A survey of seagrass beds in Kampot, Cambodia -...

A survey of seagrass beds in Kampot, Cambodia

Building Resilience to Climate Change Impacts in Coastal Southeast Asia (BCR)

Petchrung Supkong and Louis Bourne

Citation: Supkong, P. and Bourne, L.

(2014). A survey of seagrass beds in

Kampot, Cambodia. Thailand: IUCN.

91pp.

Cover photo: Aerial view of a

seagrass bed in Kampot, Cambodia

© IUCN/Roengchai Kongmuang

Photos in-text: © Roengchai

Kongmuang, Louis Bourne and

Petchrung Supkong

Layout by: Ria Sen/Nguyen Thuy

Anh

Produced by: IUCN Southeast Asia

Group

Available from: IUCN Asia Regional

Office, 63 Soi Prompong, Sukhumvit

39, Wattana 10110 Bangkok,

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Tel: +66 2 662 4029 www.iucn.org/building-coastal-resilience

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the provincial government of Kampot and the Fisheries

Administration and the Department of Environment for their collaboration and

participatory role in aiding the success of the seagrass survey. Special thanks to all

those who joined the survey team and took part in the seagrass survey in Kampot

namely Mr. Ven Virak (Director of Coastal Resources Center and Deputy Director of

Environmental Department, Kampot); Mr. Chak Sineath (Deputy Chief of Kep Fishery

Division); Miss Minhchan Soriya (Environmental Officer, Department of Environment);

Mr. Suy Chanras (Environmental Officer, Department of Environment); Mr. Tran Poli

(Fishery Officer, Kampot fishery administration cantonment), and Mr. Voen Seila ( Vice

chief of fishery administration division).Thank you to Mr. Suy Thea (Director of

Environmental Department, Kampot), and Mr. Sor Sorin (director of Kampot Fishery

administration cantonment) who authorized their staff to be part of a great seagrass

survey team. The seagrass survey would have never been possible without you all. We

would also like to voice our thanks to all IUCN staff who helped one way or another,

especially the IUCN Cambodia team who helped mainly on the ground level and

particularly Sun Kong for organizing logistics and workshops, setting up meetings with

the provincial government and community fishery members and allowing the seagrass

survey to run smoothly. Also, thanks to Soriya for later taking over logistics of the

seagrass survey. Thanks to Dararat Weerapong for raising publicity of the seagrass

surveys and the importance of the seagrass bed in Kampot. Much appreciation is

shown for Robert Mather for his support and Maeve Nightingale for the technical

support of the seagrass survey. We would also like to thank Roengchai Kongmuang

and Roengrit Kongmuang for photographing the seagrass surveys and seagrass bed

and taking an important role in the aerial survey. Much appreciation to Thai PBS for

documenting the seagrass surveys and the paramotor pilots for making the aerial

survey possible. Thanks to all the community fishery and village members for

participating in the numerous workshops. Special thanks to the EU for funding the BCR

project and making the seagrass surveys possible.

Foreword

Sea-grass meadows are incredibly important coastal ecosystems. They provide spawning and nursery areas for many species, sequester large amounts of carbon and provide significant support to local livelihoods. The coastline of Kampot Province in Cambodia hosts one of the most important seagrass areas in Southeast Asia, but so far is relatively unknown and has not been subject to any in-depth study. Its importance and value to local livelihoods, and its significance in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation are not properly understood, and are consequently not sufficiently taken into account in development planning. Large scale development projects with direct impacts on sea-grass such as port and harbor construction are already underway and are rapidly destroying and degrading significant areas of this precious resource before its real value to the people of Kampot Province and the rest of Cambodia are fully understood. Kampot is one of eight Provinces in three countries selected for pilot activities in the “Building Resilience to Climate Change – Coastal Southeast Asia” Project (BCR) funded by the EU and implemented by IUCN and partners. This report is the first in a series of linked reports looking at the biological condition, socio-economic importance and conservation management priorities for Kampot sea-grass, in the broader context of overall coastal spatial planning of Kampot Province.

Table of contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 8

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9

2. Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 12

3. Survey methods ............................................................................................................. 12

3.1 Spot check survey ..................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Line transect survey .................................................................................................. 14

3.3 Order of surveyed areas ............................................................................................ 14

3.4 Water quality testing .................................................................................................. 15

4. Results ............................................................................................................................ 15

4.1 Seagrass species composition and abundance ........................................................ 16

4.2 Seagrass distribution ................................................................................................. 22

4.3 Seagrass status ......................................................................................................... 26

4.4 Water quality ............................................................................................................ 28

4.5 Seagrass spatial distribution...................................................................................... 28

5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 43

5.1 Species composition and variation ............................................................................ 43

5.2 The health of seagrass .............................................................................................. 44

5.3 Sediment type ............................................................................................................ 46

5.4 Water quality .............................................................................................................. 46

5.5 Previous findings ....................................................................................................... 47

5.6 Threats to the seagrass bed ...................................................................................... 48

6. Conclusion and recommendations.............................................................................. 51

7. References ..................................................................................................................... 53

8. Appendixes .................................................................................................................... 54

List of figures and tables

I. Maps

Map 1 The geography of Kampot province

Map 2 The location of the seagrass bed in Kampot, UNEP 2004

Map 3 The division of the different seagrass survey areas

Map 4 Distribution of seagrass in Kampot

Map 5 Seagrass survey points with only seagrass present

Map 6 Seagrass bed in Kampot

Map 7 Boundary of seagrass beds in each section

Map 8 Seagrass bed Section A (East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat)

Map 9 Seagrass bed Section B (East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal)

Map 10 Seagrass bed Section C (East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot river mouth)

Map 11 Seagrass bed Section D (East of Kampot river to East of Koun Satv commune)

Map 12 Seagrass bed Section E (Kampong Trach district)

Map 13 Seagrass bed Section F (Kaoh Sec)

Map 14 Seagrass status in Kampot

Map 15 Sedimentation type in Kampot

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II. Figures

Figure 1 Modified spot check survey methodology on the boat

Figure 2 Frequency of seagrass species presence within 881 surveyed points

Figure 3 Seagrass species composition and overall abundance surveyed in Kampot

Figure 4 Percentage frequency of seagrass species occur in each section

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III. Pictures

Picture 1 Spot check survey using the manta tow method

Picture 2 Images of seagrass species surveyed in Kampot

Picture 3 High density of various seagrass species in Section E

Picture 4 High seagrass density in Section E of Thalassia hemprichii

Picture 5 High density meadow of Enhalus acoroides in the intertidal zone of Section C

Picture 6 Sand gobbler living amongst the seagrass attached to Enhalus acoroides

Picture 7 Intertidal zone with distribution of Halodule pinifolia and other various seagrass

species in Section C

Picture 8 Mari-culture of seaweed farms in Section B

Picture 9 Evidence of some degree of sedimentation smothering Enhalus acoroides and

reducing the available light reaching the seagrass

Picture 10 Aerial photo of the seaport construction in section C

Picture 11 Closer look at land filling on top of the seagrass in the seaport construction site

Picture 12 Aerial photo of the seaport construction showing the seagrass to be land filled

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IV. Tables

Table 1 Distribution of seagrass species in Kampot province in 2013

Table 2 Seagrass status determined by percentage cover

Table 3 Kampot seagrass status in 2013

Table 4 Water quality found within the Kampot seagrass bed

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Executive Summary

The seagrass bed of Kampot is located along the coastal region of Cambodia and is

among one of the largest seagrass beds in the South China Sea. Seagrass habitats are

well recognized for providing a range of vital ecosystem services including the support

of a wide biodiversity of marine species, oxygenation and binding of hypoxic sediment,

reduction of storm surges and contribution to carbon fixation in the ocean. Since

preliminary studies on the seagrass bed in 2004, very little was known on the current

status and situation of the seagrass bed until the present surveys were conducted. The

objective of the surveys was to collect, map and update detailed baseline data on the

seagrass bed of Kampot Province and record its current status. Depending on the field

situation, two survey methods were used to survey the seagrass (i) spot check survey

(ii) line transect survey. The seagrass surveys in Kampot took a total of 23 days to

complete from 13th May to 3rd July 2013 during the monsoon season. The Kampot

seagrass bed comprises of 11 seagrass species. The dominant species were eelgrass

(Enhalus acoroides), turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii), fiber strain grass (Halodule

pinifolia), and toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata). Different areas of the seagrass

bed housed varied numbers of different seagrass species and the main sediment types

were silt, fine sand and silt, and sand. The mapped seagrass bed covers an area of

8,435.80 hectares and is relatively healthy with a ‘moderate’ to ‘good’ status.

Anthropogenic threats to the seagrass bed include destructive fishing practices, coastal

development, sedimentation, pollution and mariculture. The most significant threat is

the construction of a seaport directly on the seagrass bed, which could cause severe

sedimentation throughout the whole seagrass bed destroying large habitat areas.

Without immediate long term monitoring and conservation efforts to mitigate the threats,

the seagrass bed may be under too poor conditions to adapt to the future impacts of

climate change or largely wiped out before climate change impacts become noticed.

Coastal livelihoods will be at risk if action is not taken soon.

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1. Introduction

Seagrass meadows are an important ecosystem that supports a large biodiversity of

marine species and provides a range of fundamental ecosystem services for marine

fauna, the physical environment and food security (Short F. et al, 2007). They provide

nursery and spawning grounds for many juvenile marine organisms including

commercially important species of fish, crustaceans and invertebrates (UNEP, 2004).

Consequently, seagrass habitats help to promote fish and invertebrate population

recruitment and provide protective shelter from predators. Furthermore, migration of

adult fish between seagrass, mangroves and coral reefs is a natural part of their daily

activities, usually foraging for food in the seagrass bed at night.

Seagrass is a source of nutrition for grazers such as turtles, dudongs and some

herbivorous fish like wrasse and rabbit fish (Mat Bjork et al, 2008). Other fish and fauna

permanently living within the seagrass feed on algae and invertebrates growing on the

seagrass leaves. Currently, the seagrass is home to some marine species vulnerable to

extinction not just in Cambodian waters but also worldwide, including dugongs,

seahorses and green turtles.

The leaves, rhizome and root systems of seagrass help trap and bind sediment,

preventing the re-suspension of sediment and thus, coastal erosion. Seagrass also

attenuate waves, reducing wave and storm surges, protecting the coast from potentially

harmful storms. They oxygenate the hypoxic sediment that they tend to grow in, thereby

sustaining high microbial activity with increased oxygen levels, allowing nutrients to be

effectively recycled from dead organic matter and available to the seagrass roots (Mat

Bjork et al, 2008).

Furthermore, with increased CO2 released into the atmosphere influencing global

warming, it has been estimated that seagrass worldwide fixate 1% of the total carbon

fixed in the ocean but store 12% (UNEP, 2004 & Mat Bjork et al, 2008). This is largely

because seagrass decompose at a slow rate. Seagrass beds are economically valued

as one of the most important ecosystems in the world, approximately $3.8 trillion USD

worldwide. As a whole seagrass beds are vital to sustaining biodiversity and the

economy of the region (UNEP, 2004).

Cambodia has 435km of coastline that extends from the borders of Thailand to

Vietnam. There are 4 provinces situated along the coast, Koh Kong, Sihanoukville,

Kampot and Kep. Kampot province is the last province along the coast before Vietnam,

adjacent to Phu Quoc island and borders Kep province (UNEP, unknown date). Out of

the 435km of Cambodian coastline, Kampot covers 66.5km of it and has a total area of

4873km2. Mangroves fringe the coastline and small patches of coral reef can be found.

The seagrass bed in Kampot is among the most extensive coastal ecosystems and

stretches approximately 50km along the Kampot coastline, extending through Kep and

further past the Vietnamese border in Hat Yien. Some of the seagrass extends along

the coastline of Phu Quoc. Overall, the seagrass along this stretch of coastline and Phu

Quoc island is growing as large patchy areas within close proximity to each other, which

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are all ecologically inter-related and can be considered as parts of the same seagrass

ecosystem. However, this report will focus primarily on the seagrass bed in Kampot

province.

Map 1 The geography of Kampot province

Kampot has a tropical climate consisting of two seasons, the tropical monsoon season,

May to October; and the dry season, November to April. The average annual

temperature is 28 C with the minimum and maximum average monthly temperature of

17 C in January and 38 C in April. Annual rainfall along the coastline of Cambodia can

be as much as 5,000 mm. Furthermore, the coastline is affected by cyclones and

storms from the Pacific Ocean especially from August to November, with October

having the highest storm frequency. Mountain chains along the coast reduce some of

the storm strength, protecting coastal areas from full exposure.

Map 2 The location of the seagrass bed in Kampot, UNEP 2004

Kampot Province

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Map 2 shows the map of the seagrass bed from seagrass surveys financed by UNEP in

2004. The first area extends from Prek Trapeang Ampil to Prek Khdat (1,795 hectares),

the second area extends from Prek Kdat to Koh Touch (380 hectares) and the third and

largest area extends from Koh Touch to Kep Municipality (23,065 hectares). Also, the

seagrass extends into Kampong Trach district, which is not shown in map 2. In total

according to the UNEP study, the seagrass bed covers an area of 25,240 hectares. As

indicated in the Cambodian National Strategy and Action Plan for Mangroves for the

Future initiative, of the 25,240 hectares of seagrass in Kampot alone, 1,500 hectares is

under community management from Chang Hourn to Trapeang Ropov. No further

baseline surveys on the Kampot seagrass bed have been conducted since 2004 so

variation in seagrass distribution, abundance and overall area/size of the seagrass bed

has been largely unknown until now.

The seagrass bed is 1 - 4m deep depending on the tide and visibility varies with

seasons with the rainy season having the lowest visibility. Salinity range is 24 – 30 ppt

or sometimes more (UNEP, 2004). The sea surface temperature varies from 26 - 30

and the pH ranges from 7-8. The sediment varies with a mixture of sand and mud

(UNEP, unknown date).

Previous to the current survey, some limited surveys and studies had been undertaken

on the seagrass bed of Kampot including species abundance, biodiversity of associated

marine fauna, distribution over time (UNEP, unknown date). The health of the seagrass

beds however was largely unknown.

Previously 8 species of seagrass were reported from Cambodia namely Enhalus

acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata,

Halodule univervis, Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis and Halodule pinifolia.

(UNEP, 2004).

In 2004, the Fisheries Administration reported that there were a total of 6 seagrass

species in Kampot: Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila decipiens,

Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea rotundata, and Halodule uninervis (UNEP, 2004).

Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata were found to be the most dominant

species.

Ouk Vibol et al (2011), reported 12 species of seagrass in Kampot, identified as

Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea

rotundata, Halodule univervis, Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule

pinifolia, Halophila minor, Halophila decipiens, Halophila beccarii and Ruppia maritima.

However, it is still unclear where they found Halophila beccarii and Ruppia maritima.

In Phu Quoc it has been reported that there are 113 species of macro-algae, 71 species

of molluscs, 26 species of crustaceans, 19 species of annelids and 15 species of

echinoderms (UNEP/GEF Project). The seagrass of Kampot is situated closely

adjacent to Phu Quoc island so it is likely to provide a habitat for most of these species.

Cetaceans can be found along Cambodia’s coastlines, including the indo-pacific

humpback dolphin, common bottlenose dolphin, indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin,

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pantropical spotted dolphin, spinner dolphin, common dolphin, false killer whale, short-

finned pilot whale and finless porpoise (Beasley et al, 2007). It is considered in local

Khmer folklore and superstition ‘unlucky’ to catch cetaceans. Also, due to lack of

educational awareness, these cetaceans can sometimes be mistaken as big

marketable fish and caught for that purpose.

Dugongs on the other hand are less fortunate and are considered ‘lucky’ to catch. They

feed entirely on seagrass and are listed as vulnerable to extinction in the IUCN red list.

Their bones and tusks are used in traditional medicine to cure fevers and protect

livestock from illness and meat and internal organs are valuable, considered a local

delicacy. The meat can be sold for $1.10 USD/Kg and their bones and tusks for up to

$100 USD (Beasley et al, 2007). Thus, Dugongs are considered the most threatened

marine mammals in Cambodian waters. It is estimated that there are only 10 dugongs

remaining in Con Dao Island and between100 to 300 around Phu Quoc.

2. Objectives

The aim of the study was to collect, map and update detailed baseline data on the

seagrass bed of Kampot province and record its current status. This included the

collection and record of seagrass species, the seagrass percentage cover, sediment

identification, water quality and depth found throughout the seagrass beds.

3. Survey methods

Depending upon the field situation, two survey methods were applied (i) spot check

survey and (ii) line transect survey. The spot check survey was used in sub-tidal zones

of the seagrass and the line transect survey was used in inter-tidal zones. The seagrass

survey team consisted of a total of 9 team members, whose roles included:

i. Boat Captain (1 person)

ii. Boat Assistant (1 person)

iii. Seagrass Observer (6 people)

iv. GPS navigator / data recorder (1 person)

The Kampot seagrass bed survey took a total of 7 weeks to complete.

3.1 Spot check survey

The boundary of the seagrass bed was mapped out first by travelling in straight transect

lines from the coast out towards the sea using a long-tail boat. The end of the seagrass

bed boundary was marked when there was 0 to <5 % seagrass cover. Then the boat

would turn parallel to the shore and continue along a line adjusting its course depending

on the boundary of the seagrass bed. Once a large seagrass bed patch boundary was

mapped in this way, the boat would subsequently travel in transect lines from the shore

towards sea or parallel to the coastline within the mapped boundary. The transect lines

travelled by the boat were never absolutely straight and were never 100% consistently

parallel to each other due to sea conditions. However, the approach was repeated

enough times to give adequate information on the seagrass bed. A Garmin GPS Map

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78s and Map 60cx with a downloaded map was used to keep track of the distance

travelled and helped identify areas that still needed to be surveyed.

Three free divers (observers) were manta towed throughout the course of the boats

journey. Every 2 minutes, a person on board handling the GPS would signal to the free

divers to free dive and observe the seagrass bed. This was called a spot check. Each

spot check recorded the following data:

i. Overall seagrass percentage cover.

ii. Seagrass species composition

iii. Depth

iv. Sediment type

v. Observations on marine fauna

vi. Photograph of seagrass observed with time and date stamp

In addition on these spot checks seagrass species samples were sometimes collected.

