A Translation Analysis On English Idiomatic Expression In .../A...“Catatan Harian Anne Frank...

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A Translation Analysis On English Idiomatic Expression

In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” Translated Into

“Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”

A THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Requirement

For the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department

by

JUMIA PRIHATIWI C 1306523

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

2010


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A Translation Analysis On English Idiomatic Expression In

“The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” Translated Into

“Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”

By:

JUMIA PRIHATIWI

C1306523

Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners of English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Consultant

Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA NIP 197105251998022001

The Head of S1 Non-Regular English Department

Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd. NIP 195211081983031001


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Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners of English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

On 16 August , 2010

Position Name

Signature

Chairman Drs. S Budi Waskito, MPd NIP. 195211081983031001

……………….

Secretary Ardianna Nuraeni, SS, M.Hum NIP.198209272008122001

……………….

First Examiner Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA NIP 197105251998022001

……………….

Second Examiner Dr. Djatmika, MA NIP. 196707261993021001

……………….

Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

Drs. Sudarno, M.A. NIP 131 472 202


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PRONOUNCEMENT

I am,

Name : Jumia Prihatiwi

Student Number : C 1306523

I pronounce truthfully that the thesis entitled A Translation Analysis On English

Idiomatic Expression In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)”

Translated Into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)” is

originally made by myself. It is not a plagiarism nor is it made by other people.

The statements which are not my statements are written in quotation and included

within the bibliography.

If this pronouncement is proved incorrect in the future, I am ready to

accept academic sanction in the form of the withdrawal of academic title.

Surakarta, 16 August 2010

The Researcher

Jumia Prihatiwi


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MOTTO

Don’t judge a book only by its cover

Be Your Self

Judge nothing You will be happy Forgive everything You will be happier

Love everything You will be the happiest

(Sri Chinmoy)


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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

My beloved Bapak and Mama

My Lovely Brother

My beloved someone


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Acknowledgment

Assalammu’alaikum. Wr. Wb

First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamiin to Allah

SWT, Who blesses and guides me in finishing this thesis as a partial requirement

in obtaining Sarjana Sastra Degree. This thesis would not be finished without His

blessing and Guidance.

There are some people who support and help me in finishing this thesis.

In this occasion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to:

1. Drs. Sudarno, M.A., The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas

Maret University.

2. Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd., The Head of S1 Non-Regular English

Department for giving an approval and a permission to write this thesis.

3. Dyah Ayu Nila Khrisna, SS, M.A., My academic supervisor. Thank you for

the guidance and helps during my study.

4. Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, M.A., The Secretary of S1 Non-Regular English

Department and my thesis supervisor. Thank you so much for the time,

guidance and help during my journey in finishing this thesis. I am really

sorry for all mistakes that I have made.

5. The raters; Bayu Budiharjo, Ambhita Dhyaningrum, Ruli Hafidah, S.Pd,

M.Hum, thank you for your time and willingness.

6. Ibu Dolly, thank you so much for your help and kindness.

7. My best friends: Beta (thanks for being my second supervisor), Fahmi,

Ayong (thanks for being friend, sister, motivator even challenger), Dije

(thanks to inspire me a lot), Susyong, Inul, Amel, Lince, Angie, Koplak’s,


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SYH especially to Mas Adi (thanks for being there for me and the never

ending friendship, guys…)

8. All my friends of Non-Reg English Department 2006 (keep fighting,

guys!!), mbak Nath (thanks for the novel).

9. All of people who have helped, supported and prayed a lot for my thesis that

I could not mention here, thank you so much.

10. The most important thing, I would like to thank you so much for my beloved

Parents (Bapak and Mama) for their supports and their love (thanks for

being the best parents for me), my lovely Brother (Dedek) for being a nice

brother and sorry to let you down sometimes), my big family (bude and

mbak endah) for their support and the last but not least to Setyo Budi for

being patient, understanding and sharing best moments in my life. I love you

all.

I know that this thesis is still far from being perfect. For that reason, I

welcome some constructive criticisms for the improvement of this thesis. Finally,

I hope this thesis would be beneficial for the readers.

Surakarta, 16 August 2010

Jumia Prihatiwi


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL OF CONSULTANT.................................................................. ii

APPROVAL OF BOARD EXAMINERS …………………………………. iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ……………………………………………………… iv

MOTTO …………………………………………………………………….. v

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………… ix

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………… xii

ABBREVIATION ………………………………………………………….. xiii

LIST OF TABLE……………..…………………………………………….. xiv

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background.................................................................... 1

B. Problem Statement......................................................................... 4

C. Research Objectives ……............................................................... 5

D. Research Limitation ……………………………………………... 5

E. Research Benefits ………………………………………………... 6

F. Thesis Organization ……………………………………………… 6

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Translation Definition ………………………………….…………. 8

B. Process of Translation …................................................................. 9


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C. Problem in Translation...………..……..……..…………………… 10

D. Translation Assessment ...……………...………………………..... 11

E. Translation Accuracy …………………………………………….. 12

F. Definitions of Idiom ……………………....................................... 14

G Idiom in Indonesian Language ………………………………......

H. Types of Idiom …………………………………………………..

I. Problem in Translating Idiomatic Expressions ………………….

J. Strategies in Translating Idiomatic Expressions …………………

14

15 18 19

K. About the novel……………………………………………………. 22

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research ...………………………………………………. 24

B. Source of Data ……….........…...................................................... 25

C. Data ………………………………………………………………. 25

D. Sample and Sampling Technique...………………………………. 26

E. Research Instrument...……………………………………………. 26

F. Research Procedure ………………………………………………

G. Technique of Data Collection…………………………………….

H. Technique of Data Analysis ……………………………………...

27

28 29

IV. DATA ANALYSIS

A. Types of Idiom …………………………………………………..

1. Compound ……………....…………………………………..

2. Phrase ……………………………………………………….

3. Semi Clause............................................................................

30

30 32 35


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4. Clause ………………………………………………………

B. Translation Strategy ……………………………………………..

1. Translation using Idiom with similar meaning and form …...

2. Translation using Idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar

form………………………………………………………….

3. Translation by paraphrase …………………………………..

4. Translation by omission …………………………………….

5. Literal Translation …………………………………………..

38

39 41 44 48 50

C. Translation Accuracy …………..………………………………..

1. Accurate Translation ………………………………………….

2. Less Accurate Translation …………………………………….

3. Inaccurate Translation ………………………………………...

54

55 58 61

D. Discussion …...………………..................................................... 67

V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions……….………………………….………………….. 76

B. Suggestions………..………...…………………….…………….. 78

REFERENCES

APPENDICES


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ABSTRACT

Jumia Prihatiwi. C1306523. 2010. A Translation Analysis on English Idiomatic Expression In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” Translated Into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.

The aim of the study is to find out the types of idiomatic expressions, the strategy used by the translators and the accuracy of the translation of English Idiomatic Expression in “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” translated into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. It is a descriptive qualitative study which employs total sampling technique. All the idiomatic expression in the Novel The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition), 335 idioms, were taken as the data. The analysis on the types of idiom shows that there are four types of idiomatic expressions found in the data, they are compound, phrase, semi clause, and clause or sentence idiom. The most dominant type of idiomatic expressions found is phrase idiom which amounts to 245 data (73.1 %). Coming at the second place is semi clause idiom with 73 data (21.8 %). Meanwhile, clause idiom is in the third place with 12 data (3.6 %), the last group is compound idiom which amounts to 5 data (1.5 %). The analysis of the translation strategy shows that the translator uses five strategies in translating the idiomatic expressions in the novel. They are translation using idiom with similar meaning and form (3 data or 0.9 %), translation using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form (31 data or 9.3 %), translation by paraphrase (273 data or 81.5 %), translation by omission (9 data or 2.7 %) and the last is literal translation (19 data or 5.7 %). Among the data translated using idiom with similar meaning and form, 1 datum (33.3 %) belongs to phrase idiom and 2 data (66.7 %) belong to semi clause idiom. None of them are in form of compound and clause idiom.

From the data translated by paraphrasing, there are 5 data (1.8 %) which belong to compound idiom. There are 206 data (75.5 %) which belong to phrase idiom. There are 54 data (19.8 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and 8 data (2.9 %) which belong to clause idiom. Among the data translated by omission, 7 data (77.8 %) are phrase idiom, 2 data (22.2 %) are semi clause idiom. None of them are in form of compound and clause idioms. From the data translated by using literal translation, 12 data (63.1 %) are phrase idiom, 3 data (15.8 %) are semi clause idiom and 4 data (21.1 %) are clause idioms. None of them are in form of compound idiom. In terms of accuracy, there are 212 data (63.3 %) of the translations of idiomatic expressions in the novel The Diary Of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition) considered as accurate translation, 111 data (33.1%) are less accurate and 12 data (3.6%) are inaccurate translation.


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The result of the research shows that the application of the strategy of paraphrase has resulted in the high accuracy of the translation of idiomatic expressions in the novel and most of them are in form of phrase idiom. In contrast, the strategy of literal translation results in less accurate and inaccurate translations.


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ABBREVIATIONS

SL : Source Language

ST : Source Text

TL : Target Language

TT : Target Text

CHAF : Catatan Harian Anne Frank

TDOYG : The Diary Of A young Girl


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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 Compound Idiom

Table 2 Phrase Idiom

Table 3 Semi Clause Idiom

Table 4 Clause idiom

Table 5 Type of idiom translated using the strategy by using idiom

of similar meaning and form

Table 6 Type of idiom translated using the strategy by using idiom

of similar meaning but dissimilar form

Table 7 Type of idiom with the strategy by paraphrase

Table 8 Type of idiom with the strategy by omission

Table 9 Type of idiom with the strategy by Literal Translation

Table 10 Translation Strategies Used by the Translator

Table 11 Translation Accuracy

Table 12 Discussion table

Table 13 The Score Given By the Raters


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

There are many translation books in Indonesia. Most of them are originally

written in English. They include science, politics, economics, biography, literature

books, etc. Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap), which is one of

the translation books, is originally written in English entitled The Diary of a

Young Girl (The Definitive Edition). It is a collection of Anne Frank’s diary that

highlights her live and struggle during the Holocaust incident published in the

form of novel.

The novel becomes popular since it provides information to readers about

the fact of Holocaust. For hundreds of years, the word holocaust itself had been

used in English to indicate massive sacrifices and great slaughters or massacres.

According to the history, During World War II, the word was used to denote Nazi

slaughter regardless of whether the victims were Jews or non-Jews. But then since

the 1960s, the term has come to be used by scholars and popular writers to refer

exclusively to the genocide of Jews. The Holocaust was the genocide of

approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of

systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust). Nowadays, the incident of

Holocaust is still controversial to some people who have doubted its existence.

