind map or Abductive|abductive reasoning as a
potential alternative strategy for organizing care.Bradshaw, J Lowenstein (2010)
Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions. Intuition
(knowledge)|Intuition plays a part for experienced nurses.Funnell, R., Koutoukidis,
G. Lawrence, K. (2009) Tabbner's Nursing Care (5th Edition), page 222, Elsevier Pub,
Australia.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html
Logical
1 Logic is often divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.
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Scientific realism - Arguments for and against scientific realism
1 Arguments for scientific realism often appeal to abductive reasoning or inference to the best explanation (Lipton, 2004). Scientific realists point to the success of scientific
theories in predicting and explaining a variety of phenomena, and argue that from this we can infer that our scientific theories (or at least the
best ones) provide true descriptions of the world, or approximately so.
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Outline of epistemology - Justification
1 ** Abductive Reasoning or Inference to the Best Explanation ndash; kind
of logical inference described by Charles Sanders Peirce as the
process of arriving at an explanatory hypothesis
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Abduction (logic)
1 'Abductive reasoning' (also called 'abduction',* Magnani, L. Abduction, Reason, and Science: Processes of Discovery and Explanation. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001. xvii þ 205 pages. Hard
cover, ISBN 0-306-46514-0.
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Abduction (logic)
1 One can understand abductive reasoning as inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot
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Abduction (logic) - History
1 Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the possibility that it rained last night
is reasonable (but note that Peirce did not remain convinced that a
single logical form covers all abduction).A Letter to J
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Abduction (logic) - History
1 Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning from P to Q involves not simply a determination
that Q is sufficient for P, but also that Q is among the Occam's razor|most economical
explanations for P. Simplification and economy both call for that leap of abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution,
see MS L75.329-330, from [http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/l75/ver1/l75v1-08.htm#m27 Draft D] of Memoir
27:
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Index of epistemology articles - A
1 – Abductive reasoning
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Sherlock Holmes - Holmesian deduction
1 Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is abductive
reasoning
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Alfred Gell - Thought
1 In this way for Gell works of art, in all cultures, are able to create shared common sense, especially through
reasoning with abductive reasoning|abduction, which already in Aristotle
is a less strong inference than 'inductive reasoning|induction and
deductive reasoning|deduction, more intuitive and concise
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Gnosiology - Eastern Orthodox theology
1 memory (abstract knowledge derived from experimentation being
episteme or teachable knowledge), experience Inductive reasoning|
induction (or empiricism), Deductive reasoning|deduction (or rationalism),
scientific abductive reasoning, contemplation (theoria),
Metaphysics|metaphysical and instinctual or Intuition (knowledge)|
intuitive knowledgehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-abductive-reasoning-toolkit.html
History of scientific method - Charles Sanders Peirce
1 Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of
reasoning that play a role in scientific inquiry today, the processes that are
currently known as abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive
reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference
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Working hypothesis - History
1 Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis is not
only justifiable as a Abductive reasoning|tentative conclusion by its
plausibility (by which he meant its naturalness and economy of
explanation),Peirce, C
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Logic of relatives - Scientific method
1 # Active, Abductive reasoning|abductive genesis of theory, with no prior assurance of
truth;
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Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation - Nature of light
1 Abductive reasoning was performed to obtain the dynamics of massive
(particles with mass) objects such as electrons
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Joe Theismann - Injury
1 As Theismann lay on the field, a horrified Taylor frantically screamed and waved for emergency medical technicians. Initially,
however, many Redskins personnel thought Taylor's screaming and pointing directed at their sidelines was a taunt over the fact that he had successfully stopped their play. The
Monday Night Football announcer team (composed of Frank Gifford, O. J. Simpson and
Joe Namath) Abductive reasoning|inferred from the start that Taylor was calling for help.
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Likelihood function - Historical remarks
1 In English, likelihood appears in many writings by Charles Sanders
Peirce, where Statistical model|model-based inference (usually
abductive reasoning|abduction but sometimes including inductive
reasoning|induction) is distinguished from statistical procedures based on
Objectivity (philosophy)|objective randomization
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Empiricist - Pragmatism
1 To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive
reasoning
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Empiricist - Pragmatism
1 Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and
perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive reasoning|
abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique – in a word,
incorrigible
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Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding - 11. Of a particular providence and of a future state
1 His friend argues that, though it is possible to abductive reasoning|trace
a cause from an effect, it is not possible to infer unseen effects from
a cause thus traced
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Pragmaticism - The clarification of ideas in inquiry
1 Peirce called his pragmatism the logic of Abductive reasoning|abduction,Peirce, C.S.
(1903), Pragmatism — The Logic of Abduction, CP v. 5, paragraphs 195-205,
especially paragraph 196. [http://www.textlog.de/7663.html Eprint]. that
is, the logic of inference to explanatory hypotheses. As a method conducive to hypotheses as well as predictions and
testing, pragmatism leads beyond the usual duo of foundational alternatives, namely:
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Non-monotonic logic
1 A monotonic logic cannot handle various reasoning tasks such as Default logic|reasoning by default (consequences may be derived only because of lack of evidence of the contrary), abductive reasoning (consequences are only deduced as most likely explanations), some important approaches to reasoning about
knowledge (the ignorance of a consequence must be retracted when the consequence
becomes known), and similarly, belief revision (new knowledge may contradict old beliefs).
