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AIAA Aerospace Today & TomorrowJune 2013

A VIEW INTO THE NEXT GENERATION OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION (2025 TIMEFRAME)

Dr. Michael Winter

Chief Engineer for TechnologyPratt & Whitney

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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UTC BUSINESSES

AerospaceCommercial

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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2012 sales1

$14.2B2011 sales

$13.4B

P&WAeroPower

CommercialEngines

Pratt & WhitneyCanada

MilitaryEngines

RocketdynePower Systems

CommercialEngines

Pratt & WhitneyCanada

Military Engines

PRATT & WHITNEYSales - 2011 and 2012

1Pro forma with full year of P&W AeroPower sales

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COMMERCIAL AVIATIONIn one year…

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AVIATION: WORLD TRADE

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DELIVERIES GOING FORWARD: 2012 - 203168,000 new aircraft across a range of sizes

Source: Rolls-Royce

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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GTFTM Engine2012

Wasp Engine1926

Wasp Pic

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

PRATT & WHITNEY: DEPENDABLE ENGINES

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A HISTORY OF DEPENDABLE ENGINES

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1990 20001950 1960 1970 1980 2010 2020Engine certification date

TurbojetsTurbofans

Low bypass

TurbofansHigh bypass

Ultra high bypass

•Lower fuel consumption so- Lower CO2- Lower NOx- Lower Cost GTFTM Engine

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

BY-PASS RATIO & EFFICIENCY EVOLUTION

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This Page Contains no Technical Data

Efficiency of the fan to produce thrust

Efficiency of the core to convert fuel into work

Gearbox optimally balances core & fan

Engine Efficiency ≈ propulsive efficiency x thermal efficiency(c) 2013 United Technologies Corporation

Not subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

ARCHITECTURE & TECHNOLOGY FOR EFFICIENCY

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bypass airflow

bypass airflow

bypass airflow

bypass airflow

low compressor & low turbinespeed optimized

fan speed constrained by low pressure spool

low compressor & low turbinespeed constrained by fan

Conventional Turbofan Geared Turbofan Engine

Gear

ultra-efficient,light-weight,

low-speed fan

Incremental Improvement Step-Change Improvement

fuel noisemaint

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

GTF: STEP CHANGE IN EFFICIENCY

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Fuel burn improvement 16%

CO2 emissions reduced by 3000 Tonnes per aircraft per year

NOx emissions cut in half

Noise levels of Stage 4 minus 20 dB

1,500 fewer airfoils

Lower maintenance cost

$1.5M annual cost savings per aircraft

The Comprehensive Approach to Economic and Environmental Operation

PurePower® Engine benefits

Gear

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

INNOVATIVE NEW ENGINE DESIGNS

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Source: Wyle Labs

LOCAL NOISE CONCERNS A MAJOR GROWTH LIMIT

Existing turbofanPotential Benefits to Much Lower Noise• Lower Noise Fees• Direct Flight Paths• Curfew Extensions• 2-3% Reduction in COC

Geared TurbofanTM Engine (77% reduction)

LaGuardia Noise Footprint LaGuardia Noise Footprint

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN EMISSIONSOver 50% margin to most stringent NOx regulation

35 - 40% reduction relative to CAEP/8 in 2014

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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GTF SLASHES CO2 & NOX EMISSIONS

Equivalent to Planting 700,000 Trees per Year

A Greener Future3,000 tons Less CO2Emissions

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

BASE

Ch 4

%Δ FUEL BURN

1997 Ref

PW1000G

current737/A320BPR ~ 5

AGGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED

FAA CLEEN

NASA ERA

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ACARE & EU Clean Sky

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LONG TERM GROWTH OF AVIATIONOnly possible with low carbon, sustainable fuels

Source: The Boeing Company

VehicleTech

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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HOW DOES A BIOFUEL HELP?Reduces net CO2 into atmosphere

Conventional Fuel Bio Fuel

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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VEHICLE MAXIMUM ENERGY AND POWER