According to them, it was just a myth that had never happened. Thus, the novel


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comes to provide some authentic facts that prove the existence of Holocaust taken

from the diary including some pictures which was written by Anne Frank.

The researcher finds many idiomatic expressions in the novel which

potentially create problems to the translator. Based on finger dictionary, “Idiom is

a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from

those of the individual words”. Baker states, “The main problems that idiomatic

expressions pose in translation relate to two main areas: the ability to recognize

and to interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the

various aspects of meaning that an idiom expression convey into the target

language” (1992: 65). In addition, Nababan states, “Dalam menerjemahkan

ungkapan idiomatik, seringkali diterjemahkan secara bebas” (2003: 32). Thus, we

can conclude that in translating idiomatic expression, in order to convey the

meaning of the expression in the source text appropriately, the translator would be

better not to provide the readers with word by word translation. Therefore, some

aspects of choosing the best strategies to translate idiomatic expressions are

required.

Below are the examples of Idiomatic Expressions found in the novel The

Diary of A young Girl.

ST : A fine kettle of fish that will be

TT : Akan menjadi sebuah ketel ikan

334. TDOYG-333/ CHAF-444/ Literal


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The example above is one of idiomatic expressions translated literally. It is

considered as less accurate since the idea or the message of idiom in the source

text are not completely transferred in the target text. The message of the target

text deviates from the source text. The idiom of a fine kettle of fish that will be in

the above example means a terrible condition or dissatisfying situation.

The translators may not find the idiomatic expression which is equivalent

in the target text, so that they translated literally. In fact, they may paraphrase in

translating it since translating it literally may result in inaccurate and unreadable,

even unacceptable translation.

There is another example of idiomatic expressions found in the novel The

Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition) which is translated literally.

ST : England and the rest of the world have discovered that burying your head

in the sand doesn’t work, and now each of them, especially England, is

having to pay a heavy price for its ostrich policy

TT : Inggris, juga Negara lain yang tersisa, telah menemukan bahwa mengubur

kepalamu ke dalam tanah tidak menyelesaikan masalah, sekarang masing-

masing mereka, khususnya Inggris, harus membayar harga yang mahal

karena kebijakan yang sangat jarang ini


The example above is also translated literally. The idea or message of the idiom in

the source text has been totally changed in the target text. Thus, the translation is

considered as inaccurate translation since the message of the target text betrays


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that in the source text. The expression of burying your head in the sand of the

source text means escaping from the problems. But, when it is translated literally,

the idea or the message of the idiomatic expression in the source text definitely is

not conveyed to the target readers. Mengubur kepalamu ke dalam tanah means to

bury someone’s head in the sand which is not commonly used as the form of

idiomatic expression in Indonesian language. It may confuse readers since they

might interpret it as to commit a suicide instead of avoiding their problems.

The above phenomena lead the researcher to analyze the idiomatic

expressions in the novel of The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)

and its translation Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap) in order to

find the strategies applied by the translators and their impacts toward the accuracy

of the translation. Thus, knowing the fact that there are some problems occur in

the translation, particularly in translating the idiomatic expressions, the researcher

is interested to conduct a translation analysis of the thesis entitled A Translation

analysis on English Idiomatic Expression In “The Diary Of A Young Girl (The

Definitive Edition)” Translated Into “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi

Paling Lengkap)”.

B. Problem Statement

Based on the research background, the writer will propose the problem

statement as follow:

1. What types of English Idioms are engaged in “The Diary of A Young Girl

(The Definitive Edition)”?


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2. How are English idiomatic expressions in“The Diary of A Young Girl

(The Definitive Edition) translated into Indonesian language in Catatan

Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”?

3. How is the impact of the strategy to the accuracy of the translation?

C. Research Objectives

There are three objectives that will be achieved in this research, they are:

1. To know the types of English Idioms engaged in “The Diary of A Young

Girl (The Definitive Edition)”.

2. To find out how English Idioms are translated into Indonesian language in

“The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition): Catatan Harian

Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”.

3. To know the impact of the strategy to the accuracy of the translation.

D. Research Limitation

In this research, the analysis will be only limited on the types of English

idioms engaged in “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)”, how

English Idioms are translated into Indonesian language and the accuracy of the

translation. The classification is made by the researcher due to the reason that

there are many kinds of English Idioms found in the English version book.

Besides, the researcher wants to know the types of English idioms engaged and

how they are translated into Indonesian language whether they are in the form of

word, phrase or sentence in “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive


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Edition)” and its translation entitled “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling

Lengkap)”.

E. Research Benefits

The writer expects that this research will be useful for:

1. Translators

The result of the research can be a significant reference to improve the

translators’s competence in translating idiomatic expressions.

2. Lecturers

This research can be employed as an important material in developing

translation skill of the students.

3. Students and Other Researchers

This research is expected to be a stimulant for other researchers to have

similar research. Besides, it can be a big contribution for students to improve

their ability in analysing idiomatic translation.

F. Thesis Organization

This thesis will be organized into five chapters. Chapter I is the

introduction, in which the writer introduces the background, problem statement,

research objectives, research limitation, research benefits and the organization.

Chapter II discusses the theories that are related to the research. It consists of the

definition of translation, the process of translation, and other related literatures.


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Chapter III discusses the research method, data source, sample and

sampling technique, research procedure, technique of collecting data, and

technique of analyzing data. Chapter IV will be the main part of the research

which consists of the finding, the analysis and the discussion. The last is chapter

V, in which the writer concludes the result of the analysis and gives some

suggestions.


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section, the researcher presents the theoretical backgrounds merely

those related to the problem statements. The theories applied to support the

research are described further as follow:

A. Translation Definition

In the book entitled Teori penerjemahan, Kridalaksana defines,

“Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam

bahasa sasaran dengan pertama mengungkapkan maknanya dan kemudian gaya

bahasanya“ (1974:19). In translation, message and style should be maintained. If a

translator only focuses on the style of the translation, he will fail to transfer the

meaning or the message of the SL, as stated by Nida, “Sacrifice of meaning for

the sake of reproducing the style may produce only impression, and fail to

communicate the message” (1964: 164). Furthermore, Roger T. Bell states in his

book Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, “Translation is the

expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in

another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”

(1991:5).

In addition, Brislin states, “Translation is the general term referring to the

transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target),

whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have


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established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or

both languages is based on signs, as with sign language of the deaf.” (1976:1)

Here, translation is transferring thoughts and ideas from the source language to the

target language, both oral and written forms. It is not only replacing a certain text

in the source language with the equal text in target language, but also transferring

the ideas and thoughts put forward by the speaker.

B. Process of Translation

Every expert has different concept of conducting translation. According

to Nida’s concept, the process of translating is in the following procedure;

1) Analysis

In this process, the translator reads the source text more than once in order

to understand the subject matter. After knowing the subject matter, the

translator is able to decide what references used to translate the text. In the

reading process, the translator writes the difficult words and finds the meaning

in the dictionary. It helps the translator in understanding the message inside

the text.

2) Transfer

In this stage, the translator transfers the message from the source

language into the target language. In this process, the translator has to translate

also the message from the source language correctly. Here, the translator

should also decide what types of translation will be used.


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3) Restructuring

This is the final step where the translator restructures the text in the target

language so that it will sound natural and readable.

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

TEXT TRANSLATION

ANALYSIS RESTRUCTURING

TRANSFER

(Nida and Taber, 1974:33)

C. Problem in Translation

Every language has its own system. It has syntactic structure,

syntagmatic, lexical, and morpheme which are different from each other language.

Those differences in system create some problems in translation. Besides, a

translator also often faces problems of contextual meaning, textual meaning and


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socio cultural meaning, material problem even religious problem. As stated by

Nababan, “Kesulitan - kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek penerjemahan

disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor , seperti perbedaan sistem bahasa sumber dan

bahasa saran, kompleksitas semantik dan stilistik bahasa sumber dan bahasa

sasaran, perbedaan tingkat kemampuan penerjemah dan tingkat kualitas bahasa

sumber”. (2003:54-55).

D. Translation Assessment

Translation means a process of transferring message from source language

to target language. Knowing that fact, we know that translation involves at least

two languages. The process of translation results a product of translation. The

product should meet three requirements as the quality assessment. Those three

requirements are revealed below:

a. Accuracy

It is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a

translation matches its original. It is usually refers to preservation of the

information content of ST in TT. Larson says in her book Meaning-Based

Translation: A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence, “Does the

translation communicate the same meaning as the source language?”.

According to Larson (1984:49), a translation is considered accurate when

it communicates the same meaning as the source language. It can be tested

by comparing the target text with the source text, in order to make sure

that there is no deletion, addition, or change of information.


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b. Acceptability

What is meant by acceptability is a translation must sound natural to the

target language. A readable translation may not be acceptable. We often

find a translation which is grammatically correct and easy to read but does

not sound natural (2004: 41).

c. Readability

Readability refers to how naturally and easily a translation can be read.

The more natural vocabulary and forms are used in a translation, the

higher it will rank in readability. There is not a direct correlation between

accuracy and readability. One translation may be accurate but not very

readable. Another translation may be very readable but not very accurate

(2004: 41).

E. Translation Accuracy

The translation accuracy, as one of the elements of translation assessment

will be discussed in more detail in this part since it is the one that the researcher

assesses in this study.

In translating a text, a translator is required to be able to transfer the

message and form of the source language text into the target language text. One of

the aspects of translation quality assessment is accuracy. Shuttleworth and Cowie

states, “A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a

translation matches its original” (1997: 3).


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In translating a text, accuracy is an important thing for a translator to

concern. Baker states, “Accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation but it

is also important to bear in mind that the use of common target language patterns

which are familiar to the target reader plays an important role in keeping the

communication channels open” (1992:57).

Every process of translation involves at least two languages and one

message. In fact, the meaning is the message which is transferred by various

features and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning of the ST into

the TT. Depending on different factors affecting the translator's performance and

the way the message is conveyed, different translations will be produced, and the

accuracy of translation is an important feature in evaluating any translated text.

Accuracy refers to preserving the meaning of the original text. The term accuracy

is synonymous with the term faithfulness.

Manafi Anari (2004: 41) defines accuracy as "the exactitude or precision

of the meaning conveyed" and in fact it implies conformity of translation with the

original text in terms of fact or truth. Larson in his Meaning-based Translation: A

Guide to Cross-language Equivalence, says that in every translation, accuracy,

clearness and naturalness are of the great importance (1984:485).

“The level of accuracy of translation is mainly achieved by a combination

of the use of translators of the highest quality and the systematic application of

our methodical checking system. To maintain a high standard of translation, a

translator must translate into their native language to ensure that the results of the

translation are both clear and succinct “[http://www.brophy-


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phillips.com/en/main/translation/trans/accuracy.htm]. The translator must also

have a sufficient knowledge of the field being translated to have a full

understanding of the subject matter.