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Non-monotonic logic - Abductive reasoning
1 Abductive reasoning is the process of deriving the most likely explanations of the known
facts
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Hyle - Substance
1 The existence of change is hard to deny, and if we have to postulate something unobserved in order to explain what is observed, that is a valid indirect demonstration (by
abductive reasoning)
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Abductive logic programming
1 It has also been used to interpret Negation as failure as a form of abductive reasoning.
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Doug Walton - Books
1 * Character Evidence: An Abductive reasoning|Abductive
Theory
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Logical reasoning
1 * 'Abductive reasoning', aka inference to the best explanation, selects a cogent set of
preconditions. Given a true conclusion and a rule, it attempts to select some possible
premises that, if true also, can support the conclusion, though not uniquely. Example:
When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass is outside and nothing outside is dry,
therefore: maybe it rained. Diagnosticians and detectives are commonly associated
with this type of reasoning.
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Lorenzo Magnani
1 Currently he is studying the processes of conceptual innovation and change in science also in the
perspective of abductive reasoning
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Norwood Russell Hanson - Work
1 He used Charles Sanders Peirce's notion of abductive reasoning|
abduction for this.Schwendtner, Tibor and Ropolyi, László and Kiss, Olga
(eds.): Hermeneutika és a természettudományok (Meaning of
the title: Hermeneutics and the natural sciences)
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Philosopher of science - Justifying science
1 Some argue that what scientists do is not inductive reasoning at all but
rather abductive reasoning, or inference to the best explanation
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Philosopher of science - Pre-modern
1 who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning,
set out the threefold scheme of abductive reasoning|abductive,
deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive reasoning|inductive inference, and also analyzed
reasoning by analogy
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Abduction (disambiguation) - Sciences
1 * Abductive reasoning, a method of reasoning in
logic
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Semiotician - Some important semioticians
1 He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also
encompassing study of arguments (Abductive reasoning|hypothetical, Deductive reasoning|deductive, and Inductive reasoning|inductive) and
inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to, but
distinct from logic's pure mathematics
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Gregory House - Character history
1 Due to this abuse, House never believed John House was his
biological father; at the age of 12, he Abductive reasoning|inferred a friend of his family with the same birthmark
was his real father
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C. Auguste Dupin - Dupin's method
1 While discussing Dupin's method in the light of Charles Sanders Peirce's logic of making
good guesses or abductive reasoning, Nancy Harrowitz first quotes Poe's definition
of analysis and then shows how Poe the semiotician is running the gamut of
possibilities here—inferences, reasoning backwards, visual, sensual and aural signs, reading faces. Playing cards with the man
would have been an interesting experience.
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Sherlock Holmes (character) - Holmesian deduction
1 Holmes's primary intellectual detection method is abductive
reasoning
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List of perception-related topics - Reasoning
1 ** Abductive reasoning ndash; from data and theory: p and q are
correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as
cause
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Inductivism
1 By 1880, C S Peirce had clarified the basis of deductive inference and, although recognizing induction,
proposed a third type of inference that Peirce called abductive
reasoning|abduction, now otherwise termed inference to the best
explanation (IBE).
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Inductivism - Peirce
1 Originator of pragmatism—or, since 1905, pragmaticism, distinguished from more recent
appropriations of Peirce's original term—the American Peirce recognized induction, too, but continuously
insisted on a third type of inference that Pierce variously termed abductive reasoning|abduction or retroduction
or hypothesis or presumption.Torretti, Philosophy of Physics (Cambridge U P, 1999), pp [http://books.google.com/books?
id=vg_wxiLRvvYCpg=PA226dq=Peirce+abduction+deduction+induction 226], [http://books.google.com/books?id=vg_wxiLRvvYCpg=PA228dq=Peirce+abduction 228–
29]
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Inductivism - A myth?
1 C S Peirce describes a form of inference called 'abductive
reasoning|abduction' or 'inference to the best explanation'
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Representation (arts) - Semiotics and logic
1 He sees Charles Sanders Peirce#Modes of inference|three
main modes: Abductive reasoning|abductive inference (guessing,
inference to a hypothetical explanation); Deductive reasoning|deduction; and Inductive reasoning|
induction
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Critical method - Hypothesis development
1 Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, Inquiry#Abduction|2.25) described
the incipient stages of inquiry, instigated by the irritation of doubt to
venture a plausible guess, as Inquiry#Abduction|abductive
reasoning
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Critical method - Pragmatic model
1 'Abductive reasoning|Abduction' (or retroduction)
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Critical method - History
1 Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of
reasoning that, as discussed above in this article, play a role in inquiry
today, the processes that are currently known as abductive
reasoning|abductive, deductive reasoning|deductive, and inductive
reasoning|inductive inference
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King Saul - Classical rabbinical views
1 One is based on the abductive reasoning|reverse logic that
punishment is a proof of guilt, and therefore seeks to rob Saul of any halo which might surround him;
typically this view is similar to the republican source
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Integrative thinking - Influences
1 Integrative Thinking is influenced by and connected to a number of
intellectual traditions. Most notably, it is influenced by the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce and his notion
of abductive reasoning, the falsificationism of Karl Popper and the management theories of Chris
Argyris and James March.
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