Aaron!Lee! - BAFS

Aaron Lee 全港最強

會計商學名師

專業經驗前上市連鎖補習社名師前莊啟程預科書院名師

曾任中學商科主任持續教育學院講師

全球四大會計師行會計師

專業學歷香港大學

工商管理學院工商管理學士榮譽畢業

香港理工大學

會計及財務學院會計學碩士優異畢業

其它

商科考試講座主講導師新高中 BAFS 參考書作者

Financial Accounting 財務會計

Depreciation 折舊

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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2014

Cap i ta l and Revenue Expend i tu re 資本及收益支出

Expenditures should be classified into capital expenditure and revenue expenditures. 支出應被分類成資本及收益支出。

2/22


Capital Expendi ture 資本支出 Capitalized à on balance sheet as fixed assets 資本化在資產負債表上表達為非流動資產

Dr Noncurrent Assets 非流動資產

Cr Bank 銀行存款

Acquisi'on-‐related cost 相關購入成本

Improvement Cost 改善成本

Cost Price of Non Current Assets 非流動資產的成本價格

3/22


Level 1: Cost pr ice of noncurrent asset 第一層: 非流動資產的成本價格 What are non-current assets? 甚麼是非流動資產?

• Fixed Assets – tangible assets with physical substance. 固定資產 – 有物質形態的有形資產

• Intangible Assets – assets without physical substance. 無形資產 – 無物質形態的無形資產

• Assets that are expected to provide economic benefit for longer than one year 提供超過一年經濟利益的資產。

• Assets for use in the business and not for re-sale. 供業務使用，而不是作銷售的資產。

Level 2: Cost incurred to the f ixed asset more superior /Improvement 第二層: 為了使不動產變得更優越/改善而招致的成本

ü Extended parts of buildings. 樓房加建物

X Repair and maintenance 維修及保養

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Level 3: Acquis i t ion-re lated cost 第三層: 購貨相關成本 Expendi ture that is used to br ing the f ixed asset into present condi t ions and locat ions. 將不動產帶到原定用途下的使用狀況及地點的成本

ü Carriage inwards on machinery bought

機器入口的購貨運費

ü Legal costs 法律成本

ü Stamp Duty of importing the machine 機器入口的印花稅

ü Testing costs 測試成本

ü Any other cost needed to get a fixed asset ready for use. 任何其他使固定資產投入使用的費用。

5/22


Items cannot be capitalized 不能資本化的支出 û Interest costs for the loan to purchase the fixed asset

購買非流動資產的貸款利息

û Annual insurance costs for the fixed asset 非流動資產每年保險費

û Repairs, maintenance costs for damaged parts 損毀部份的修理及保養維修

û Fuel oil/Lubricant oil 燃料油/潤滑油

û Training costs 訓練成本

û Immaterial expenditures 非重點鉅數 e.g. a $5 light bulb to the motor vehicles which worth $500 000 價值的$5 燈泡加入價值$500 000 的汽車

6/22


Revenue Expendi ture 收益支出

• It is the expenditure incurred other than capital expenditure 資本支出以外的支出 To support day-to-day business 支持企業日常運作 Dr Profit and Loss – expense 損益帳-費用

Cr Bank 銀行存款

• Examples 例子

- Water, electricity and rental expenses

水、電及租金

- Purchase cost of goods 購貨成本

- Stationery 文具

- Renovation expenses 復修費用

7/22


Depre c ia t i on 折舊

Depreciation is a process that causes a non-current asset devalued. 折舊是一個使非流動資產貶值的過程。 Reasons for depreciation: 折舊的成因:

v Physical deterioration 物理損耗

Wear and tear 磨蝕

v Economic Factors 經濟因素

Obsolescence 過時

v Electronic devices and new technologies 電子器材及新科技

Inadequacy 不足

v Depletion 折耗:

E.g. mine 礦, oil well 油井

v Time 時間:

E.g. Patent 專利

Accounting Concepts 會計原則及概念

Matching Concept 相配/配比原則

− According to the matching concept, the cost of the fixed asset is to be allocated to the revenue earned by the asset over the estimated economic useful life systematically. 根據相配/配比原則，固定資產的成本須在在預期經濟使用年期作系統性的攤分。

− Depreciation is defined as the systematic allocation of the cost of an asset over its estimated economic useful life. 折舊是把固定資產的成本在預期經濟使用年期的系統性分配 o

Consistency principle 一貫原則

− Consistency principle requires the an asset to be depreciated by the same method across years. 一貫原則要求一件資產在不同年份用同一方法做折舊準備

− However, in view of the forecasted change in consumption pattern, a change is considered desirable and should be implemented to reflect true and fair view. 但是,約資產被消耗的模式有改變, 做折舊準備的方法就有需要改變以反映真確及公正意見。

8/22


Accounting entries for depreciation 折舊的會計分錄 Il lustrat ion 例子:

You have purchased a piece of machinery amounted to $100 000. Assume an estimated depreciation charge of $500 should be made this year. 你購買了一部機器價值$100 000。估計今年折舊費應為 $500。 Assets 資產

= Liabi l i t ies 負債

+ Capi tal 資本

+ Revenues 收入

- Expenses 費用

ê é

Machinery 機械

$ $

Bank 銀行 100 000

Accumulated Depreciation 累積折舊

$ $

Depreciation 折舊 500

Depreciation 折舊

$ $

Accumulated 500 Income statement 500

for depreciation 累積折舊損益表

Income statement 損益表

$ $

Depreciation 折舊 500 Journal Entr ies: 日記分錄 Dr 借 ($) Cr 貸 ($) Depreciation 折舊 500 Accumulated Depreciation 累積折舊 500 Income statement 損益表 500 Depreciation 折舊 500

9/22


How to calculate the amount of depreciat ion?如何計算折舊? - A deprecation method should reflect the pattern in which the asset’s economic benefits are consumed by the

company throughout the production. 折舊的方法應能反映資產在生產過程被消耗的模式。

− Choice of Methods 選擇方法:

• Straight-Line Method 直線法

• Reducing Balance Method 餘值遞減法

• Unit of Production Method 使用量計算法

10/22 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2014

Straight-L ine Method (SLM) 直線法 v Straight-line method assumes that there is an even usage of the assets throughout its useful life.

直線法假設資產在其壽命有一個平均用量。

v After the end of useful life, no more accounting depreciation is to be provided. 在壽命結束時，無須再折舊準備。

Wordings 字眼:

o Useful life (使用年期)

o Residual Values (餘值)

o X% on Cost (成本的 x %)

20% on cost = 5 years useful life with no residual value

成本的 20%= 5 年使用年期，沒有餘值


I l lus trat ion 例子

You bought a lorry for $500 000 with the useful life of 5 years. 你購買了一輛價值$500 000，使用年期為五年的貨車 Residual/Scrap/Disposal Value 餘值: $50,000 Step 1: Calculate the depreciation you need to charge every year: 第一步:計算每年所須記錄的折舊

Under Straight L ine Method: 在直線法下:

每年折舊 Annual Depreciation Charge

= Cost - Residual Value 成本-殘值

Useful Life 使用年期

= $500 000 - $50 000

5 years

= $90 000 per year 每年

On Balance Sheet 在資產負債表 Noncurrent Asset 非流動資產

Motor Vehicle 汽車

Year-end 年度

Cost 成本($)

Provision for Depreciation 折舊準備 ($)

Net Book Value 帳面凈值($)

1 500 000 90 000 410 000

2 500 000 180 000 320 000

3 500 000 270 000 230 000



$

$

Bal c/d 餘額轉下 90 000 Profit and loss 損益表 90 000

Bal c/d 餘額轉下 180 000 Bal b/d 餘額承上 90 000

Profit and loss 損益表 90 000

180 000

180 000


Profit and loss 損益表 90 000

270 000

270 000

Bal b/d 餘額承上 270 000

Profit and loss 損益帳

$

$

Provision for Depreciation 折舊準備

90 000


90 000


90 000


Reducing Balance Method 餘值遞減法 Reducing Balance Method is an accelerated depreciation method that assumes a higher usage in earlier years than in later years. 餘額遞減法是一種加速折舊法，即假設前期比在往後年份用量較大。

Wordings 字眼: X% on balance (餘值的 x%) etc.


For the same case, depreciate it for 20% on balance each year. 同樣的情況下，每年折舊改為按餘值的 20％。

Depreciation Charge 折舊費費用

= Net Book Value x Depreciation %

帳面淨值 x 折舊率%

Year Depreciat ion Charge 折舊費用

1 $500 000 x 20% =$100,000

2 $500 000 x (1-20%)x20% =$80,000

3 $500 000 x (1-20%) x (1-20%)x20% =$64,000

On Balance Sheet 在資產負債表 Noncurrent Asset 非流動資產 Motor Vehicle 汽車

Year-end 年度

Cost 成本($)

Provision for Depreciation 折舊準備 ($)

Net Book Value 帳面凈值($)

1 500 000 100 000 400 000

2 500 000 180 000 320 000

3 500 000 244 000 256 000



$

$

Bal c/d 餘額轉下 100 000 Depreciation 折舊 100 000


Depreciation 折舊 80 000

180 000

180 000



244 000

244 000


Profit and loss 損益表

$

$





Units of Product ion Method 使用量計算法 Under this method, depreciation is calculated on the number of units of production in each financial period out of the total available units. 根據此方法，折舊是根據每年的生產值比總生產值計算。 Example, a production machine cost $500,000. 例如，一生產機器成本$500 000。 The residual value and the number of production are $50,000 and 17,600 respectively. 剩餘價值和生產數量分別為$50 000 及 17 600 件。

Year Production Units 生產數量

Depreciation charge 折舊費用

1 2 500 63 920 2 3 200 81 818 3 2 800 71 591 4 9 100 232 671

Total 17 600 450 000


$

$

Bal c/d 餘額轉下 63 920 Depreciation 折舊 63 920



145 738

145 738



217 329

217 329



$

$





Di sposa l o f Noncu r ren t As se t 不動產變賣

Wordings 字眼: ª Disposal/ Write-off/ Accident/ Scrapped/ Sales

變賣撇帳意外棄置出售


− On 1 January 2005, you bought the Lorry for $500,000 and you depreciated it on balance 20% annually. 在 2005 年 1 月 1 日，你買了價值$500 000 的貨車並就它的賬面淨值折舊 20％。

− At the end of 2007, you sold it and received cheques with the following amount: 在 2007 年底，你把它變賣並獲得支票：

(a) $256,000

(b) $250,000

(c) $260,000

Quick Method to Calculate Accumulated Depreciation and Net Book Value under Reducing Method at any particular time 極出速計算方法: 在任何特定時間計算在餘值遞減法下的累計折舊及賬面淨值

NBV = Cost x (1-%)n

AD = Cost x [1 - (1-%)n] Cost = Historical Cost off the fixed Assets 固定資產的歷史成本 n = Number of years 年數 % = Depreciation rate of reducing balance method 餘額遞減法折舊率


Accounting Entries 會計分錄:

Motor Vehicles 汽車

$ $

Bal b/d 500 000 Disposal 500 000

Accumulated Depreciation 累計折舊

$ $

Disposal 244 000 Bal b/d 244 000

Case (a)

Disposal 變賣

$

$

M.V. 500 000 P for D 244 000

Bank 256 000

500 000

500 000


$

$

Bank 銀行

$

$

Disposal 256 000


Journal Entr ies 日記分錄: Dr 借 ($) Cr 貸 ($) Accumulated Depreciation 累計折舊 Bank 銀行 Motor Vehicles 汽車


Case (b)

Disposal 變賣

$ $

Lorry 500 000 P for D 244 000

Bank 250 000

P&L# 6 000

500 000 500 000


$ $

Disposal# 6 000

Bank 銀行

$ $

Disposal 250 000

Journal Entr ies 日記分錄: Dr 借 ($) Cr 貸 ($) Accumulated Depreciation 累計折舊 Loss on disposal/Profit and Loss 變賣損失/損益表

Bank 銀行 Motor Vehicles 汽車


Case (c )

Disposal 變賣

$ $

M.V. 500 000 P for D 244 000

P&L* 4 000 Bank 260 000

504 000 504 000


$ $

Disposal* 4 000

Bank 銀行

$ $

Disposal 260 000

Journal Entr ies 日記分錄: Dr 借 ($) Cr 貸 ($) Accumulated Depreciation 累計折舊 Bank 銀行 Motor Vehicles 汽車 Gain on Disposal/Profit and Loss 變賣利潤/損益表


Trade- in 以舊易新

• Sometimes, we may use the existing fixed asset as trade-in allowance to trade-in a new fixed asset. 有時候，我們可以使用以舊易新購買新的固定產資。舊資產的價值叫抵換折價。

• Usually additional cash has to be used. 通常要動用額外的現金


− On 1 January 2005, you bought the Lorry for $500,000 and you depreciated it using reducing balance method of 20%. 在 2005 年 1 月 1 日，你買了價值$500 000 的貨車並就它的賬面淨值折舊 20％。

− At the end of 2008, you decided the trade-in for a new one with a price of $300,000. The trader requires you to pay $250,000 cash in addition to the transfer of the fixed assets. 在 2008 年底，你把它以舊易新購買價值$300 000 新車。賣家要求你加支付 $250 000現金支票。


Accounting Entries 會計分錄:

Motor Vehicles 汽車

$

$

Bal b/d 500 000 Disposal 500 000

Bank/Cash 250 000

Disposal 50 000

Accumulated Depreciation 累計折舊

$

$

Disposal 295 200 Bal b/d 295 200

Disposal 變賣

$

$ MV 500 000 A/D 295 200

MV-Trade in allowance 50 000

P&L – loss 154 800

500 000

500 000


$

$

Disposal 154 800

Bank 銀行

$

$

MV 250 000

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