F. Definitions of Idiom

In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, idiom is defined as a phrase or

sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and

which must be learnt as a whole unit. Wikipedia defines Idiom as a multiword that

is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its

behave as a single semantic unit, and has a non-productive structure.

(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom) Many experts have their own opinion about the

definition of idioms. Fernando in her Idioms and Idiomaticity explains that Idioms

are indivisible units whose components cannot be varied or varied only within

definable limits. In her opinion, all idioms show idiomaticity. They are not

grammatically regular (1996: 30). Mona Baker in her In Other Words says that

idioms are at the extreme end of scale from collocations in one both of these

areas: flexibility of patterning and transparency of meaning. They are frozen

patterns of language which allow little or no variation inform and, in the case of

idiom, often carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their individual

components. (1992: 63)


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G. Idiom in Indonesian language

Abdul Chaer states, “Idiom adalah satuan ujaran yang maknanya tidak

dapat “diramalkan’ dari makna unsur-unsurnya, baik secara leksikal maupun

secara gramatikal”. (http://haveza.multiply.com/reviews/item/5) From the

definition, we can see that idiom in English has same meaning and concept to

what English idiom has. For example, the word menjual gigi does not mean that

we sell our teeth. The proper meaning of the word is to laugh loudly. This kind of

meaning that is meant by idiomatic meaning.

In addition, Djoko Saryono also states, “makna idiomatis adalah makna

konstruksi yang maknanya sudah menyatu dan tidak dapat ditafsirkan atau

dijabarkan dari makna unsur-unsur pembentuknya”. The examples of Indonesian

idioms are “tanah air” which means negeri tempat kita menjadi warga negaranya,

“besar kepala” which means sombong, and “mengambinghitamkan” which means

menuduh bersalah.

H. Types of Idiom

Cowie et al in Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English Volume 1

and 2 (1996:40) classifies idiomatic expressions into: phrasal verbs with

preposition (e.g. abstain from), phrasal verbs with particle (s) (e.g. make up), and

phrasal verb with both (e.g. make up to), phrases (e.g. red herring), semi clauses

(e.g. spill the beans and take a step) and sentences (e.g. the coast is clear). Phrasal

verb idioms include expressions that have structure verb + adverb, such as put up

and take for. It must be noted here that adverbs, which also occur as prepositions,


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are always transitive adverbs. These types of idioms are also called phrasal verbs.

Phrasal verb means a simple verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or

sometimes both, to make new verb with meaning that is different from that of

simple verb.

Makkai in Fernando, classifies idioms of decoding as lexemic and

sememic. However, he gives greater attention to the structure of the lexemic

variety. Six types of lexemic idioms are identified as: phrasal verbs (e.g. bring up,

get away with, etc); tournures (e.g. fly off the handle, etc); irreversible binomials

(e.g. salt and pepper, bag and baggage, etc); phrasal compounds (e.g. high-

handed, etc); incorporating verbs (e.g. man handle, etc); and pseudo- idioms (e.g.

spick and span, etc). (1996:5)

A tournure idiom is an expression that consists of at least three lexons that

are lexemes elsewhere. The utterance can also have the definite article “the” or the

indefinite article “a”. An irreversible binominal idiom is an expression that

consists of two elements the order of which is irreversible. Pseudo idiom is an

idiom where one of elements does not make any sense on its own. Incorporating

verb idioms consists of expressions that are complex lexemes and that may begin

with a noun, an adjective, or a verb. For instance, expressions such as to sight-see

and to eavesdrop are incorporating verb idioms. They are classified into this

group, because when interpreting them literally, one cannot find any connection

between the literal structure and the idiomatic meaning. In the case of to sight-see,

there is therefore no connection between the idiomatic meaning of the idiom, ‘to

visit famous places and attractions as a tourist’, and the literal interpretation. Thus,


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persons who are looking out through their window also see sights, but they do not

sight-see. Similarly, the literal meaning of to eavesdrop, which could be to drop

eaves, does not have any connection with ‘to overhear’.

Another linguist, Fernando (1996:40-43), categorizes idioms in two

categorization, structural and lexical. In structural categorization, he propounds

four types of idiom. They are compounds (e.g. pitter-patter/ pit-a-pat, happy-

go-lucky, devil-may-care), phrases (e.g. red herring, bread and butter, on

behalf of, put up, put up with), semi clauses (e.g. spill the beans, smell a rat),

and full clauses (e.g. the coast is clear; while the cat is away, the mice will

play). Fernando also adds that among those four types, the most favored

construction are verb + particle(s) construction (e.g. put up, put up with, etc)

and the semi clause (e.g. spill the beans, smell a rat, etc)

In his book, Fernando does not give any definition about compound,

phrase, semi-clause, and clause, he only gives examples. However, the definition

of those terms can be obtained on a dictionary. Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary defines Compound as a noun, an adjective, etc composed of two or

more words or part of words, written as one or more words, or joined by hyphen.

Phrase means a group of related words which does not have a subject and

predicate, used as a part of sentence and grammatically has the same function as a

word or a group of words without a verb, especially one that forms part of a

sentence. There are six kinds of phrase. They are noun phrase, verb phrase,

adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase and verbal phrase. Clause is

defined as a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a


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sentence or part of a sentence. Semi clause is a clause that lacks of subject. While

sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually

containing a subject and a verb.

In Wikipedia, compound is a word composed of more than one

morpheme. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the

word or the semantic relationship of their components. In Merriam-Webster

Online. htm, a compound is defined as a word or word group that consists of two

or more parts that work together as a unit to express a specific concept.

Compounds can be formed by combining two or more words (as in double-check,

cost-effective, farmhouse, graphic equalizers, park bench, around-the-clock, or

son of a gun), by combining prefixes or suffixes with words (as in ex-president,

shoeless, presorted, or uninterruptedly), or by combining two or more word

elements (as in macrophage or photochromism). Compounds are written in one of

three ways: solid (as in cottonmouth), hyphenated (screenwriter-director), or open

(health care). Because of the variety of standard practice, the choice among the

styles for a given compound represents one of the most common and vexing of all

style issues writers encounter.

Some types of idiom have been explained above. However, for the data

classification, the researcher determines only the structural categorization

proposed by Fernando (ibid) as the groundwork in describing the types of idioms

in this research.


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I. Problem in Translating Idiomatic Expressions

In her In Other Words, Mona Baker says that the main problems that

idiomatic pose in translation relate to two main areas: the ability to recognize and

to interpret an idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the

various aspect of meaning that an idiom conveys into the target language. There

are various types of idioms, some more easily recognizable than others. Some

include expression which violates truth (storm in a tea cup, jump down someone’s

throat, etc). Others follow ungrammatical rules of the language (put paid to, by

and large, etc). Generally speaking, the more difficult an expression is to

understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a

translator will recognize it is an idiom. (1992:65).

J. Strategies in Translating Idiomatic Expressions

Baker (1992) suggests four strategies to translate idiomatic expressions,

they are translation using idiom with similar meaning and form, using similar

meaning and dissimilar form, by paraphrase and by omission.

a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form

This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language which conveys

roughly the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and, in

addition, consists of equivalent lexical items (Baker: 72).


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For example:

ST: Of course, it’s very difficult for Peter, who gets caught in the middle, but

no one takes Peter seriously anymore, since he’s hypersensitive and lazy.

TT : Tentu itu menyulitkan Peter, ia terjebak di tengah-tengah, tetapi tidak

ada lagi yang mau menaggapinya dengan serius karena ia memang

sangat sensitive lagi malas.

The datum above belongs to this classification since the idiom in the source

language is translated into an idiom in the target language with equivalent lexical

item. The idiom caught in the middle is translated into terjebak di tengah-

tengah in Indonesian language. The word terjebak di tengah-tengah belongs to

idiom in Indonesian language since it is not the real meaning. It means to be in

the situation that makes people can not move from it.

b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form

It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target

language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or

expression, but which consists of different lexical items (Baker :74).

For example:

ST: Then Mrs. Van D really flies off the handle

TT : Lalu Nyonya Van Dan mulai berkicau

The idiomatic expression in the ST is translated using idiom with similar meaning

but dissimilar form. It will be meaningless if it is translated into the same lexical

items of the source language. The idiom flies off the handle is translated into


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mulai berkicau which belongs to idiom in Indonesian language. The idiom flies

off the handle is often used for informal conversation or informal term.

c. Translation by paraphrase

This is the most common way of translating idioms when it seems

inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target text because of

differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target language (Baker :

74).

For example:

ST: But the other side of the coin is that the British Air Force is operating

around the clock

TT : Tetapi sisi Angkatan Udara Inggris beroperasi setiap saat

The meaning of the ST idiom is all day and all night. The translators try to

translate it into a simpler word with similar meaning as well. Thus, the translators

paraphrase the idiom into setiap saat which is usually used in daily conversation.

d. Translation by omission

This strategy may be used because it has no close match in the target

language. Its meaning cannot be easily paraphrase, or for stylistic reasons

(Baker :77 ).

For example:

ST: Yesterday Mother and I had another run-in and she really kicked up a

fuss.

TT: Kemarin aku dan Mama kembali terlibat pertengkaran.


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The above example shows that the translators do not translate the idiom kicked

up a fuss, they omit it. The meaning of the idiom itself in Indonesian language is

cerewet.

K. About the Novel

Diary is a record (originally in handwritten format) with discrete entries

arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other

period. The word diary comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance," from

dies "day"), found more often in the plural form diaria. Generally the term is

today employed for personal diaries, in which the writer may detail more personal

information and normally intended to remain private or to have a limited

circulation amongst friends or relatives. The writer may also describe recent

events in his/her personal diary.

Whilst a diary may provide information for a memoir, autobiography or

biography, it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it

stands, but for the author's own use. According to Wikipedia, biography is a

description of someone's life, usually published in the form of a book or essay, or

in some other form, such as a film. An autobiography is a biography by the same

person it is about. A biography presents the subject's story, highlighting various

aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experiences, and may

include an analysis of the subject's personality.

Concerning the previous statement, writing a biography requires complete

authenticities and facts since it is related to someone’s life. It should be presented


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in the form of an artistic description so that the result will create a good

impression of the whole description of the personality and life of the object of the

writing. Considering this fact, it is a hard job for the translators since not only

they have to fulfil some requirements of having a good translation but also have to

fulfil the requirements of writing biography.

Talking about Anne Frank, actually, she is just an ordinary little girl. She

was born on June 12, 1929. Her father is Otto Frank, the Director of Dutch Opekta

Company. Her Mom is Edith Hollander Frank. Anne has one older sister named

Margot. Anne Frank’s family is one of the victims of Holocaust incident. Anne

Frank who likes to write diaries became popular when her diaries were first

published as a novel in 1947. Unfortunately, Anne Frank died before it was

published. She died in Bergen-Belsen prison, three months before her 16th

birthday.