Energy Onboard, MJ

Max

Pow

er, k

W

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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MJ / kg $ / MJFuel Type

200Li Battery (Rechargeable) 0.25 0.03

Kerosene (Jet A) 44 0.018

Natural Gas 45 0.005

Goose Fat 38 0.26

Hydrogen 117 0.436

Li Battery (Primary) 0.5Honey 14 0.29

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

FUEL ENERGY PER UNIT MASSA measure of aircraft range capability

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After: Koff, “Spanning the World with Jet Propulsion”, AIAA, 1991

B-757B-727

B-747B-707 375% Improvement

Turbine Inlet Temperature (°F)

Engine Power/Weight

(specific powerhp/lb-of-air/sec)

B-787A380

B-777

“THE PROBLEM OF THE AVIATION ENGINE is the combination of power and lightness…”

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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Year of Introduction

CORES SHRINK AS NEW TECHNOLOGY UPS EFFICIENCY

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

EfficiencyRelative

Core Size*(1974=1)

0.4

0.2

0

0.6

0.8

Core Sizeat constant thrust

*Compressor Exit Flow Area(c) 2013 United Technologies Corporation

Not subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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Current 5:1 BPR New 12:1 BPR

LARGER FANS, LESS GROUND CLEARANCENear term

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Current 5:1 BPR Advanced 18:1 BPRCurrent 5:1 BPR Future 18:1 BPR

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

LARGER FANS, LESS GROUND CLEARANCEMid term

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ReferenceV2500

1988 EIS

Adv GTFTM

Engine+30% EffEIS 2022-2027

PW1000G GTFTM Engine+16% EffEIS 2013-2015

Unconventional_Installations

2015 2020 2025 2030

Gen 3 GTFTM Engine+45% EffEIS 2030-2035

CONFIGURATION LIMITATIONS

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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SUMMARYThe green future of commercial aviation

• Bigger engines, smaller cores– GTFTM Engine Technology for better fuel burn & noise

• Innovative airplanes – Better fuel burn & noise

• Manufactured hydrocarbon drop-in fuels– Bio-fuels to reduce aviation’s net CO2

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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30K Ground demoFlight weight design

Thrust in thousands of pounds (K)

2000 2008

40K Demo engine 11K Demo engine 30K Flight demos

INVESTED $1B IN TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

Gear Test Rigs

1990 2013

25 years to PurePower® enginesEntry Into Service

Entry Into Service

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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1950 1960 1970 1980 19900

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Piston Engines1950-60

IndustryTrend

2000 2010

12000

14000

1930-401920s

1950 1960 1970 1980 19900

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

IndustryTrend

Year of Service

ETOPS<0.02

SOA<0.002

In-Flight Shutdown Rate

Per 1000 hrs

Year of Service

HoursOn-Wing

(Fleet Avg)

“THE PROBLEM OF THE AVIATION ENGINE is …and reliability”

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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THERMAL AND PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCYEnergy in fuel to pushing the plane

GTF™ Engine

10%

20%30%

40%

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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PROPULSION SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS

Fuel Burn

Fan Diameter

Noise

Low Bypass RatioHigher Fan Pressure Ratio

High Bypass RatioLower Fan Pressure Ratio

Low

High

Increasing weight of low-RPM LPT contributes to increasing fuel burn

AdvancedTurbofan

(ATF)

Better

GearedTurbofan

(GTF)Fuel BurnReduction

Noise Reduction

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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CONTINUED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Flight & Ground Engine Demonstrators to Infuse Technology

Drive Benefits to the Environment

Propulsion System Creates Jobs

Motivates Science, Technology, Engineering and Math

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR

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FAN DRIVE GEAR SYSTEM

• 40,000 equivalent take-offs to date with no significant wear

Simple Design – Extraordinary Reliability

Gear Test Rig22 MW gear

(c) 2013 United Technologies CorporationNot subject to the EAR per 15 CFR ch. 1 part 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR