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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Jaan Praks, Antti Kestilä, Martti Hallikainen, Heikki Saari, Jarkko Antila, Pekka Janhunen, Rami
Vainio
Aalto-1 AN EXPERIMENTAL NANOSATELLITE
FOR HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Funded by:• Aalto University MIDE (platform)• ESA (spectrometer payload)• EU (e-sail payload)• And many others
Aalto-1– the first Finnish Remote Sensing Satellite
Core consortium• Aalto University (Satellite bus, ground segment, project PI)• VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Spectrometer payload)• University of Helsinki (RADMON payload)• University of Turku (RADMON payload)• Finnish Meteorological institute (Plasma Brake payload)
Supported by wide international network and Cubesat community
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
1. To design, build and operate first Finnish Earth Observation (EO) nanosatellite.
2. Technology demonstration of of very small spectral imager for spaceborne EO.
3. Development and demonstration of deorbiting device for nanosatellites based on e-sail concept and measurement of its performance.
4. Technology demonstration of very small radiation detector for future satellites.
5. Promotion of engineering education in Finland with the aid of satellite project.
Aalto-1 mission goals
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Requirements• The satellite has to accommodate spectral camera
and other payloads• The satellite has to be affordable • The satellite needs flexible, affordable launch• The satellite has to be usable in education• There should be common standards for cooperation and continuity• Some subsystems should be available
Main Concept
CubeSat compatible nanosatellite
Open standardCommunityOrganizationEducation
Common launch platfrom
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1 Project Timeline
Phase 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
A - Feasibility study
B - Preliminary design definition
CD – Detailed design and building
E - Comissioning
Launch
Spectrometer experiments
RADMON experiments
Deorbiting experiment
29.7.2011
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1 system overview
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1 satellite
CubeSat 3U compatibleDimensions: 34×10×10 cmMass: 4 kgOrbit: Sun-synchronous mid-day LEO Attitude control: 3 axis stabilizedCommunication: VHF-UHF telecommand
S-band data transferLifetime: 2 yearsSolar powered: max power 8 W
Payloads: Imaging Spectrometer (VTT)Radiation detector (Univ. of Helsinki, Univ. of Turku, FMI)Electrostatic Plasma Brake (FMI)
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Mass: 4 kgDimensions: 34x10x10 cm
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Subsystems
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Modular design compatible with CubeSatKit parts
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Payload I
IMAGING SPECTROMETER
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has developed a tiny hyperspectral camera suitable for many applications based on MEMS Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Aalto-1 provides a test platform to demonstrate space readiness of this technology.
World smallest hypespectral camera for remote sensing applications by VTT
The Fabry-Perot Interferometer based hyperspectral hand held imager by VTT
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Fabry-Perot interferometer working principle
Fabry-Perot Mirrors
Air gapOrder sorting
filter
Object of the hyperspectral
imager
Image of the hyperspectral
imager
Front optics for collimation Focusing optics
for imaging
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Fabry-Perot interferometer working principle
Fabry-Perot Mirrors
Air gapOrder sorting
filter
Object of the hyperspectral
imager
Image of the hyperspectral
imager
Front optics for collimation Focusing optics
for imaging
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Current model for UAVI
Major specifications of the spectral cameraSpectral range: 500 – 900 nmSpectral Resolution: 9..45 nm @ FWHMFocal length: 9.3 mmF-number: 6.8Image size: 5.7 mm x 4.3 mm, 5 MpixMinimum total exposure time: 30 msField of View: 32 (across the flight direction)Ground pixel size: 3.5 cm @ 150 m heightWeight: 350 g (without battery)Size: 62 mm x 61 mm/76mm x 120 mmPower consumption: 3 W
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
VTT miniature spectrometers UAV test flights
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Spectral imager
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Spectrometer unit for Aalto-1 satellite
Mass: 400 gDimensions: 5x10x10 cm
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Spectral filter: MEMS Fabry-Perot filter
(or piezo-actuated Fabry-Perot filter)
Sensor: 5 Mpx CMOS
Dimensions: 5x10x10 cm
Mass: 400 g
Axial lenght of optics: 6 cm
Spectral range: visible
Spectral resolution: 7-10 nm
Spectral and spatial binning
Field of view: 10 deg
Ground resolution: 40-100 m
Up to 3 channel simultaneous measurement
Capable to measure spectral cube
Produced by VTT Technical Research of Finland
Aalto-1 Imaging Spectrometer
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Payload II
PLASMA BRAKE
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Solar wind– Plasma stream emitted from Sun in all directions– Speed 350-800 km/s (lowest in ecliptic plane, higher
elsewhere)– Mean density 7 cm-3 at Earth– Variable, but always present– Dynamic pressure ~2 nPa at Earth (1/5000 of photon
pressure) Electric sail (E-sail)
– Slowly rotating system of long, thin, conducting and centrifugally stretched tethers which are kept positively charged (~ +20 kV) by spacecraft electron gun
– Only modest amount of electric power needed, obtained from solar panels
– ~500 nN/m thrust per length– For example, 100x20 km tethers, 1 N thrust, 100 kg
mass, specific acceleration 10 mm/s2
Electric solar wind sail
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
E-sail, traveling in interplanetary space without fuel
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
20 000 pieces trackable space junk orbits the Earth
Image © ESA
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Electrostatically charged long tether
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Plasma brake
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Dimensions: 10x10x2,5 cm
Mass: 150 g
Reel for 100 m tether
Controlled unwinding
Tether: 10-100 m
Tether material: Aluminium
Tether dimeter: 50 μm
Negative and positive tether charge control
Cold cathode electron guns for positive mode
Voltage source for negative mode
Plasma Break
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Payload III
RADiation MONitor
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Radiation environment in Earth orbit
• Radiation in LEO is the most significant threat to electronics
• Need for simple and small radiation detector
• Trapped proton environment on LEO needs to be taken into account in the design of any spacecraft
Trapped proton environment anisotropies in LEO
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
RADMON
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Dimensions: 10x10x4 cm
Mass: 500 g
Si detector and CsI(Tl) scintillator
Measurement range
Electrons > 60 keV (5 energy channels)
Protons > 1 MeV (7 energy channels)
Counting rate up to 1 MHz
Readout electronics consist of a pulse shaping and peak-hold circuitry with a pre-amplifier signal being digitised with high sampling rate
FPGA based logic to count particle events hitting the sensor
RADMON
University of Helsinki
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Education
The project has brought together specialists nd teachers all over Finland
more than 20 special assignments6 bachelor thesis1 Master thesis on the way1 PhD student1 PostDoc
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Aalto-1 team in spring 2011
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Aalto-1The Finnish Student
Satellite
Thank you!http://aalto-1.tkk.fi