Anne Frank started writing a diary from June 12, 1942, to August 1, 1944.

Initially, she wrote it strictly for herself. Then, one day in 1944, Gerrit Bolkestein,

a member of the Dutch government in exile, announced in a radio broadcast from

London that after the war he hoped to collect eyewitness accounts of the suffering

of the Dutch people under the German occupation, which could be made available

to the public. As an example, he specifically mentioned letters and diaries.

Impressed by the speech, Anne Frank decided that when the war was over she

would publish a book based on her diary that will be read by the readers all over

the world. Since the original diary was in the Dutch language, the translator must

translate the book into many languages especially in English.


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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research

In doing this research, the writer employs a descriptive qualitative method.

It deals with the observations, impressions, and interpretation of the researcher.

Descriptive method is a method, which is employed to collect and analyze data,

and draw conclusion of the analyzed data. As stated by Sutrisno Hadi “Penelitian

Deskriptif yaitu suatu penelitian dimana peneliti hanya mengumpulkan data,

menganalisis data dan kemudian menyimpulkan tanpa menarik kesimpulan yang

berlaku secara umum. “ (1983: 3). From that statement, it can be said that a

descriptive research is a non hypothesis research that the researcher does not need

a hypothesis in the research. In qualitative research, the quality of the data is more

significant than the quantity. That is why the role of informants is very important,

because the informants are functioned as the source of data. The informants are

expected to assist the researcher during the process of drawing conclusion about

the research.

Sutopo states that in qualitative research the number of informants is not

important to get a valid result. The most important thing is the competence of the

informants, in this case are the raters, in answering the questionnaires (2002:51).


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B. Source of Data

Source of data is kind of places or things where the researcher can obtain

the object that will be analyzed. The sources of data of this research are the novel

of “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” and its translation

entitled “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”.

The researcher takes those novels as the source of data based on the

following considerations:

1. The novel has become one of the favourite autobiographies since it was

published in 1974 and has been read by more than ten million people

around the world.

(http://www.skripsitesis.com/site/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dia

ry_of_a_Young_Girl)

2. The novel contains authentic facts of the most popular incident of

“Holocaust”.

3. There are a lot of idiomatic expressions that become the main data of the

research.

C. Data

There are two kinds of data used in the research. The first are all of

idiomatic expressions used in the novel “The Diary of A Young Girl (The

Definitive Edition)” and the translation of the idiomatic expressions entitled

“Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. The second data are


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the result of the questionnaires distributed to three raters who assessed the

accuracy of the translation.

D. Sample and Sampling Technique

Sutrisno Hadi says that “Sebagian individu yang diselidiki itu disebut

sample,…” (1983: 70). Sample of the research includes all of the idiomatic

expressions found in the novel and the translation of those idiomatic expressions

in Indonesian language. It means that the researcher employs total sampling

technique to get the sample since all of the data are used as the samples.

E. Research Instrument

In conducting the research, the researcher applies questionnaire as the

instrument of the research. The questionnaires are distributed to three people who

are competent enough in translation. It is a kind of scaled questionnaire, in which

the raters should give scales and they may also give their opinion about the

accuracy of the translation. The scale criteria of the translation are explained as

follows:

a. Scale 1: The idea of idiom in the source text is accurately conveyed to

the target text or the message of both texts are completely the

same.

b. Scale 2: The idea or message of idiom in the source text is not

completely transferred in the target text.


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c. Scale 3: The idea or message of the idiom in the source text has been

totally changed in the target text.

F. Research Procedure

The procedures applied by the researcher in conducting the research are as

follows:

1. Collecting data

The researcher collects the data taken from the novel by writing down

those which belong to idiomatic expressions and the translation of

them in the Indonesian version novel. The researcher consults the

dictionary to check whether or not the data correctly belong to

idiomatic expressions.

2. Encoding the data

Each of the datum is coded in order to make the data analysis easy to

do, for example:

001. TDOYG-1/ CHAF-14

- 001 is the sequence number of the datum.

- TDOYG is the abbreviation of the title of English version of the

novel, The Diary Of A Young Girl.

- CHAF is the abbreviation of the title of Indonesian language version

novel, Catatan Harian Anne Frank.

- 1 is the page of the English version which contains the datum.


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- 14 is the page of the Indonesian language version which contains the

datum.

3. Analyzing the data

After the encoding of the data, the researcher distributes the data to the

raters to confirm whether or not the idiomatic expressions are

accurately translated. Then the data are analyzed by the researcher to

find out the types of idioms found in the novel and strategies used by

the translators in translating idiomatic expressions and to know the

quality of translation in term of the accuracy. The analysis is based on

the problem statements.

4. Drawing conclusion

Based on the data analysis and research findings, the researcher draws

conclusion.

G. Technique of Data Collection

In collecting data, the research follows the following steps:

1. Reading the book entitled “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive

Edition)” and its translation entitled “Catatan Harian Anne Frank (Edisi

Paling Lengkap)” several times.

2. Taking the data from the source of data in the form of all of idiomatic

expression and its translations.


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3. In case of the accuracy data, the researcher distributes questionnaires to

three raters.

H. Technique of Data Analysis

The data which have been collected were analyzed in the following ways:

1. Analyzing the types of idiomatic expressions by classifying them based on

their type of idiomatic expressions.

2. Analyzing the strategies used by the translators in translating the idiomatic

expressions by comparing the ST and the TT.

3. Analyzing the accuracy of the messages by writing down the score of each

questionnaire and then calculating the total score and the mean of the

score. After that, the researcher classified each datum into three

classifications.

4. Counting the percentage of each classification.

5. Drawing the conclusion.


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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter presents data analysis to find the types of English Idioms

engaged in “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition)” and how the

English idiomatic expressions are translated into Indonesian language in “The

Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition): Catatan Harian Anne Frank

(Edisi Paling Lengkap)”. In addition, it also discusses the accuracy level of the

translation and the impact of the strategies towards the accuracy of the translation.

A. Types of Idiom

After the idiomatic expressions in The Diary of A Young Girl (The

Definitive Edition) novel are collected, they are classified into four types, based

on Fernando’s structural categorization (1996:40-43). They are compound,

phrase, semi-clause, and clause. Below are the classifications of idiomatic

expressions in the novel based on their types.

1. Compound

Compound idiom means an idiom of two or more words or parts of words,

written as one or more words or joined by a hyphen (Oxford Dictionary). This

pattern of idiom is not a common form of idiom. It could merely be found in

several cases. There are 5 (1.5 %) data belonging to this classification. In the

novel, the idiomatic expressions in form of compound are found in the smallest

number.


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Below are the examples of the compound idiom taken from the novel.

Example 1:

ST : If there’s anything you still want to discuss, please write, because it’s

easier for me to say what I mean on paper than face-to-face.

TT : Jika ada sesuatu yang masih ingin kamu diskusikan, silahkan tulis,

karena itu lebih mudah untukku mengatakan apa yang aku maksudkan

di kertas daripada harus mengatakannya langsung.

275. TDOYG-229/ CHAF-305

Idiom face-to-face belongs to compound idiom since it has the same form with

the definition of compound idiom mentioned before. It tells that compound idiom

is an idiom of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words

or joined by a hyphen. As we can see to the idiom, it is clear that it fulfils the

characteristic of a compound idiom which consists of two or more words and

joined by a hyphen.

Example 2:

ST : …:Michael Frank owned a bank and became a millionaire, and Alice

Stern’s parents were prominent and well-to-do.

TT : …: Michael Frank adalah pemilik sebuah bank dan seorang miliuner,

sementara orang tua Alice Stern sangat terkemuka lagi maju.

312. TDOYG-286 / CHAF-381

Idiom well-to-do belongs to compound idiom since it has the same form with the

definition of compound idiom mentioned previously. It tells that compound idiom

is an idiom of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words

or joined by a hyphen. The expression of idiom in this datum fulfils the


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characteristic of a compound idiom consisting of two or more words and joined

by a hyphen.

Below is the table to show numbers of data that belong to compound

idiom. As we can see from the table, there are 5 (1.5 %) data that belong to this

type of idiom.

Table 1. Compound Idiom

Type Data Total Percentage (%)

Compound 012 197 275 312 326 5 1.5 %

2. Phrase

The second type of the data is idiom in form of phrase. Phrase is a group

of words without a verb forming a short expression of saying something. Since

phrasal means word concerning a phrase, it is grouped into this category. There

are 245 (73.1%) data that belong to this type, and the examples are presented

below:

Example 1:

ST : On the contrary, Keesing’s always making jokes these days.

TT : Sebaliknya, sekarang ganti Pak Keesing yang suka bercanda di kelas.


The idiom on the contrary belongs to prepositional phrase idiom. It is used at the

beginning of a clause or sentence to emphasize that what follows is true, and is the

opposite of what was said previously. As we can see, the idiom on the contrary


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contains no verb in its form. On belongs to a preposition, while the contrary is a

noun. For that reason, this idiom is grouped into phrase idiom.

Example 2:

ST: Jews were required to turn in their bicycles

TT : Mereka yang berasal dari keluarga Yahudi dipaksa menyerahkan

kendaraan


The idiom turn in belongs to a phrasal verb. It is a simple verb combined with an

adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to make a new verb with a meaning

that is different from that of simple verb. In this case, phrasal verb is grouped to

the type of phrase idiom. Automatically, the idiom turn in belongs to this group.

Example 3:

ST : Only when we were walking down the street did Father and Mother

reveal, little by little, what the plan was

TT : Sembari terus berjalan, Papa dan Mama sedikit demi sedikit

memunculkan rencana


Little by little is the example of adverbial phrase which means slowly or

gradually. It belongs to adverbial phrase since the idiom functions explaining

verb before it. From the form, it is clear that there is no verb in the idiom, so it

belongs to phrase idiom.


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As below is the table to show numbers of data that belong to phrase idiom.

Table 2. Phrase Idiom

Type Data Total Percentage

(%)

Phrase 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009

011 013 015 016 017 020 021 022 023

024 025 026 027 028 029 030 032 036

037 038 039 040 043 044 045 046 047

048 049 050 051 052 053 054 055 056

057 058 062 064 065 066 069 070 071

072 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081

082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 091

092 093 094 096 097 098 099 100 101

102 103 104 106 107 108 109 110 111

112 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

123 124 126 131 133 134 135 137 138

139 140 141 142 144 145 146 147 148

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 159 160

161 162 163 165 167 168 169 170 171

172 173 174 175 177 178 179 180 184

185 186 187 189 190 191 192 194 195

198 199 204 205 206 207 208 209 211

246 74.4 %


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212 215 217 218 219 220 221 222 223

224 226 233 234 235 236 238 239 240

243 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252

253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

262 264 266 267 268 270 271 272 273

274 276 277 279 280 281 283 284 290

291

292 294 296 298 299 300 302 303 306

308 309 311 313 314 315 316 318 319

320 321 322 323 324 325 327 329 332

333 335

3. Semi Clause

The third type is idiomatic expression in the form of semi clause. Semi

clause idiom is an idiom which lacks of subject, it only contains a verb and an

object. There are 73 (21.8 %) data that belong to this type.

Some of them can be seen in the following examples:

Example 1:

ST : Until then, we keep telling each other not to lose heart.

TT : Lalu kami saling membesarkan hati agar tidak sedih.


The idiom lose heart is grouped to semi clause idiom since it consists of the word

lose as a verb and the word heart functioning as an object in this sentence. We


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can see that there is no subject in this idiom. Thus, it is classified in semi clause

idiom.

Example 2:

ST : He threw a fit, took the book away and assumed that would be the

end of the business.

TT : Terlihat sang Ayah naik pitam lalu mengambil buku itu, ia menduga

dengan begitu perkara selesai.


Example 3:

ST : I still can’t make head or tail of Peter.

TT : Aku masih belum bisa meraih ujung pangkal Peter.

331. TDOYG-331/ CHAF-440

We can see that those two examples of idiom belong to the third type since they

lack of subject. There are only verb and object in each idiom.

There are 73 (21.8 %) data that belong to the type of semi clause idiom.

The table is presented below:

Table 3. Semi Clause Idiom

Types Data Total Percentage

(%)

Semi-clause 005 010 014 018 019 031 033 034 035

041 042 059 060 063 067 068 073 090

095 105 113 114 125 128 129 130 136

73 21.8 %


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143 149 150 158 164 166 176 181 182

183 188 193 196 200 201 202 203 213

214 216 225 230 231 232 237 241 242

244 263 265 269 278 285 286 288 289

293 295 297 301 304 307 310 317 330

331

4. Clause

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, sentence is a set of

words expressing statement, a question, or a command which usually contains of a

subject and a verb. While clause can be defined as a group of words that includes

a subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence. In this novel, the

researcher finds 12 (3.6 %) numbers of idiomatic expressions belonging to this

type. Below are the examples:

Example 1:

ST : The pot calling the kettle black!

TT : Maling teriak maling!

229. TDOYG-144/ CHAF-18

The clause the pot calling the kettle black in datum number 229 is the

expression of saying the person who accuses somebody of having a fault that is

similar with hers or him. The idiom is grouped into this type although the

structure is incomplete. It should be written as the pot is calling the kettle black.

However, this kind of informal form is acceptable to use in a novel.


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ST : Anne got hot water from heater, Margot went for a bucket, all hands on

deck!

TT : Anne mengambil air dari pemanas, Margot pergi mencari keranjang,

semua terus bekerja!

328. TDOYG-325/ CHAF-433

The idiom all hands on deck in datum number 328 is used to express a situation

where everyone is ready and busy in doing something. The idiom is grouped into

clause idiom since the structure matches the characteristic of clause idiom which

has a subject and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence although it is

incomplete structure. It should be written as all hands are on deck. However, this

kind of informal form is acceptable to use in a novel.

In this type of idiom, the researcher finds 11 (3.3 %) data which belong to

sentence or clause idiom. Here is the table of sentence or clause idiom:

Table 4. Clause Idiom

Types Data Total Percentage

(%)

Clause 127 132 210 227 228 229 282 287 305

328 334

11 3.3 %

B. Translation Strategies

The analysis on the translation strategy to translate the idiomatic

expressions in the “The Diary of A Young Girl (The Definitive Edition): Catatan

Harian Anne Frank (Edisi Paling Lengkap)” shows that there are five strategies


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used by the translator to translate the idiomatic expressions. They are translation

using idiom of similar meaning and form, translation using idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, omission, and literal.

Those strategies are discussed below.

1. Translation Using Idiom of Similar Meaning and Form

The strategy includes idiom in the target language which conveys roughly

the same meaning as that of the source language idiom and in addition, consists of

equivalent lexical items (1992:72). In the novel, the researcher finds 3 (0.9 %)

data of idioms translated by using this strategy. Some of the data are discussed in

more detail below:

Example 1:

ST : …, I quickly racked my brains for a neutral topic

TT : …, cepat-cepat aku memeras otakku, untuk memikirkan topik

yang netral

203. TDOYG-118/ CHAF-155

The idiomatic expression racked my brains is used to express a situation where

someone is thinking so hard to remember something or solving problems. The

idiom in the source text is translated into memeras otak in the target text.

Memeras otak belongs to idiom in Indonesian language. It means berpikir sangat

keras untuk mengingat sesuatu atau memecahkan masalah. The word racked is

correctly translated into memeras, while my brain is translated into otakku. It

means that they have equivalent lexical items. The researcher classifies this


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idiomatic expression in to this strategy since both English and Indonesian

expressions are idioms. This is another example of datum translated through the

same strategy:

Example 2:

ST : It’s time you made a beginning, instead of looking down at other

people and always blaming them!

TT : Kini saatnya bagimu untuk memulai, daripada memandang rendah

orang lain dan selalu menyalahkannya!

311. TDOYG-285/ CHAF-379/ SMF

The idiomatic expression looking down means to under estimate someone. It is

translated into memandang rendah in Indonesian language. The expression

memandang rendah belongs to an idiom in Indonesian language since the

meaning of memandang rendah is not to see someone from the low part of his or

her body. The Indonesian idiom means to under estimate someone. Since the

idiom above has the same form and meaning with the idiom in Indonesian

language, the translators use this strategy to translate the idiom in the novel. As

we can see, the idiom looking down is translated into memandang rendah with

equivalent lexical items. The word looking is translated into memandang, while

the word down is correctly translated into rendah.


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Below is the table to present numbers of data translated using the

strategy by using idiom of similar meaning and form based on each type of

idioms. As we can see that there are one datum of phrase idiom and 2 data of semi

clause idiom that are translated using the strategy by using idiom of similar

meaning and form.

Table 5: Type of idiom translated using the strategy

by using idiom of similar meaning and form

Type Data Number Quantity Percentage

Phrase 311 1 33.3 %

Semi clause 150 203 2 66.7 %

Total 3 100 %

2. Translation using Idiom of Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form

This strategy uses different form or different lexical item of the

idiomatic expression in the target language to express more or less the same idea

of the source language (1992: 74). There are 31 (9.3 %) data that belong to this

strategy. The examples are:

Example 1:

ST : Then Mrs. Van D really flies off the handle

TT : Lalu Nyonya Van Dan mulai berkicau

125. TDOYG-43/ CHAF-66/ SMDF

The idiomatic expression of flies off the handle means to get angry. It is

translated into mulai berkicau which belongs to an idiom in Indonesian language.


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Mulai berkicau in Indonesian language has the same meaning with flies off the

handle. The word berkicau belongs to an idiom in Indonesian language since it is

one of bird’s activities. In this case, it is used to tell someone who is talkative. The

idiom flies off the handle has different lexical items from mulai berkicau. Flies

off the handle will be melempar gagang if it is translated with equivalent lexical

items. Thus, the datum is included in translation using idiom of similar meaning

but dissimilar form.

Example 2:

ST : He threw a fit, took the book away and assumed that would be the end

of the business

TT : Terlihat sang Ayah naik pitam lalu mengambil buku itu, ia menduga

dengan begitu perkara selesai


The idiom threw a fit means getting mad to someone. In Indonesian language, it

is translated into naik pitam. Naik pitam itself belongs to an idiom in Indonesian

language. Naik pitam which means to get angry, is usually used to tell that

somebody is shocked, worried or angry of something. The idiom threw a fit has

the same meaning as the Indonesian idiom naik pitam in Indonesian language,

but they have different lexical items.


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Example 3:

ST : Father read aloud from Dickens, and I was in seventh heaven, since I

was sitting on Father’s chair, close to Peter

TT : Papa membaca keras-keras tulisan Dickens, dan aku serasa berada di

langit ketujuh, pasalnya aku harus duduk di kursi Papa, dekat dengan

Peter


The idiomatic expression in seventh heaven means a condition where somebody

feels very happy because of something. The idiom in seventh heaven is translated

into berada di langit ketujuh. The expression berada di langit ketujuh belongs

to an idiom in Indonesian language. The idiom in seventh heaven has the same

meaning with berada di langit ketujuh in Indonesian language. This datum

belongs to the strategy since both idioms have different lexical items. The

meaning of heaven is different from langit. Heaven means surga in Indonesian

language, while langit is sky in English.

This is the table that presents numbers of data which are translated using

the strategy by using idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form based on types

of idiom. There are only one datum of compound idiom, 18 data of phrase idiom,

11 data of semi clause idiom and one datum of clause idiom which occur by using

this strategy. It shows that there are a lot of English phrase and semi clause idioms

which have similar meaning but dissimilar form in Indonesian language.


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Table 6: Type of idiom translated using the strategy

by using idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form


Compound 326 1 3.2 %

Phrase 017 021 026 051 096 124 140 169 220

224 240 245 262 279 280 291 292 329

18 58.1 %

Semi clause 014 019 034 113 125 128 216 225

263 282 286 310

11 35.5 %

Clause 229 1 3.2 %

Total 31 100 %

3. Translation by Paraphrase

Mona Baker states that “ translation by paraphrase is the most common

way of translating idioms when an equivalence can not be found in the target

language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the target

text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target

language” (1992:74). There are 279 data (83.3%), translated by using this strategy

which means that most of data of the research are translated using the strategy of

translation by paraphrase. It proves what Mona Baker says about this strategy.

Below are the examples.


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Example 1:

ST : J is easily offended, bursts into tears at the slightest thing and, to top of

it all off, is a terrible show-off.

TT : Ia gampang sekali tersinggung, cengeng hanya karena hal-hal sepele.

Dan yang paling menyebalkan, ia suka sekali pamer.

012. TDOYG-4/ CHAF-17/ P

The idiom show-off means to try to impress others with one’s abilities, wealth or

intelligence. The idiom is translated into pamer in Indonesian language. The

word pamer is not an idiom in Indonesian language. It is commonly used in our

daily conversation. The word pamer which means to get someone’s impression by

showing our skills or something that we have, has the same meaning as the idiom

show-off.

Example 2:

ST : But the other side of the coin is that the British Air Force is operating

around the clock

TT : Tetapi sisi Angkatan Udara Inggris beroperasi setiap saat

284. TDOYG-240/ CHAF-320/ P

The meaning of idiomatic expression around the clock is all day and all night.

The translators try to translate it into a simpler word with similar meaning as well.

It means that the translators paraphrase the idiom into setiap saat in Indonesian

language. The word setiap saat does not belong to an idiom in Indonesian

language.


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Example 3:

ST : There’s a lot to be said about the boys, or maybe not so much after all

TT: Banyak sekali yang ingin kuceritakan tentang murid laki-laki di

kelasku, atau sebenarnya mungkin sama sekali tidak banyak

015. TDOYG-4/ CHAF-18/ P

The idiom after all means in spite of what has been said, done or expected. The

idiom after all is translated into sama sekali in Indonesian language. The word

sama sekali does not belong to an idiom in Indonesian language. It is usually used

as a daily language. For that reason, this datum is grouped into a translation by

paraphrase. This is the most suitable strategy for this idiom since if it is translated

by others, it will be meaningless.

Below is the table that presents numbers of data which are translated using

the strategy translation by paraphrase based on types of idiom. There are 5 data of

compound idiom, 212 data of phrase idiom, 54 data of semi clause idiom and 8

data of clause idiom using this strategy.

Table 7: Type of idiom with the strategy by paraphrase


Compound 012 197 275 312 335 5 1.8 %

Phrase 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009

011 015 016 020 022 025 027 028 029

030 036 037 039 040 045 046 047 048

049 050 052 053 054 055 056 057 058

206 75.5 %


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062 064 065 066 069 070 075 076 077

078 079 080 081 082 083 085 086 087

088 089 091 092 093 094 097 098 099

100 101 102 103 104 106 108 109 110

111 112 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

123 126 131 134 135 137 138 139 141

142 144 145 146 147 148 151 152 153

154 155 156 159 160 161 162 163 165

167 168 170 171 172 174 175 177 178

179 180 184 185 186 187 190 191 192

194 195 198 199 204 205 206 207 209

211 212 215 217 218 219 221 222 223

226 233 234 235 236 238 239 243 246

247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255

256 257 258 259 260 261 264 266 267

268 270 271 272 273 274 276 277 283

284 290 296 299 300 302 303 306 308

309 313 314 315 316 318 319 320 321

322 324 325 327 332 333

Semi clause 005 010 031 033 035 041 042 059 060

067 068 073 090 095 105 114 129 130

143 149 158 164 166 176 181 183 188

54 19.8 %


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193 196 200 201 202 213 214 230 231

232 237 241 242 244 265 269 278 285

288 289 293 295 297 301 304 307 330

Clause 018 127 132 157 227 228 287 328 8 2.9 %

Total 273 100 %

4. Translation by Omission

“The strategy is used when there is no close equivalence in the target

language text, the meaning can not be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reason”

(1992:77). There are 9 (2.7 %) data that belong to this strategy. Here are the

examples of the use:

Example 1:

ST : Yesterday Mother and I had another run-in and she really kicked up a

fuss

TT : Kemarin aku dan Mama kembali terlibat pertengkaran.


The idiom kicked up a fuss means to complain loudly in order to show that you

are very annoyed about something. In the novel, it is used to tell Anne Frank’s

mom who loves complaining to what Anne does anytime. The translators do not

translate the idiom kicked up a fuss into Indonesian language. There are various

possible reasons why a translator uses this strategy. According to the researcher,


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the translators use this strategy for stylistic reason. The translators think that in

this part, they do not need to emphasize Anne Frank’s mom’s habit since the

readers have known about it from the previous pages. If the translators repeat

informing that Anne Frank’s mom loves to complain, it will be over repetition.

Example 2:

ST : But the trick was to come up with convincing arguments to prove the

necessity of talking

TT : Tetapi ide itu tidak perlu aku lakukan karena menurutku mengobrol itu

memang perlu.

038. TDOYG- 11/ CHAF-26/ O

The idiom come up with means to think of, to develop, or to find something. The

translators do not translate the idiom into Indonesian language. The translators

omit the idiom in this sentence since from the previous sentence we can

understand the context of the novel. From the previous sentence which says

“Anyone could ramble on and leave big spaces between the words”, we can

conclude that the sentence consisting idiom come up with is still related to it. By

reading the previous sentence, we will know that Anne got punishment from her

teacher since she keeps talking in the class. The meaning of the word the trick

meant by the author in the source text is the possibility that anyone will do to the

punishment which is by rambling on and leaving big spaces between the words.

For that reason, the translators do not need to translate the idiom into Indonesian

language.


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Below is the table that presents numbers of data which are translated

using the strategy translation by omission based on types of idiom. There are 7

data of phrase idiom and 2 data of semi clause idiom using this strategy.

Table 8: Type of idiom with the strategy by omission


Phrase 013 024 032 038 044 074 189 7 77.7 %

Semi clause 063 136 2 22.2 %

Total 9 99.9 %

5. Literal Translation

Literal translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point,

although because of the necessity of conforming to TL grammar, the final TT may

also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In this type of translation,

the translator maintains its original form in the Source language since the

translator may not find the common word or even idiom in Indonesian language.

There are 9 (2.7 %) data using this strategy. Below are the explanations:

Example 1:

ST : A fine kettle of fish that will be

TT : Akan menjadi sebuah ketel ikan


The Idiomatic expression above belongs to literal translation. It might be done

because the translators could not find this idiom in Indonesian language. The

idiom a fine kettle of fish that will be means a terrible condition or dissatisfying


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situation. Looking at the meaning of idiom, the researcher does not have the same

perspective with the translators dealing with the translation so that she provides

suggestion as follow:

ST : A fine kettle of fish that will be.

TT : Tampaknya keadaan akan semakin bertambah buruk.

It looks better if the translators use the strategy of paraphrasing in translating the

idiom since it will not sound ambiguous.

Example 2:

ST: I wouldn’t mind it if she came, but she’d just be the odd one out, sitting

there like a bump on a log

TT : Aku tidak ingin memikirkan seandainya ia datang, namun ia menjadi

orang aneh, duduk di sana seperti tonggak kayu


The Idiomatic expression above that is translated into seperti tonggak kayu

belongs to literal translation. The idiom like a bump on a log means giving no

reaction. Looking at the meaning of idiom, the researcher does not have the same

perspective with the translators dealing with the translation so that she provides

suggestion as follow:

Example 3:

ST: I wouldn’t mind it if she came, but she’d just be the odd one out, sitting

there like a bump on a log

TT : Aku tidak ingin memikirkan seandainya ia datang, namun ia menjadi

orang aneh, duduk di sana hanya terdiam dan melamun


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Below is the table to present numbers of data which are translated using

the strategy translation by omission based on types of idiom. There are only two

data of phrase idiom and two data as well of clause idiom using this strategy.

Table 9: Literal Translation


Phrase 023 043 071 072 084 107 122 133

173 208 281 294

12 63.1 %

Semi Clause 182 317 331 3 15.8 %

Clause 210 282 305 334 4 21.1 %

Total 19 100 %

All of the data related to the strategy used by the translator are presented in

the following table.

Table10: Translation Strategies Used by the Translator

Strategy Data Total Percentage

Using an Idiom of

similar meaning

and form

150 203 311 3 0.9 %

Using an Idiom of

similar meaning

but dissimilar

form

014 017 019 021 026 034 051 096

113 124 125 128 140 169 216 220

224 225 229 240 245 262 263 279

280 286 291 292 310 326 329

31 9.3 %


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Paraphrase 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008

009 010 011 012 015 016 018 020

022 025 027 028 029 030 031 033

035 036 037 039 040 041 042 045

046 047 048 049 050 052 053 054

055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062

064 065 066 067 068 069 070 073

075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082

083 085 086 087 088 089 090 091

092 093 094 095 097 098 099 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 108 109

110 111 112 114 115 116 117 118

119 120 121 123 126 127 129 130

131 132 134 135 137 138 139 141

142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158

159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

167 168 170 171 172 174 175 176

177 178 179 180 181 183 184 185

186 187 188 190 191 192 193 194

195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202

204 205 206 207 209 211 212 213

273 81.5 %


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214 217 218 219 221 222 223 226

227 228 230 231 232 233 234 235

236 237 238 239 241 242 243 244

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253

254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271

272 273 274 275 276 277 278 283

284 285 287 288 289 290 293 295

296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303

304 306 307 308 309 312 313 314

315 316 318 319 320 321 322 323

324 325 327 328 330 332 333 335

Omission 013 024 032 038 044 063 074 136

189

9 2.7 %

Literal 023 043 071 072 084 107 122 133

173 182 208 210 281 282 294 305

317 331 334

19 5.7 %

Total 335 100.1 %

C. Translation Accuracy

To measure the accuracy of the translation, the researcher involves three

raters to check and to asses the accuracy of the translation of idiomatic

expressions in the novel. The raters of this research are competent enough in


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translation study and understand the idiomatic expressions well. The scale

determined by the researcher represents the degree of accuracy of the translation.

Here, the researcher will show the data that belong to each scale of score and give

some examples of them.

- Accurate translation means that the idea of idiom in the source text is

accurately conveyed to the target text or the

messages of both texts are completely the same. The

score of this scale is between 1.0 – 1.4.

- Less accurate translation means that the idea or message of idiom in the

source text are not completely transferred in the

target text. The score of this scale is between 1.5 –

2.4.

- Inaccurate translation means that the idea or message of the idiom in the

source text has been totally changed in- the target

text. The score of this scale is between 2.5 – 3.0.

1. Accurate Translation

The data that belong to the category are those with mean score of 1.0-1.4,

which means that the idea of idiom in the source text is accurately conveyed to the

target text or the messages of both texts are completely the same. There are 212

data (63.3 %) that meet the requirements to be accurate. Some of them are

presented below.


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Example 1:

ST : But I’m not allowed to get up at that hour, so I had to control my curiosity

until quarter to seven.

TT : Aku mengerti bila aku tidak diperbolehkan bangun sepagi itu, jadi terpaksa

aku harus menahan rasa ingin tahuku sampai sekitar pukul setengah tujuh

001. TDOYG-1/ CHAF-14/ Accurate

The above example shows that the idiom get up is translated into bangun. All

raters gave score 1 to the above data. They considered that the idea of idiom in

this datum is accurately conveyed to the target text. For that reason, the datum is

categorized as an accurate translation.

Example 2:

ST: (I’m not allowed to take part because my shoulders and hips tend to get

dislocated).

TT : (Aku tidak diperbolehkan ikut olahraga karena sering mengalami cedera di

persendian bagian punggung dan pinggang).


In Kamus Inggris-Indonesia by John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, take part is

the same with partake which means to participate in or to be one part of

something. In this context, Anne is not allowed by her parent to join in the

exercise activity. All raters gave score 1 to this datum, which means that the

message of take part is accurately conveyed in the target text.


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Example 3:

ST: If Gabi doesn’t get her way, she starts screaming, and if Lies doesn’t look

after her, Mrs. Goslar starts screaming

TT : Bila Gabi dapat teman bermain, ia langsung menangis, dan bila Lies tidak

mau mengasuhnya, ibunya jadi berang.


All the three raters gave score 1 to the datum 061. The idiom look after is

translated into mengasuh. According to the raters, the message is accurately

transferred into the target text. In the Dictionary of English Idioms by Richard A.

Spears, the idiom look after means memelihara, menjaga atau mengurus. In

this datum, the most suitable meaning is menjaga. The word menjaga has similar

meaning with mengasuh.

Example 4:

ST: By that, I mean not finding anything wrong with flirtations, a kiss, an

embrace, an off-color joke

TT : Dengan begitu aku bermaksud tidak menemukan kesalahan apa pun dengan

pacaran, ciuman, pelukan, canda yang tidak sopan


In the datum number 335, the idiom off-color is translated into yang tidak sopan.

The three raters gave score 1 to this datum, which means that the translation is

considered to be accurate. In the Dictionary of English Idioms by Richard A.


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Spears, off-color means tidak senonoh, kasar atau tidak sopan. In this context,

the most suitable translation is tidak sopan.

2. Less Accurate Translation

The data included in this category are those of which message do not fully

represent the message of source text idiom. There are 111 (33.1%) data found in

the novel that belong to this group. Some of them are discussed in detail below.

Example 1:

ST : As soon as a boy asks if he can bicycle home with me and we get to talking,

nine times out of ten I can be sure I’ll become enamoured on the spot and

won’t let me out of his sight for a second.

TT : Bila ada cowok mengajak bersepeda bersama saat pulang sekolah, lalu kita

terlibat obrolan di sepanjang jalan, sebanyak sembilan atau mungkin sepuluh

kali, itu tandanya ia mulai terpikat.

029. TDOYG-9/ CHAF-24/ Less accurate

Rater 1 and 2 gave score 3 to this datum, while rater 3 gave score 1, so that the

mean is 2.3. Score 2.3 is grouped to scale 2 because it tends to be close to scale 2.

The idiom on the spot is translated into itu tandanya. Rater 1 and 2 think that it

is not really accurate. Rater 1 suggested saat itu juga

to replace itu tandanya, while rater 2 suggested serta merta to replace the

previous translation. The researcher tends to agree to rater 1 since saat itu juga

sounds better than serta merta for that kind of situation.

Example 2:

ST : Lies, who’s all thumbs, get lost in the mayhem


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TT : Kasihan Lies, ia benar-benar terpuruk dan teraniaya


The mean score of datum number 063 is 2. It means that the translation is

considered less accurate. Rater 1 gave score 3, rater 2 gave score 2 and rater 3

gave score 1. The idiom get lost is translated into benar- benar terpuruk dan

teraniaya. Rater 1 thinks that the translation of the idiom above has different

meaning from that of the source text. According to him, the meaning of the idiom

get lost is being forgotten or being ignored. While, rater 2 thinks that get lost

means masuk dalam kondisi teraniaya in Indonesian language, so that she gave

score 2 to this datum. According to the researcher, teraniaya is more suitable

based on the context of the novel. From the previous sentence, we can see that

Mrs. Goslar forced Lies to look after her sister. If Lies did not do what she asked,

she would scream to her. From the sentence we know that she was not ignored but

she was suffered.

Example 3:

ST : …;how I ended up here is something you’ll figure out from my next letters

TT : …;bagaimana aku mengakhiri inilah yang harus kamu cari tahu dari cintaku

sebelumnya

083. TDOYG-25/CHAF-44/ Less accurate

The idiom figure out in datum 083 is translated into cari tahu. For this datum,

rater 1 gave score 2 because although he thinks that the translation is similar to the

meaning of the idiom, the structure is not so perfect that the idea of the ST idiom


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is not transferred perfectly. Meanwhile rater 2 gave score 3 with consideration that

the translation has different meaning from that of the idiom in the source text. In

the Dictionary of English Idioms, the idiom figure out has two meanings; to find

out and to understand. The context shows that if we want to know how she ended

it up, we need to find it in her next letter. According to the statement above, the

researcher thinks that cari tahu is more suitable than memahami.

Example 4:

ST : If the Gestapo can’t find the saboteur, they simply grab five hostages and line

them up against the wall

TT : Banyak orang-orang yang tidak berdosa dijadikan sandera, bila pihak Jerman

tidak mampu menemukan mereka melakukan sabotase, mereka akan

menggiring lima sandera menghadap tembok,…


For datum number 140, rater 1 and 2 gave the same score: 3. Both raters

considered that the idea or the message of the idiom in the source text is not

completely transferred in the target text. However, both raters had different

opinions about the translation of the source text idiom. Rater 1 suggested

dieksekusi to replace menggiring lima sandera. Meanwhile, rater 2 suggested

membariskan mereka menghadap tembok to replace it. The researcher agrees

to rater 1 opinion since the word eksekusi is more suitable to the context in the

novel which says that the Gestapo is very cruel and rude. The situation of that

moment is described as follow “But that’s not the end of my lamentations. Have

you ever heard the term “hostages”? That’s the latest punishment for saboteurs.


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It’s the most horrible thing you can imagine. Leading citizens-innocent people-are

taken prisoner to await their execution. If the Gestapo can’t find the saboteur, they

simply grab five hostages and line them up against the wall. You read the

announcements of their death in the paper, where they’re referred to as “fatal

accidents”. From the description above, we can conclude that the condition shows

a great sorrow of people at that time.

Example 5:

ST: No one can keep out of the conflict, the entire world is at war, and even

though the Allies are doing better, the end is nowhere in sight

TT : Tidak ada yang bisa mencegah perang, seluruh dunia dilanda perang,

meskipun sekutu lebih bersama, perang belum juga berakhir


The idiom in datum number 179 is translated into mencegah. For this datum, rater

2 and 3 gave the same score, which is 1. Meanwhile, rater 1 gave score 3. The

score from rater 1 is far different from that of the other two raters. According to

him, the meaning of the idiom keep out of is to avoid from getting involved to

something. It is similar to the meaning of the idiom from Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher agrees to rater 1 as to avoid from getting

involved in something is more suitable than to prevent. Dealing with this

translation, she provides suggestion as follow:


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ST: No one can keep out of the conflict, the entire world is at war, and even

though the Allies are doing better, the end is nowhere in sight.

TT : Tidak ada yang bisa menghindari perang, seluruh dunia dilanda perang,

meskipun sekutu lebih bersama, perang belum juga berakhir.

3. Inaccurate Translation

One datum is considered as an accurate translation when the message of

the translation is different from that of the source text. There are 12 (3.6%) data

found in the novel that belong to this scale.

Example 1:

ST: but the trick was to come up with convincing arguments to prove the

necessity of talking

TT : Tetapi ide itu tidak perlu aku lakukan karena menurutku mengobrol itu

memang perlu

038. TDOYG- 11/ CHAF-26/ Inaccurate

All raters gave score 3 for the above datum. It means that all raters have the same

opinion that the idea or message of the idiom in the source text has been totally

changed in the target text.

Example 2:

ST: I nearly fell asleep at my desk

TT : Siang itu aku benar-benar mengantuk

042. TDOYG-12/ CHAF-28/ Inaccurate

Datum 042 certainly belongs to this classification since the idiom fell asleep is

translated into mengantuk. The word mengantuk is used to express a reaction


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that happens before someone sleep. However, the translators fail to choose a right

word to paraphrase the idiomatic expression. The meaning of feel asleep is

tertidur. The translators misinterpret in translating the idiom into mengantuk. It

should be translated into hampir tertidur. For that reason, all the three raters

gave score 3 for the datum, which means that it is inaccurate translation.

Example 3:

ST: Mother and Margot were too tired and keyed up to eat, and Father and I were

too busy

TT : Mama dan Margot terlalu lelah sedang aku dan Papa terlalu sibuk, hingga

lupa makan

087. TDOYG-26/CHAF-45/ Inaccurate

Raters 1 and 2 gave score score 3 to this datum, while rater 3 gave score 2. The

above example shows that the idiom keyed up is translated into hingga lupa, and

the translation is not accurate according to all the three raters. The translators

misinterpret the idiom keyed up. Raters 1 and 2 suggested sangat senang atau

bersemangat, while rater 3 suggested tidak sempat to replace hingga lupa. The

researcher thinks that the translators do not convey the message well. Based on

the meaning of the idiom itself which is excited, it might be better if it is

translated into “Mama dan Margot terlalu lelah sedang aku dan papa terlalu sibuk,

kami terlalu bersemangat hingga lupa makan “.

Example 4:

ST : Sunday Bep dropped by to make sure there hadn’t been a break-in and

stayed for breakfast


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TT : Hari minggu Bep masuk untuk meyakinkan tidak ada dobrakan dan ikut

sarapan

322. TDOYG-308/ CHAF-409/ Inaccurate

The idiom in datum number 322 is translated into masuk. Raters 1 and 2 gave

score 3 for this datum, while rater 3 gave score 2. According to all the three raters,

the meaning of idiom dropped by is mampir. The translators, however,

translated it into masuk. By reading the novel, we know that Bep does not live

with Anne’s family. She just went there to visit them and to make sure that they

are okay. For the given context, the word mampir is more suitable to translate

dropped by.

All of the data related to the accuracy are presented in the following table.

Table 11: Translation Accuracy

Scale Score Data Total Percentage

Accurate 1- 1.4 001 002 003 004 005

006 007 008 009 010

011 012 014 017 020

022 023 025 026 028

031 033 034 036 037

039 040 041 043 045

047 048 049 050 051

052 053 054 055 060

061 064 065 066 068

212 63.3 %


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070 071 073 075 078

079 080 085 086 088

089 090 091 092 093

094 095 096 097 100

101 102 104 105 106

107 108 111 112 113

114 115 116 117 118

119 120 121 123 126

127 129 130 133 134

137 139 141 142 143

144 145 146 147 148

150 151 152 153 155

156 157 158 160 162

163 169 170 171 173

174 175 176 180 181

184 185 188 190 192

193 194 195 197 199

200 202 203 207 208

211 214 215 216 217

218 220 221 223 225

226 227 229 231 232

233 234 235 237 241


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242 243 244 245 246

247 249 250 252 254

257 258 259 260 262

264 266 267 268 273

274 275 277 279 282

283 284 286 287 288

290 291 294 295 297

298 300 301 302 303

306 308 309 311 313

315 319 323 327 328

329 332 335

Less Accurate 1.5 - 2.4 013 015 016 018 019

021 027 029 030 035

046 056 058 062 063

067 069 072 074 076

077 081 082 083 084

089 098 099 103 109

110 122 124 125 128

132 135 136 138 140

154 159 161 164 165

166 167 168 172 177

178 179 182 183 186

111 33.1 %


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187 189 191 196 198

201 204 205 206 209

212 213 222 224 228

230 238 239 240 248

253 255 256 261 263

265 269 270 271 272

276 278 280 281 285

289 292 293 296 299

304 305 307 310 312

314 316 318 320 321

324 325 327 330 331

333 334

Inaccurate 2.5 - 3 024 032 038 042 044

057 087 131 210 317

322

12 3.6 %

Total 335 100 %

4. DISCUSSION

This part puts the analysis of the types of idiom, strategy used by the

translators and the assessment on the accuracy of translation together. The

comparison between the source text and the target text in term of types of idiom,

strategy used by translator and accuracy of the translation are presented on the

table 12 below.


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Table 12 Discussion

Strategy

Types Compound Phrase Semi Clause Clause

accurate Less accurate

Inaccurate Accurate Less Accurate



Inaccurate

Idiom of Similar Meaning and Form

- - - 311 - - 150 203 - -

Total 1 2 Percentage 33.3 % 66.7 % Idiom of Similar Meaning and Dissimilar Form

- 326 - 017 026 051 096 169 220 245 262 279 291 329

021 124 140 224 240 280 292

- 014 034 113 216 225 286

019 125 128 263 310

- 229

- -

Total 1 11 7 6 5 1 Percentage 3.2 % 35.5% 22.6 % 19.4 % 16.1 % 3.2 % Paraphrase 012 197

275 335 312 - 001 002

003 004 005 006 007 008 009 011 020 022 025 028 036 037 039 040 045 047 048 049 050 052

015 016 018 027 029 030 046 056 058 062 069 076 077 081 082 083 098 099 103 109 110 135 154 159

057 087 131 322

010 031 033 041 060 068 073 090 095 114 129 130 143 149 158 176 181 188 193 200 201 202 214 230

035 067 164 166 183 196 213 265 269 278 285 289 293 304 307 330

042 059 127 157 227 228 287 328

132 -


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Table 12 Discussion

053 054 055 061 064 065 066 070 075 078 079 080 085 086 088 089 091 092 093 094 097 100 101 102 104 106 108 111 112 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 126 134 137 139 141 145 146 147 148 151 152 153 155 156 160 162 163 170 171 174 175 180 184

161 165 167 168 172 177 178 179 186 187 191 198 204 205 206 209 212 222 238 239 248 253 255 256 261 270 271 272 276 296 299 314 316 318 320 321 324 325 333

231 232 237 241 242 244 288 295 297 301


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Table 12 Discussion

185 190 192 194 195 199 207 211 215 217 218 219 221 223 226 233 234 235 236 243 246 247 249 250 251 252 254 257 258 259 260 264 266 267 268 273 274 277 283 284 290 298 300 302 303 306 308 309 313 315 319 323 327 332

Total 4 1 138 59 4 34 16 3 5 1 Percentage 1.5 % 0.4 % 50.5 % 21.6 % 1.5 % 12.5 % 5.9 % 1.1 % 1.8 % 0.4 % Omission - - - - 013 024 - - 063 136 - - - -


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Table 12 Discussion

032 038 044 074 189

Total

- - - - 7 2

Percentage 77.8 % 22.2 %

Literal - - - 023 043 071 133

072 084 107 122 173 208 281 294

- - 182 331 317 282 305 334 210

Total 4 8 2 1 1 2 1 Percentage 21.1 % 42.2 % 10.5 % 5.3 % 5.3 % 10.5 % 5.3%


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Table 12 Discussion

The analysis on the types of idiom shows that there are four types of

idiomatic expressions found in the data, they are compound, phrase, semi clause,

and clause idiom. The most dominant type of idiomatic expressions found is

phrase idiom which amounts to 245 data (73.1 %). Coming at the second place is

semi clause idiom with 73 data (21.8 %). To some extent, it proves Fernando

(1996:43) statement that the most favored construction are phrase, especially verb

+ participle construction and semi clause. Meanwhile, clause idiom is in the third

place with 12 data (3.6 %), the last group is compound idiom which amounts to 5

data (1.5 %).

Table 12 shows that there are 3 data (0.9 % of all data) translated by

using idiom of similar meaning and form. Among the data, 1 datum (33.3 %)

belongs to phrase idiom and 2 data (66.7 %) belong to semi clause idiom. All of

them are considered as accurate translation.

The translators use the strategy of using idiom of similar meaning but

dissimilar form to translate 31 data (9.3 % of all data). There are 1 datum (3,2 %)

which belongs to compound idiom and is considered as less accurate translation,

11 data (35.5 %) which belong to phrase idiom and are considered as accurate

translation, and 7 data (22.6 %) which belong to phrase idiom and are considered

as less accurate translation. There are 6 data (19.4 %) which belong to semi clause

idiom and are considered as accurate translation and 5 data (16.1 %) which belong

to semi clause idiom and are considered as less accurate translation. one datum

(3.2 %) also belongs to clause idiom and is considered as less accurate translation.

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Table 12 Discussion

The deeper analysis on the data translated using this strategy reveals an interesting

finding. Considering that there are 31 data translated using this strategy and most

of them are in form of phrase and semi clause, I can conclude that some English

idioms on those types have equivalent idioms in Indonesian language, even

though they have different lexical items.

The strategy of translation by paraphrase is used to translate most of the

data in this research. The result is in line with what has been stated by Mona

Baker in her book, “Translation by paraphrase is the most common way of

translating idioms when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language in the

target text because of differences in stylistic preferences of the source and target

language (Baker : 74)”. There are 273 data (81.5 % of all data) which are

translated using this strategy. Among the data, there are 4 data (1.5 %) which

belong to compound idiom and are considered as accurate translation and one

datum (0.4 %) which belong to compound idiom and are considered as less

accurate translation. There are 138 data (50.5 %) which belong to phrase idiom

and are considered as accurate translation, 59 data (21.6%) which belong to

phrase idiom and are considered as less accurate translation, and 4 data (1.5 %)

which belong to phrase idiom and are considered as inaccurate translation. There

are 34 data (12.5 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and are considered as

accurate translation, 16 data (5.9 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and are

considered as less accurate translation, 3 data (1.1 %) which belong to semi clause

and are considered as inaccurate translation, 5 data (1.8 %) which belong to clause

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Table 12 Discussion

idiom and are considered as accurate translation and the last is one datum (0.4 %)

which belongs to clause idiom and is considered as less accurate translation.

The next strategy is translation by omission. There are 9 data (2.7 % of

all data) translated by this strategy. From the table above we can see that there are

7 data (77.8 %) which belong to phrase idiom and are considered as less accurate

translation and 2 data (22.2 %) which belong to semi clause idiom and are

considered as less accurate translation.

The last strategy is literal translation. There are 19 data (5.7 %) which

are translated by using this strategy. There are 4 (21.1 %) data which belong to

phrase idiom and are considered as accurate translation,8 (42.2 %) data which

belongs to phrase idiom and are considered as less accurate translation, two (10.5

%) data which belongs to semi clause idiom and are considered as less accurate

translation, one ( 5.3 %) datum which belongs to semi clause idiom and is

considered as inaccurate translation, one (5.3 %) datum which belong to clause

idiom and are considered as accurate translation, two (10.5 %) data which belong

to clause idiom and are considered as less accurate translation and the last is one

(5.3 %) datum which belongs to clause idiom and is considered as inaccurate

translation. Some of the idioms translated using literal translation are clause

idioms. It occurs since it is hard to find the equivalent of English clause idioms in

Indonesian language. So that, the translators translate them literally which causes

inaccurate translation. It is in line with what stated by Baker, “Some idioms are

misleading; they seem transparent because they offer a reasonable literal

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Table 12 Discussion

interpretation. In this case, a translator who is not familiar with the idiom may

easily accept the literal interpretation and miss the play on idiom” (1992:66). In

fact, the translator may provide translation by paraphrase in order to transfer the

message of the idiom in the source text to the target text well.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This is the last chapter of this thesis. It consists of conclusion and

suggestions.

A. Conclusion

Based on the analysis on the chapter IV, the researcher concludes in as

follows:

1. The analysis on the types of idiom shows that there are four types of

idiomatic expressions found in the data, they are compound, phrase, semi clause,

and clause or sentence idiom. The most dominant type of idiomatic expressions

found is phrase idiom which amounts to 245 data (73.1 %). Coming at the second

place is semi clause idiom with 73 data (21.8 %). Meanwhile, clause idiom is in

the third place with 12 data (3.6 %), the last group is compound idiom which

amounts to 5 data (1.5 %).

2. The analysis of the translation strategy shows that the translator uses five

strategies in translating the idiomatic expressions in the novel. They are

translation using idiom with similar meaning and form (7 data or 2.1 %),

translation using idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form (31 data or 9.3

%), translation by paraphrase (279 data or 83.3 %), translation by omission (9 data

or 2.7 %) and the last is literal translation (9 data or 2.7 %).


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Among the data translated using idiom with similar meaning and form, 5

data (71.4 %) are phrase idiom and 2 data (28.6 %) are semi clause idiom.

Interestingly, none of them are compound and clause idioms.

In term of the data translated using similar meaning but dissimilar form, 1

datum (3,2 %) is compound idiom, 18 data (58.1 %) are phrase idiom,11 data

(35.5 %) are semi clause idiom and 1 datum (3.2 %) are clause idiom. The biggest

number of the data translated using this strategy is in form of phrase idiom.

From the data translated by paraphrasing, 5 data (1.8 %) are compound

idiom, 212 data (76 %) are phrase idiom, 54 data (19.4 %) are semi clause idiom

and 8 data (2.9 %) are clause idioms.

Among the data translated by omission, 7 data (77.8 %) are phrase idiom,

2 data (22.2 %) are semi clause idiom. None of them are in form of compound and

clause idioms.

From the data translated by using literal translation, 2 data (22.2 %) are

phrase idiom, 3 data (33.3 %) are semi clause idiom and 4 data (44.4%) are clause

idioms. None of them are in form of compound idiom.

3. The analysis on the translation accuracy shows that there are 212 data

(63.3 %) of the translations of idiomatic expressions in the novel The Diary Of A

Young Girl (The Definitive Edition) considered as accurate translation, 111 data

(33.1%) are less accurate and 12 data (3.6%) are inaccurate translation.

The strategy which results in high accuracy of the translation is translation

by paraphrase. This strategy gives readers detail information from the source text


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into the target text. In contrast, the strategy by literal translation results in

inaccurate translation. It occurs since the message deviates from the source text.

B. Suggestions

There are some recommendations that will be given to students, lecturers,

translators and other researchers.

1. Students of English Departments

For students of English Department, there are some alternatives that

can be references in translating idiomatic expressions. Translating by

paraphrase is the best way to translate idiomatic expressions since it

does not create ambiguity.

2. Translators

The translator should be improved in translating this kind of terms in

order to produce an accurate translation and to eliminate some errors

that made in the process.

3. Other researchers

The result of this thesis could be one of reference in conducting the

same types of research moreover with different kind of sources and

methods.

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