Water quality was sampled at the beginning of each seagrass survey, which included

the measurement of:

i. pH

ii. Dissolved Oxygen

iii. Turbidity

iv. Salinity

v. Temperature

The role of the GPS person on board the boat was to:

i. Work with the boat captain to navigate the boat.

ii. Keep track of location of the boat.

iii. Record time of GPS spot check points and their GPS location.

iv. Signal to the observers when to free dive.

Figure 1 Modified spot check survey methodology on the boat

Due to rough weather conditions, the boat could not always turn efficiently enough with

the drag of three people being manta towed. Therefore, a spot check method without a

manta tow was used in these situations where observers would dive in from the boat at

each spot check. In areas deeper than 7m, the survey team used SCUBA gear dive

down at each spot check. Once at the bottom of the seabed two divers using an

underwater compass and camera would survey and film a 10 minute transect line

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towards shore. If seagrass was present percentage cover, species composition and

sediment type was recorded.

Picture 1 Spot check survey using the manta tow method

3.2 Line transect survey

The line transect survey was used in intertidal areas of the seagrass bed during low

tide. The transect lines were marked and followed by a GPS and each way point and

direction was navigated using the GPS. The survey consisted of three people where

one person handled the GPS and the other two were the observers. The observers

threw a quadrat size 50cm x 50cm in every 50m to observe and record (i) overall

seagrass percentage cover (ii) the species composition and (iii) the individual species

percentage cover to the total seagrass cover within the quadrat. The GPS person took

a photo of each quadrat and recorded latitude & longitude of quadrat, time, date,

species composition, individual species percentage cover and overall seagrass

percentage cover. Due to the size of the surveyed areas, two to three transect lines

were undertaken in a direction parallel to the shoreline.

3.3 Order of surveyed areas

The seagrass survey was divided into 6 sections/areas using river mouths as

boundaries for each section (Map 3). Due mainly to weather dependent factors, the

survey took a duration of 7 weeks to complete. The areas surveyed in chronological

order were sections A, B, C, D, E, and F (Map 3). The following are the locations

marking the boundaries between each section:

Section A: Preaek Tnaot commune (East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of

Preaek Kdat)

Section B: Kaoh Touch commune (East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal)

Section C: Boeng Tok commune (East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot river mouth)

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Section D: Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune (East of Kampot river to

East of Koun Satv commune)

Section E: Kampong Trach district

Section F: Kaoh Ses

Map 3 The division of the different seagrass survey areas

3.4 Water quality testing

The dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and turbidity were measured at the start of the

seagrass surveys. Dissolved oxygen and pH were measured using field test kits.

Salinity was measured using a refractometer and the turbidity was measured using a

secchi disc. All water quality testing equipment was used on board the boat and rinsed

with fresh water after each use.

4. Results

Kampot has around 66 kilometres of shoreline from the west to the east coast of mostly

mudflat terrain. The seagrass meadow in Kampot is situated adjacent and inter-

connected to the mangrove forest all along the coastline with an intertidal zone of 2-

4km between the shore and subtidal zone. During peak high tide the depth can reach

up to 5m. Coral reef patches can be found growing in sandy sediment amongst the

seagrass in sections B, and F.

The spot check survey method involving the boat was the main method used (free

diving and SCUBA diving in the deep area) in subtidal zones. The line transect method

E F

A

B C D

E F

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was the survey method used in all intertidal zones. The seagrass baseline survey took

a total of 23 days to complete from 13th May to 3rd July 2013 during the beginning of the

monsoon season. A total seagrass area of 8,435.80 hectares was mapped for the

intertidal and sub-tidal zones.

4.1 Seagrass species composition and abundance

The distribution pattern of the seagrass bed is continuous and interspersed with a few

gaps of un-vegetated sediment. Eleven species of seagrass in Kampot province were

recorded in 2013. Seagrass species were identified by the leaf shape, the pattern of

veins on the leaves, and rhizome. Due to the water conditions, sedimentation and

turbidity, there were variations of leaf shapes of certain seagrass species to cope or

adapt in such water environments. Some seagrass species had very long rhizomes

rising up from sea floor that grew up to 50cm in the water column to reach the light.

There were a total of 11 seagrass species found in Kampot, which were Eelgrass

ខ្ល ុយគុម្ព (Enhalus acoroides) , Fiber strain grass (Halodule pinifolia), Turtle grass

ខ្ល ុយបាត (Thalassia hemprichii ), Toothed seagrass ខ្ល ុយរនងបងកង់ (Cymodocea

serrulata ), Round-tipped seagrass ខ្ល ុយរនង (Cymodocea rotundata), Fiber-stand grass

ខ្ល ុយបាតស្ល ឹកតូច (Halodule uninervis), Syringe grass ខ្ល ុយផ្ល ុង (Syringodium

isoetifolium), Veinless spoon-grass ខ្ល ុយស្លល បមាន់ (Halophila decipiens), Small spoon-

grass (Halophila minor), Spoon-grass ស្មៅ កាក់ស្មុ្ទ្រ (Halophila ovalis), and Estuarine

spoon-seagrass (Halophila beccarii) a new record of seagrass species in the intertidal

zone of Cambodian waters. However, the team did not find the hairy seagrass (Ruppia

maritime) which was previously reported in 2010 (Ouk Vibol et al).

Figure 2 Frequency of seagrass species presence within 881 surveyed points

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Figure 3 Seagrass species composition and overall abundance surveyed in Kampot province

The dominant species across the whole seagrass bed were eelgrass (Enhalus

acoroides), turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii), fiber strain grass (Halodule pinifolia),

and toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata) (for images of the seagrass species

surveyed, turn to page 18). The leaves of these species are long and blade-like for

better access to sunlight, especially in turbid waters. Figure 2, below shows the number

of spot check points and frequency of seagrass species presence. Enhalus acoroides

was the most frequently found and present in 267 points out of the total 881 spot

checks.

Percentage frequency of Enhalus acoroides (31%) and Thalassia hemprichii (20%)

showed the highest abundance in the seagrass survey (figure 3). The third most

abundant species was Halodule pinifolia showing 18% abundance, followed by

Cymodocea serrulata 11%, Halophila ovalis 6%, Syringodium isoetifolium 4.5%,

Cymodocea rotundata 3%, Halodule uninervis 4%, Halophila beccarii 1%, Halophila

minor 1%, and Halophila decipiens 0.5%.

The dominant species in the intertidal zone were Halodule pinifolia mixed with other

oval shaped leaf species such as Halophila ovalis, commonly found growing on fine

sand and silt. In the mudflat areas of the intertidal zone which was mostly silt, the

dominant species were Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata,

and Halodule uninervis. Overall, Section C had the most continuous distribution of

seagrass and Section D had the largest intertidal zone of seagrass starting from the

mangrove forest and out towards the subtidal zones of 5km during peak low tide with a

depth of 4.2m during peak high tide. The species diversity was found to be highest in

sections C and D with 10 species found in those areas (Table 1). Eelgrass (Enhalus

acoroides), and Turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii) are the dominant species

throughout all the sections surveyed (figure 4). However, fiber strain grass (Halodule

pinifolia) was the most dominant species found in section D.

18

Figure 4 Percentage frequency of seagrass species occurring in each section

Table 1 Distribution of seagrass species in Kampot province in 2013

Seagrass Species Section

A

Section

B

Section

C

Section

D

Section

E

Section

F

Dominant

species

CYMODOCEACEAE

Cymodocea rotundata ខ្លុយរនង * * * *

Cymodocea serrulata ខ្លុយរនងបងកង ់ * ** * ** ** *

Halodule pinifolia ** ** **** *

Halodule uninervis ខ្លុយបាតស្លឹកតូច * * * * *

Syringodium isoetifolium ខ្លុយផ្លុង * * * * *

HYDROCHARITACEAE

Enhalus acoroides ខ្លុយគុម្ព **** *** **** *** *** ****

Thalassia hemprichii ខ្លុយបាត *** **** *** * **** ***

Halophila beccarii * * *

Halophila decipiens ខ្លុយស្លល បមាន់ * *

Halophila minor *

Halophila ovalis ស្មៅ កាក់ស្ម្ុទ្រ * * *

Total Species Found 9 5 10 10 8 3

Spotted check (points)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60P

erc

en

tag

e fre

qu

en

cy (

%)

Sections

Enhalus acoroides

Thalassia hemprichii

Syringodium isoetifolium

Cymodocea serrulata

Cymodocea rotundata

Halodule pinifolia

Halodule uninervis

Halophila beccarii

Halophila decipiens

Halophila minor

Halophila ovalis A B C D E F

19

Picture 2 Images of seagrass species surveyed in Kampot

Estuarine spoon seagrass (Halophila becarii)

Fiber-stand grass (Halodule pinifolia)

Fiber-stand grass (Halodule uninervis)

20

Small spoon-grass (Halophila minor)

Spoon grass (Halophila ovalis)

Syringe grass (Syringeodium isoetifolium)

21

Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata)

Tropical eel grass (Enhalus acoroides)

Turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii)

22

4.2 Seagrass distribution

The distribution of seagrass extends 50km along the Kampot coastline adjacent to

fringing mangrove habitats. The seagrass cover pattern is continuous and extends 2 –

5km from the shore and out to sea with an average depth between 0.3 to 4.2m. Below

are descriptions of the geography, species composition, seagrass percentage cover,

present human activities and current threats to the seagrass of each surveyed section.

4.2.1 Section A

Section A starts from the east of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue and continues to the west of

Preaek Kdat in PreaekTnaot commune, covering about 11km of coastline from

10°36'20.29"N, 103°55'10.19"E; to 10°34'6.76"N, 104° 0'30.49"E. The geography of the

area is fringed with mangrove forests growing on mudflats adjacent to the seagrass

bed, where the sediment is mainly comprised of silt and sand in front of Chang Hoan

village. The depth of seagrass distribution is from 0.5 – 3 meters with an average depth

of 1.3 meter. The data collected was combined from intertidal and subtidal surveys

using the spot check methodology to estimate seagrass percentage cover. The

distribution of seagrass in section A covers 1,320.53 hectares.

Within the total area surveyed, 215 data points were collected where 121 data points

showed the distribution of seagrass and 94 points showed no presence of seagrass.

There were 9 seagrass species found in Section A, which were Eelgrass (Enhalus

acoroides) , Turtle grass(Thalassia hemprichii), Fiber strain grass (Halodule pinifolia),

Syringe grass(Syringodium isoetifolium), Round-tipped seagrass (Cymodocea

rotundata), Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata), Fiber-stand grass (Halodule

uninervis), Spoon-grass (Halophila ovalis), and Esturine spoon-seagrass (Halophila

beccarii). There were three dominant species Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii,

and Halodule pinifolia.

The average percentage cover of seagrass distribution in Section A was 29.81% and

considered to be under ‘moderate’ status. The intertidal zone had 1-2 species present

per data point and around 32.77% seagrass cover density and the subtidal zone had 1-

4 species present with 29% cover.

Human activities observed in Section A were mainly fishery activities 1-5 km from the

shore. These included shell collecting, catching banana shrimp, sea cucumber,

swimming crabs, fishing and aquaculture (fish cages). There was also a rice mill factory

located near the Preaek Tnaot river mouth.

Unsustainable fishing practices of trawling boats from Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to

Preaek Tnaot river, placement of mouse tail traps and sedimentation are the common

threats to seagrass growing in Section A.

4.2.2 Section B

Section B is 8.3km long and starts from the East of Preaek Kdat (10°34'2.11"N, 104°

0'30.96"E) to the West of Preaek Kaoh Toal (10°32'51.41"N, 104° 4'42.01"E) in Kaoh

Touch commune, Kampot. There are mangrove forests adjacent to the seagrass bed in

23

Changhaon village and patchy areas of mangroves along the coast with a sandy beach

extending from Thma Koul village to Preaek Kaoh Toal. The beach profile has a gentle

slope of 5m. The sediment in this area is sand and fine sand and the depth is around

0.3 – 3m with the average depth of 1.8m. Patches of coral reef and sponges growing on

sandy sediment can be found amongst the seagrass bed. The most diverse and dense

area of seagrass species is located close to Nattaya Resort, where there were 5

species for each surveyed point. The data gathered from the subtidal zone was done

using the spot check methodology to estimate the percentage cover of the seagrass

bed. The distribution of seagrass in section B is 976.63 hectares.


showed presence of seagrass and 20 points showed no presence of seagrass. There

were 5 seagrass species found in Section B, which were Turtle grass (Thalassia

hemprichii), Eelgrass (Enhalus acoroides), Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata),

Syringe grass (Syringodium isoetifolium), and Fiber-stand grass (Halodule uninervis).

There were three dominant species Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, and

Cymodocea serrulata. Conversely, Halodule uninervis was only present in one data

point.

The distribution of seagrass was within 1-2m depth and the average percentage cover

of seagrass was 51.24%, which is considered to be under ‘good’ status. Human

activities observed in Section B were fisheries and aquaculture such as seaweed

farming, oyster farming, use of swimming crab traps and fishing. Sedimentation and

erosion are the main threats of the seagrass bed in this area, especially the seagrass

meadow nearer to land reclamation activities of the Eastern side of Preaek Kaoh Toal.

4.2.3 Section C

Section C covers Boeng Tuk commune which is from the Eastern part of Preaek Kaoh

Toal to the Western part of the Kampot river mouth, next to Traeuy Kaoh commune.

The coastline stretches around 9.4 km starting from East of Preaek Kaoh Toal

(10°32'12.11"N, 104° 4'44.02"E) to West of Kampot river mouth (10°33'30.89"N, 104°

9'1.76"E). There are mangrove forests growing on mudflat adjacent to the seagrass bed

with a sediment mixture of silt, fine sand and silt. Also, there is the development and

construction of a seaport operating in the area where there is extensive land

reclamation happening, 3km on the seagrass bed out towards sea. The depth of the

seagrass distribution is 0.2 – 4.2m with an average depth of 2.3 meters. The data

collected was combined from intertidal and subtidal surveys using the spot check

methodology to estimate seagrass percentage cover. The distribution of seagrass in

section C covers 2,581.80hectares.



There were 10 seagrass species found in Section C, which were Eelgrass (Enhalus

acoroides) , Turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii), Fiber strain grass (Halodule pinifolia),

Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata), Spoon-grass (Halophila ovalis), Syringe

grass (Syringodium isoetifolium), Fiber-stand grass (Halodule uninervis), Small spoon-

grass (Halophila minor), Esturine spoon-seagrass (Halophila beccarii), and Round-

24

tipped seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata). There were three dominant species Enhalus

acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Halodule pinifolia. The Small spoon-grass

(Halophila minor) and Estuarine spoon-seagrass (Halophila beccarii) were present in

the intertidal zone at the West of Kampot river mouth. The average percentage cover of

seagrass distribution in section A is 46.78%, which is considered to be ‘moderate’

status. To compare between the intertidal and subtidal zones: the distribution of

seagrass in the intertidal zone has 1-5 species per survey point with an average density

of 56.91%, which is higher density than the subtidal zone with only 37%.

Human activities in Section C are the development of the seaport, land reclamation,

channel dredging and fishery activities within 1-5 km from Kep Thmei coastal village.

Local fishermen fish for banana shrimps, swimming crabs and collect shells.

Sedimentation and change of underwater currents due to newly formed land obstruction

from the seaport construction will be the biggest threats to the seagrass ecosystem.

These anthropogenic activities will cause changes to land use patterns and have a

significant impact on the healthy seagrass ecosystem.

4.2.4 Section D

Section D covers the area from Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune. This

section of coastline is around 17.8km long, stretching from the East of Kampot river

(10°33'22.13"N, 104° 8'56.88"E) to the East of Koun Satv commune (10°32'57.96"N,

104°15'57.18"E). There are mangrove forests growing on mudflats adjacent to the

seagrass bed with a sediment mixture of silt, sand, fine sand and silt. There are three

main river mouths that deposit a large amount of silt causing natural occurrences of

high sedimentation. The depth of seagrass distribution here is 0.2 – 3.8 meters with the

average depth of 1.8m. The data collected was combined from intertidal and subtidal

surveys using the spot check methodology to estimate seagrass percentage cover. The

distribution of seagrass in section D covers 2,384.57 hectares.


showed the presence of seagrass and 145 points showed no presence of seagrass.

There were 10 seagrass species found in Section D, which were Fiber strain grass

(Halodule pinifolia), Eelgrass (Enhalus acoroides), Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea

serrulata), Turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii), Spoon-grass (Halophila ovalis), Fiber-

stand grass (Halodule uninervis), Round-tipped seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata),

Syringe grass (Syringodium isoetifolium), Esturine spoon-seagrass (Halophila beccarii),

and Veinless spoon-grass (Halophila decipiens). There were three dominant species

Halodule pinifolia, Enhalus acoroides, and Cymodocea serrulata. Halophila beccarii and

Halophila decipiens were present in only 1 data point, each at the depth of 1 meter and

2.9 meter.

The average percentage cover of seagrass distribution was 52.78% which is

considered to be of ‘good’ status. Human activities observed in Section D are local and

commercial fisheries and aquaculture (shrimp farms). Local fishermen collected cockles

at Preaek Kampong Pouthi during low tide. Threats to the seagrass bed are

sedimentation and change in underwater currents from the seaport construction in

Section C and seabed erosion from sand dredging.

25

4.2.5 Section E

The coastline of Section E is 3.9km long in Kampong Trach district. Mangrove forests

fringe the coast and grow adjacent to the seagrass bed. The northwest of Kampong

Trach district borders Kep province (10°26'29.65"N, 104°24'58.81"E), and the East of

Kampong Trach district is the border between Cambodia and Vietnam (10°25'26.31"N,

104°26'15.93"E). The sediment in this area is sand and fine sand and the depth is

around 0.3 – 3.5 meters with the average depth of 1.8 meters. The distribution of

seagrass in section E is 1117.55 hectares.



Small shell fragments combined with coarse sand were found combined with other

sediments like sand and fine sand. Sometimes sponges were observed growing on silt

sediment and one seahorse (Hippocampus mohnikei) was found in the seagrass

meadow.

There were 8 seagrass species found in Section E, which were Turtle grass (Thalassia

hemprichii ), Eelgrass (Enhalus acoroides) , Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata),

Fiber-stand grass (Halodule uninervis), Fiber strain grass (Halodule pinifolia), Veinless

spoon-grass (Halophila decipiens), Round-tipped seagrass (Cymodocea rotundata),

and Syringe grass (Syringodium isoetifolium). There were 2 dominant species

Thalassia hemprichii, and Enhalus acoroides. On the other hand, Syringodium

isoetifolium, and Cymodocea rotundata were found in only one data point each.

The percentage cover of seagrass in section E is 52.2%, which is considered to be

under ‘good’ status. The seagrass bed in Kampong Trach is in a relatively natural or

somewhat ‘pristine’ condition, likely because it is situated and protected within the

Fisheries Community area.

Human activities in Section E are fisheries with a trawling boat pier at the river mouth.

However, no trawling activities or evidence of trawling on the seagrass bed was

observed. Threats to the area are sedimentation on the seagrass bed and poor water

quality from the fishing pier.

4.2.5 Section F

Section F is in Kaoh Ses (10°25'43.12"N, 103°48'11.03"E), a small island near Kaoh

Thmei in Sihanoukville province. The island itself is approximately four kilometers long

from the north to the south of the island. North of Kaoh Ses is Kaoh Thmei, and to the

east and the south of the island is Phu Quoc island of Vietnam. The northern beach

surveyed, comprises of a sandy beach, small patches of mangrove forest and a

seagrass bed growing amongst patchy coral reef and macro algae on the sandy

seabed. The beach profile is flat and has a gentle slope of 3m. The sediment is mainly

sand and fine sand. The depth of seagrass distribution is from 0.3 – 1.5 meters with the

average depth of 1m. The eastern bay is deeper than the north of the island with a

depth of 1.4 – 2.9m. The distribution of seagrass in section F covers 54.72 hectares.

26


showed the presence of seagrass and 13 points showed no presence of seagrass.

There were 3 seagrass species found in Section F, which were Eelgrass (Enhalus

acoroides), Turtle grass (Thalassia hemprichii), and Toothed seagrass (Cymodocea

serrulata) found growing amongst patches of coral in shallow water.

The average percentage cover of seagrass distribution in the northern beach is 47.18%,

which is considered to be of ‘moderate’ status. In the eastern bay there was only one

data point of Enhalus acoroides in 2.6m depth. There is a small fishing community

settlement in the eastern bay and the main human activities appeared to be fisheries.

Threats to the area are unsustainable fishing practices and poor water quality around

the fishing village in the eastern bay of Kaoh Ses.

4.3 Seagrass status

The seagrass percentage cover is classified into different status classes using

guidelines outlined by the Phuket Marine Biological Center (Table 2).

Table 2 Seagrass status determined by percentage cover

Percentage cover of

seagrass Seagrass status Description

> 75% Very Good Over 75% cover of all seagrass species

51 - 74.99% Good 51 - 74.99% cover of all seagrass species

25 - 50.99% Moderate 25 - 50.99% cover of all seagrass species

1 – 24.99% Natural Cover Less than 25% cover of all seagrass species

1 – 24.99% Degraded Less than 25% cover of all seagrass species

and impacted by human activities

0% No seagrass No seagrass in this point

Classification or identification of the seagrass status was taken from the average

percentage cover of the seagrass meadow of the area or section surveyed. The

average percentage cover of the seagrass bed in the different surveyed zones of

Kampot province is between 28.74% and 52.20%, which is considered to be in a

‘moderate’ to ‘good’ status (Table 2). The seagrass percentage cover can change due

to natural seasonal changes and changes in the physical environment. Table 3 shows

an overall summary of the average seagrass percentage cover and ‘status’ of the

seagrass in each section as well as sediment type, total species found and threats

encountered.

The seagrass beds in section D and section E have the highest species diversity with a

high percentage cover and are ranked as having ‘good’ status. The seagrass bed of

section C has ten species with ‘moderate status (Table 3). Sediment type of the Kampot

seagrass meadow is predominantly silt to fine sand with the grain size between 0.01

and 0.5mm. Land reclamation, coastal development projects, aquaculture, and

destructive fishing gears are the main anthropogenic activities that threaten the

wellbeing of the seagrass ecosystem.

27

Table 3 Kampot seagrass status in 2013

Section Location Area

(hectare)

Seagrass species found

Average cover (%)

Seagrass status

Sedimentation Threats

A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat

1,320.53 9 29.81 Moderate Silt; Sand

- Sedimentation - Destructive fishing practice (trawling

boat)

B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal

976.63 5 51.24 Good Sand; Fine sand

- Sedimentation - Aquaculture impact (seaweed

farming) - Change of underwater currents from

the coastal development project

C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount

2,581.80 10 46.78 Moderate Silt; Fine sand & silt

- Sedimentation - Seagrass area loss from land

reclamation - Change of underwater currents from

the coastal development project - Erosion from sand dredged

D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune

2,384.57 10 52.78 Good Silt; Sand

- Sedimentation - Algae and epiphytic algae (reduce

the ability of seagrass to photosynthesis)

- Change of underwater currents from the coastal development project

E Kampong Trach 1,117.55 8 52.20 Good Sand; Fine sand & silt

- Sedimentation - Destructive fishing practice (trawling

boat)

F North of Kaoh Ses 54.72 3 47.18 Moderate Sand; Fine sand & silt

- Habitat change from macro algae competition

TOTAL 8,435.80 11

28

4.4 Water quality

Water samples were taken in three main locations within section A, C, and D.

Dissolved oxygen ranged from 6-12 ppm, (mean = 7.5; mode =6). The pH ranged

from 7.3 to 8, the average being 7.5 which is quite a standard measurement for sea

water (table 4). The salinity ranged from 23-29 ppt with an average salinity of 27ppt

(table 4). Marine waters in close proximity to land means increased fresh water input

from rivers and streams, so the salinity may range even more between monsoon and

dry seasons. The turbidity ranged from 1 to 4m, the most common being 1 m in the

intertidal zone. On average the turbidity was 1.7 m (table 4).

Table 4 Water quality found within the Kampot seagrass bed

UTM 48P Location Dissolved

Oxygen

(ppm)

pH Salinity

(ppt)

Turbidity

(m)

X Y

387087 1169689 Section A

Intertidal Zone

6 8 23 1

387086

1169686

Section A

Subtidal Zone

6 8 27 1

404262

1166944 Section C

Intertidal Zone

6 7.6 26 1.05

401250

1162205

Section C

Subtidal Zone

6 7.3 28 2.25

411707

1165689

Section D

Intertidal Zone

12 7.3 27 1

409450

1159584

Section D

Subtidal Zone

9 7.3 29 4

AVERAGE 7.5 7.5 27 1.7

4.5 Seagrass spatial distribution

Seagrass surveys in Kampot mapped the overall distribution of seagrass and

highlighted additional details of each section. A total of 881 data points were mapped

using the Geographic Information System (GIS) using ArcInfo and ArcMap. The total

approximate area of seagrass distribution in Kampot is 8,435.8 hectares, which was

estimated based on distance and area between the boundary of seagrass from shore

edge of the intertidal zone and the outer edges of the seagrass bed in the subtidal

zone. The following seagrass maps show presence and absence of seagrass in each

data/survey point; distribution of sedimentation types; section boundaries; seagrass

distribution patterns; species composition in each section (A-F); and seagrass status.

29

These maps of the Kampot seagrass bed are based on seagrass surveys conducted

in May-June 2013.

Map 4 shows all the spot check points in the seagrass survey that either have

seagrass present or no seagrass, indicating the seagrass distribution of the seagrass

bed. The map also gives a perspective of the extent of the survey, location and

number of each survey point and justification of the mapped seagrass bed. Overall,

there were more points with seagrass distribution than without seagrass distribution

with 517 survey points showing presence of seagrass and 364 points without

seagrass. The seagrass bed is confined to close proximity of the coast and does not

seem to be growing in areas too far out to sea. This is apparent in all sections.

Furthermore, map 4 shows that in section C and D there were survey points out to

sea as far as Koh Karang and along areas close to Kep Province that showed strong

evidence that no seagrass was growing in depths more than 7m. Also, the number of

survey points covered quite an extensive area. Ouk Vibol et al (2010) also did not

find any seagrass more than 7m deep. Map 5 shows only the survey points that have

seagrass present validating the area of the mapped seagrass bed.

The total calculated area of the seagrass bed from all the surveyed sections is

8,435.8 hectares. Map 6 is the mapped area of the seagrass bed without the survey

points and shows the seagrass bed does not exceed very far out towards sea and is

confined to growing near the coastline, throughout all sections surveyed. Map 7

shows the seagrass bed divided into its individual sections with Sections A and B

growing in the closest proximity to the coast and sections C, D and E the seagrass

growing furthest out to sea.

Maps 8-13 look at each section in further detail, giving the size of the seagrass area,

species composition and degree of species dominance in each individual section.

The seagrass area in Section A was 1320.53 hectares, Section B 976.63 hectares,

Section C 2581.80 hectares, Section D 2384.57 hectares, Section E 1117.55

hectares and Section F 54.72 hectares. The largest of the seagrass areas was

Section C with Section D not far behind. The seagrass areas in Sections A, B and E

were similar in size. Section F of the seagrass bed being the furthest away from all

the other sections surveyed also had the smallest area of seagrass. Section C has a

large ‘chunk’ of the seagrass missing between the seagrass in Sections B and C.

The large area missing is most likely due to the location and situation of the seaport

construction.

Map 14 shows the distribution of seagrass patch status throughout the seagrass bed.

Some areas of the seagrass patches are predominantly ‘good’ and others ‘moderate’

while some areas have a mixture of statuses. Overall, ‘degraded or natural cover’

statuses appear to be the least common status areas present and are usually found

next to ‘moderate’ status areas. Section A has some good status areas but there are

more areas with ‘moderate’ to ‘degraded or natural cover’ statuses. Section B has a

lot more areas with ‘good’ status than ‘moderate’ and ‘degraded or natural cover’ and

a few patches with ‘very good’ status. Section C has predominantly more ‘moderate’

status seagrass patches in a concentrated area than ‘good’ seagrass areas. There

are two main areas of seagrass opposite each other with one being predominantly

30

‘moderate’ status and the other main area being mostly ‘very good’ status, however,

there is slightly more ‘moderate’ and ‘degraded or natural cover’ status patches.

Section D has more ‘good’ status areas than ‘moderate’ to ‘degraded or natural cover

status’ areas. Section E has more ‘good’ and ‘very good’ statuses than ‘moderate’ or

‘degraded statuses’, showing a healthy seagrass bed. Section F has almost an equal

mixture of ‘good’ and ‘moderate’ statuses around the island.

Map 15 shows the distribution of sediment types across the whole seagrass bed and

surrounding areas with presence/absence of seagrass. Section A predominantly has

sand and silty sediment with some areas of fine sand and silt and coarse sand. The

survey points with seagrass presence in Section A seem to coincide with mostly silt

or sandy sediment and sometimes in fine sand and silt. Section B appears to be

mostly dominated with sand and coarse sand sediment where seagrass and patches

of coral reef were found growing. Areas outside the seagrass bed in Section B

comprised mainly of coarse sand. The majority of seagrass in Section C was found

growing in sandy or silt sediment. Surrounding areas without seagrass comprised

mainly of coarse sand and fine sand and silt. The seagrass growing in Section D was

predominantly found growing in silt, fine sand and fine sand and silt sediment. The

seagrass was rarely found growing in sand and coarse sand sediment in this area.

However, areas surrounding the outside of the seagrass bed comprised of coarse

sand, fine sand, fine sand and silt and silt sediment. The seagrass in Section E was

found growing in the most varied types of sediment. Silt, fine sand and silt, sand and

coarse sand were the main sediments found with seagrass. The area in Section F

was mostly composed of sandy sediment where much of the seagrass was found

growing around the island.

31

Seagrass bed in Kampot, Cambodia

Map 4 Distribution of seagrass in Kampot

517 points

364 points

32


Map 5 Seagrass survey points with only seagrass present

33


Seagrass Area in Kampot (2013) = 8,435.80 hectares

Map 6 Seagrass bed in Kampot

34


Map 7 Boundary of seagrass beds in each section

35


Map 8 Seagrass bed Section A (East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat)

36


Map 9 Seagrass bed Section B (East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal)

37


Map 10 Seagrass bed Section C (East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot river mouth)

38


Map 11 Seagrass bed Section D (East of Kampot river to East of Koun Satv commune)

39

Map 12 Seagrass bed Section E (Kampong Trach district)


40


Map 13 Seagrass bed Section F (Kaoh Sec)

41


Seagrass Status

Map 14 Seagrass status in Kampot

42


Map 15 Sedimentation type in Kampot

Sedimentation

43

5. Discussion

The results of the survey show that the Kampot seagrass bed houses a wide variety

of seagrass species and covers a long distance along the coastline, with overall

status of the seagrass ranging from ‘moderate’ to ‘good’ and overall average

seagrass cover varying from 25-50%. The area of the seagrass bed in Kampot is still

extensive covering a total area of 8,435.8 hectares along the coastline. However, it is

confined to growing in shallow areas no deeper than 7m. Each divided ‘section’ of the

seagrass survey has its own unique geographical and environmental characteristics,

threats and human activities that directly influence the local seagrass and indirectly

the whole Kampot seagrass bed. Types of influences include effects on seagrass

species composition, distribution, and percentage cover.

Furthermore, some threats to the seagrass bed have more significant impacts than

others. Sediment found ranged from silt, fine sand, sand, and coarse sand. Seagrass

was commonly found growing in silt or a mixture of silt and fine sand, a lot of which

can easily be redistributed into the water column if seagrass is destroyed causing

severe turbidity.

5.1 Species composition and variation

The top 3 dominant species throughout the whole Kampot seagrass meadow were

Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Halodule pinifolia. Each of these

species is well adapted to the turbid waters of Kampot with long blade-like leaves to

reach more sunlight for photosynthesis. Enhalus acoroides was dominant across all

sections surveyed and more so in sections A, C and F. Thalassia hemprichii was

dominant across most sections namely B and E and Halodule pinifolia was

commonly found across sections A, C and E but more so in Section D, being the

most dominant there. There were also variations of some species of seagrass such

as Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata, and Halodule uninervis which have

not been found anywhere else in the Gulf of Thailand. The rhizome of those species

rise up from the seabed 20-40cm in length to reach the sunlight for photosynthesis.

Species variation is likely to have occurred due to an adaptation to naturally higher

water turbidity in Kampot.

Halophila beccarii has small leaves and seemed the least adapted to turbid waters.

They were rarely found and if so in very shallow waters particularly in intertidal zones

and close to mangroves. This species is classified as ‘vulnerable’ under the IUCN

Red List with a decreasing population trend. Other species such as Halophila

decipiens and Halophila minor were rarely found in the subtidal zone in depths 2 -

4.2m. Table 1 shows they were each found within 1-3 sections, however, they were

rarely present in spot check points (figure 2).

The other remaining species Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule

uninervis, Syringodium isoetifolium and Halophila ovalis were found across some or

most sections depending on the species, however, in lower frequency than that of the

dominant species already mentioned.

44

Picture 3 High density of various seagrass species in Section E

5.2 The health of seagrass

The most ‘promising’ areas surveyed in relation to seagrass species richness,

percentage cover, seagrass area and conservation management are Sections D and

E. Both sections had high seagrass diversity ranging from 8-10 species and had

seagrass percentage cover of 52.78%, and 52.20%, which is considered to be of

‘good’ status. The seagrass distribution in Section D was also among the largest

mapped covering an area of 2,384.57 hectares. Section E was protected within a

Community Fisheries (CFi) area and one of the furthest surveyed areas from the

seaport construction. However, seagrass in section D being situated in much closer

proximity to the seaport construction will be most at risk from land reclamation and

coastal development impacts in the future.

Picture 4 High seagrass density in Section E of Thalassia hemprichii

45

Section B and F had substantially the least seagrass diversity, Section B with 5

species and Section F with 3 species (Table 1). Despite Section B having one of the

lowest seagrass species diversities, the percentage cover in this area was 51.24%

and considered to be under ‘good’ status, more so than Section A, which has double

the number of seagrass species present. There was also patchy coral present in

Section B living amongst the seagrass bed. This gives further significance to this

area where mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems are present within close

proximity to each other.

Section F also has the smallest number of seagrass species of all the areas and had

a seagrass percentage cover of 47.18% considered to be of ‘moderate’ status. Table

2 shows that Section A has the least seagrass percentage cover 29.81% and is only

barely considered as ‘moderate’ status. Section A housing the highest number of

seagrass species but having the lowest seagrass percentage cover, may be at risk,

and suggests this area should be regularly monitored to ensure it’s ‘status’ or species

composition does not fall in the future.

Picture 5 High density meadow of Enhalus acoroides in the intertidal zone of Section C

Section C has a seagrass percentage cover of 46.78% and is considered as having

‘moderate’ status. In addition Sections C and D have the most diverse number of

seagrass species, which suggests good signs of a healthy ecosystem. Due to their

similarities in seagrass species diversity and percentage cover, both areas can

arguably be considered as the same seagrass ‘area’ covering a vast distance along

the coast. As mentioned before, construction of the seaport threatens the seagrass

bed, particularly in these areas and mitigation of risk during construction could

reduce the future decline of seagrass. Hence, developing a long term monitoring

program in these areas would be beneficial in overseeing the seagrass bed’s health.

46

5.3 Sediment type

Overall sediment types of the seagrass bed in Kampot include silt (<0.0625 mm grain

size), fine sand and silt (0.125-0.0625 mm grain size), and sand (<0.5-0.25 mm grain

size). All of which are suitable for seagrass growth. Regarding the dominant

sediment in each section, section A had mostly silt, section B sand and fine sand,

section C silt and fine sand, section D silt and sand, section E sand and fine sand,

and section F sand. Section B had little to no finer sediment than sand and fine sand

and seemed to be situated in areas with larger sized grain of sediment such as sand

and coarse sand mixed with fragments of shells.

Picture 6 Sand gobbler living amongst the seagrass attached to Enhalus acoroides

In some areas of section C, there were large areas of silt that were believed to have

once been stabilised by seagrass but the sediment is now vulnerable to re-

suspension. If there were to be any natural or human disturbances in the water such

as heavy storms or further land reclamation, there could be potential heavy

sedimentation and turbidity in the water column. This in turn would reduce availability

of light throughout the majority of the seagrass bed, reducing photosynthesis and

reducing overall seagrass survivability.

5.4 Water quality

The water quality was similar across sections A, C and D of the seagrass bed with

average dissolved oxygen 7.5 ppm, pH 7.5, salinity 27ppt and turbidity 1.7m (Table

4). The readings show standard measurements for seawater with average pH of 7.5

and salinity 27ppt. The dissolved oxygen readings of 7.5 ppm mean there is more

than adequate oxygen to support life in the seagrass bed. Turbidity was usually poor

with visibility recorded to be no more than 4m and on average was 1.7m. This

suggests high sedimentation in the water column of the seagrass bed, reducing light

availability and further restricting the depth range of seagrass species.

47

5.5 Previous findings

According to work done by UNEP (2004) in the South China Sea, there are 8

seagrass species in China, 14 in Vietnam, 11 in Malaysia, 12 in Thailand, 10 in

Philippines,12 in Indonesia. In 2004 the South China Sea project of UNEP/GEF

financed surveys to determine seagrass distribution where 2 locations along the

coastline of Kampot 12km apart were chosen. At each location three 100m transects

were laid down 150m away, perpendicular to the shore and using quadrats seagrass

species composition and density was recorded. From these surveys, the Department

of Fisheries now known as the Fisheries Administration (FiA) found a total of 6

seagrass species Halophila decipiens, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii,

Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, and Syringodium isoetifolium in Kampot.

Enahlus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata were the most dominate species.

Later, in a report produced by UNEP/GEF (2004) titled ‘Seagrass in the South China

Sea’, it was stated that there were 8 seagrass species in Cambodia with the inclusion

of Halophila ovalis, Cymodocea serrulata, and Halodule pinifolia ,however, Halophila

decipiens that was originally identified by the Department of Fisheries in Kampot

(2004) was left out. Thus, there seems to have been some confusion on the total

number of seagrass species found in Cambodia and that there were maybe 9

species identified in total in 2004.

Picture 7 Intertidal zone with distribution of Halodule pinifolia and other various seagrass

species in Section C

Nevertheless, 6 years later Ouk Vibol et al. (2010) surveyed the Kampot seagrass

bed with the aim of determining the current status of seagrass distribution and

species composition. They collected three primary parameters (i) seagrass

percentage cover, (ii) species composition and (iii) depth using a series of grid maps

over the old seagrass map of Kampot produced in 2004 (see map 2). Nine hundred

survey points were indicated on the map and quadrat sampling was used at each of

these points to sample the seagrass bed. Their survey found 12 seagrass species

48

Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea

rotundata, Halodule univervis, Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila

ovalis, Halophila minor, Halophila decipiens, Halophila beccarii, and Ruppia

maritima. Of the 8,435.8 hectares of seagrass mapped Ruppia maritima was not

found in this survey. Naturally this species is found in brackish water bodies such as

marshes and in abandoned shrimp ponds in the Gulf of Thailand. Possibly either the

species has been removed from existence in the Kampot seagrass bed or more likely

the population of Ruppia maritima is very small and restricted to some very specific

areas.

5.6 Threats to the seagrass bed

In Kampot there are various threats to the coastal habitats, the most immediate being

anthropogenic threats and in the longer term the impacts of climate change.

Combined human and climate change impacts will likely severely reduce the survival

of seagrass, mangroves and coral reefs in Kampot over the coming decades.

However, for the time being, it is important to monitor the impacts of human activity

that effect these coastal habitats in the shorter term, to ensure that their resilience

can be maximized to prepare to face the longer-term challenges. Currently, human

activity along the coast is the biggest threat to coastal habitats in Kampot.

There were various fishing activities occurring throughout the seagrass bed across all

the sections surveyed. It was noted that shell collecting, harvesting of banana

shrimp, sea cucumber, swimming crabs and various types of mariculture like

seaweed, shrimp and oyster farming were the main fishing practices observed

throughout the seagrass survey. Fishing was probably the most common human

activity in the seagrass bed along the Kampot coastline.

Picture 8 Mari-culture of seaweed farms in Section B

Illegal fishing, overfishing, pollution, sedimentation and seaweed farming have been

reported to be the main threats to the seagrass bed in Kampot in the past and

49

currently still are. However, some threats have been mitigated somewhat over the

past. Trawling used to be a larger threat to the seagrass ripping up everything in the

fishing boats path including juvenile fauna, seagrass roots, killing endangered

species and even changing the sediment composition making it harder for seagrass

to grow back again. Now seagrass situated in Community Fisheries (CFi) areas are

better protected from potential trawling with the placement of anti-trawling blocks and

poles underwater.

Pollution observed from small fishing villages or fishing piers could potentially cause

excess nutrient input. This was noted in surveyed sections E and F as a potential

threat. In this case, excess nutrients would make conditions favorable for

phytoplankton, macro and epiphytic algae shading the seagrass and outgrowing the

seagrass and coral (Björk M. et al, 2008).

Possibly the most severe threat to seagrass, coral reef and mangroves worldwide is

coastal development through logging, sand mining and coastal reclamation activities

(UNEP, unknown date). All of these cause significant increase in the turbidity of the

water, thus reducing light availability to seagrass and coral, reducing the depths to

which they can grow and sometimes destroying large habitat areas. Sedimentation is

one of the most common and severe causes of global seagrass decline (Robert J.

Orth et al, 2006). Coastal land reclamation activities removes seagrass through

dredging and filling activities required for the construction of causeways and harbours

(Björk M. et al, 2008).

Picture 9 Evidence of some degree of sedimentation smothering Enhalus acoroides and

reducing the available light reaching the seagrass

In the past there have been large areas of seaweed farms set up all throughout the

seagrass bed in Section B. Seaweed farms are destructive to coral reef and

seagrass habitats. Construction methods involve frequent trampling on the seagrass

or sensitive coral and once construction is complete, seaweed hung and grown on

the water surface blocks available sunlight to seagrass and coral underwater (UNEP,

50

2004), thus preventing seagrass and coral from photosynthesis that is essential to

their survival. However, seaweed farming has declined over the past, with remnants

from abandoned farms still remaining visible.

Currently, there is major construction of a seaport that has been ongoing for the past

6 years. During the survey, there was extensive land reclamation and dredging

activity observed throughout Section C where the seaport was being built. Land

reclamation and dredging activity is removing and filling-in the seagrass areas in

Section C causing definite loss of seagrass on the building site. Surrounding

seagrass namely in Sections B and D, will also be impacted. There will be severe

sedimentation decreasing the survivability of the seagrass and without seagrass to

bind sediment in place underwater erosion is likely to occur causing changes to the

land and sea-scape and further adding to turbidity.

Picture 10 Aerial photo of the seaport construction in section C

Newly built land obstruction from the seaport will change the natural underwater

currents. This in turn can change the strength and direction of the currents. Seagrass

cannot grow in areas with strong currents and the change of water currents could

bring new sediment from other areas or vice versa, thus, totally changing the natural

sediment composition. Furthermore, seagrass seed dispersal reliant on water

currents will change the spatial distribution of seagrass and newly formed obstruction

will also change natural marine fauna migration patterns of certain species, thereby

influencing changes to the ecology of the seagrass bed. The seagrass in section A is

also likely to receive similar impacts if a channel is dug through it for larger ships to

pass through. The seagrass in Sections E and F have the least likelihood of being

affected by impacts from the seaport construction due to their location further from

the port site.

51

Picture 11 Closer look at land filling on top of the seagrass in the seaport construction site

The construction of the seaport in Section C may be inevitable, however, if effort is

not done to mitigate some of the adverse effects that sedimentation has on seagrass

during construction. The decline of seagrass in Kampot would be great and the

likelihood of the seagrass bed ever recovering to its current status would be difficult

and unlikely.

Picture 12 Aerial photo of the seaport construction showing high density of the seagrass soon

to be land filled

6. Conclusion and recommendations

A long term monitoring program on the Kampot seagrass bed in all ‘sections’ is

essential to routinely update the seagrass status. Information from a long term

monitoring program will equip decision makers with better knowledge to tackle and

manage the major issues and problems affecting the seagrass.

There should be two types of monitoring programs to (i) monitor impact and (ii)

monitor the health and status of the seagrass bed. Sections C, D and B should have

52

a long term impact monitoring program. Monitoring the impacts on the seagrass on

these sections from the seaport construction will provide useful information on the

changes to the seagrass bed. Sections A, E and D should have a long term

monitoring program based on observing the health and status of the seagrass in

these sections. Long term monitoring programs should also consider monitoring the

physical environment of the seagrass bed such as the change in water currents,

water quality, sediment composition and beach profiles. There should also be future

research and monitoring of the ecology of the seagrass bed to provide important

information on the changes and impacts on invertebrate and vertebrate distribution,

abundance and diversity.

Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) should be implemented along the coastline of

Kampot to reduce further decline of the seagrass bed while improving the livelihoods

of local coastal communities. More attention should be brought to conservation

management of CFis and their important role to protect the seagrass bed. Therefore,

increased government support and funding of resources to manage the conservation

of the seagrass bed in CFis should be implemented.

Until now there has been little to no information on the current seagrass species

composition, variation in seagrass distribution, abundance, health of the seagrass

and total estimated area of the seagrass bed over the past decade. Therefore, it will

be important to raise awareness on the current situation and status of the seagrass

bed particularly at the provincial and national levels. Improved public awareness will

also enhance understanding among local communities of the ecological and

economic significance of the seagrass bed.

Overall, the status of the seagrass bed in Kampot is still in a healthy state, has a rich

seagrass species composition and covers a relatively large area of coastline. With

the right steps in management and conservation effort and enhancement of public

awareness, there may still be a chance to stabilise declining seagrass populations

from future impacts threatening the seagrass bed. Therefore, protecting and

sustainably managing the seagrass bed is critical to safeguarding the future

prosperity of Kampot province and Cambodia as a whole.

53

7. References

Australia Department of Climate Change. (2009). Climate change risks to Australian

Coast, a first pass national assessment. Ch. 4, pp 51-70.

Björk M., Short F., Mcleod, E. and Beer, S. (2008). Managing Seagrasses for

Resilience to Climate Change. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 56pp.

Beasley I L., Davidson P J A. (2007). Conservation Status of Marine Mammals in

Cambodian Waters, Including Seven New Cetecean Records of Occurrence. Aquatic

Mammals. 33(3), 368-379.

Bobenrieth, M.E., Sun, K., Kong, K. and Mather, M. (2012). Vulnerability and

Capacity Assessment of Koh Kong and Kampot provinces, Cambodia, Gland,

Switzerland: IUCN. 36 pp.

C. McSweeney, M. New and G. Lizcano. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles,

Cambodia.

F. Short, T. Carruthers, W. Dennison, M. Waycott. (2007). Global seagrass

distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine

Biology & Ecology. 350, pp 3-20.

Miguel D Fortes. (2010). The Seagrass-Mangrove Connection as a Climate Change

Mitigation and Adaptation Factor in East Asian Coasts. International Symposium on

Integrated Coastal Management for Marine Biodiversity in Asia. Pp 20-24.

Ouk Vibol, So Nam, Lim Puy, Pich Serey Wath. (2010). Seagrass Diversity &

Distribution in Coastal Area of Kampot Province, Cambodia. International Journal of

Environment and rural development. 1-2, pp 112-117.

R. Connolly. (2012). Seagrass. Marine Climate Change in Australia, Impacts and

Adaptation Responses 2012 Report Card. www.oceanclimatechange.org.au.

Robert J. Orth, Tim J.B. Carruthers, William C. Dennison, Carlos M. Duarte, James

W. Fourqurean, Kenneth L. Heck Jr., A. Randall Hughes, Gray A. Kendrick, W.

Judson Kenworthy, Suzanne Olyarnik, Frederick T. Short, Michelle Waycott, and

Susan L. Williams. (2006). A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems. Bioscience.

Vol. 56, No. 12.

UNEP. 2007. Seagrass Demonstration Sites in the South China Sea.

UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 6.

UNEP. 2004. Demonstration site summary sheet. Prek Ampil, Kampot.

http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/

54

UNEP. Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Programme for Climate Change

within the Coastal Zone of Cambodia Considering Livelihood Improvement and

Ecosystems.

Fisheries Administration (FiA). National Action Plan for Coral Reef and Seagrass

Management in Cambodia 2006-2015. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

UNEP/GEF Project: Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South

China Sea and Gulf of Thailand Kampot, Cambodia and Kien Giang Province, Viet

Nam, Transboundary Demonstration Sites

UNEP. 2004. Seagrass in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical

Publication No. 3.

IUCN Red List for Halophilabeccarii http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/173342/0

8. Appendixes

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/173342/0

Appendix 1: Seagrass identification

Appendix 2

Villages and communes in Kampot province

Province District Commune Village

Boeng Tuk Roluos

Kaeb Thmei

Totueng Thngai

Chum Kriel Trapeang Thum

Chum Kriel

Samraong

Kampong Kandal

Kaoh Touch Kilou Dabpir

Preaek Chek

Kandal

Kampot Preaek Ampil

Koun Satv Koun Sat

Kampot Kampong Nong

Kampong Tnaot

Preaek Tnaot Trapeang Ropov

Preaek Kraeng

Preaek Tnaot

Changhaon

Trapeang Sangkae Trapeang Sangkae

Kampong Kes

Trapeang Thum

Kampong Kandal Sovann Sakov

Muoy Ousaphie

Andoung Khmaer Trikhang Tboung

Ou Touch

Kampong Bay Andoung Khmaer

Ta Deb

Traeuy Kaoh Doun Tack

Ta Angk

Boeng Ta Pream

Srae

Kampong Trach

Kampong Trach Kaoh Krisna

Lok

Kaoh Sec

Appendix 3

Seagrass status and sedimentation index

A. Seagrass Status Description

Percentage cover of seagrass Seagrass status Description

> 75% Very Good Over 75% cover of all seagrass species

51 - 74.99% Good 51 - 74.99% cover of all seagrass species

25 - 50.99% Moderate 25 - 50.99% cover of all seagrass species

< 25% Natural Cover Less than 25% cover of all seagrass species

< 25% Degraded Less than 25% cover of all seagrass species

which impact by human activities

0% No seagrass No seagrass in this point

B. Sediment Type Identification

Sediment Identification Sediment Type Grain Size (mm)

Landfill soil Granule Gravel >2

Coarse Sand

Very Coarse Sand 2-1

Coarse Sand 1-0.5

Sand Medium Sand 0.5-0.25

Fine Sand Fine Sand 0.25-0.125

Fine Sand and silt Very Fine Sand 0.125-0.0625

Silt Silt&Clay <0.0625

Appendix 4 List of ground truth positions

List of Ground truth positions_Section A

OBJECTID *DATE_SUR Lat Long_ Section Location Commune Zonation Depth AVG% Seagrass_Status SP_Ea SP_Th SP_Si SP_Cs SP_Cr SP_Hp SP_Hu SP_Hb SP_Hd SP_Hm SP_Ho SP_Rm SP_TOTAL Coral Other Shell Soil

1 13/05/2013 10.575129 103.931996 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt
















17 13/05/2013 10.577662 103.927414 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/a




21 13/05/2013 10.580015 103.925239 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n/a



24 13/05/2013 10.581502 103.923799 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

25 13/05/2013 10.582599 103.923192 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand



28 13/05/2013 10.584192 103.922407 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

29 13/05/2013 10.585822 103.921669 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 7.5 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand

30 13/05/2013 10.586228 103.9211 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 25.0 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand


32 13/05/2013 10.58713 103.91981 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and Silt


34 13/05/2013 10.589337 103.918591 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 2.5 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt



37 13/05/2013 10.592769 103.91715 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 40.0 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

38 13/05/2013 10.59366 103.916785 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 57.5 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt







45 14/05/2013 10.572483 103.945838 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt




49 14/05/2013 10.576091 103.951006 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 25.0 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

50 14/05/2013 10.57717 103.951994 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 25.0 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand









59 14/05/2013 10.583267 103.961597 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 15.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand


61 14/05/2013 10.582289 103.963413 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 90.0 Very Good 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Sand

62 14/05/2013 10.580652 103.964443 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 2.5 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand







69 14/05/2013 10.580303 103.969692 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 90.0 Very Good 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Silt








77 15/05/2013 10.576694 103.977668 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 60.0 Good 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand






81 15/05/2013 10.572837 103.982201 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 40.0 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 n/a




85 15/05/2013 10.56922 103.985198 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 70.0 Good 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 n/a


87 15/05/2013 10.570763 103.988739 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 90.0 Very Good 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Sand

88 15/05/2013 10.569831 103.990685 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 70.0 Good 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand






94 15/05/2013 10.566856 103.99911 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 25.0 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Silt

95 15/05/2013 10.576311 103.944265 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 20.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt










105 15/05/2013 10.579539 103.935094 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 15.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and Silt

106 15/05/2013 10.579506 103.934455 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 60.0 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt


108 15/05/2013 10.582063 103.93382 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 60.0 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

109 15/05/2013 10.583202 103.933041 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 15.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt









118 18/05/2013 10.582696 103.921512 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

119 18/05/2013 10.583076 103.921077 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge Shell fragments Coarse sand

120 18/05/2013 10.584319 103.920476 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragmentsFine sand and Silt


122 18/05/2013 10.586737 103.91987 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt











133 18/05/2013 10.595381 103.913064 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

134 18/05/2013 10.596298 103.913455 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 2.6 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

135 18/05/2013 10.597309 103.91415 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 3.3 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

136 18/05/2013 10.597929 103.914676 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand

137 18/05/2013 10.598505 103.915357 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.8 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand


139 18/05/2013 10.598588 103.917388 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.8 36.6 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and Silt

140 18/05/2013 10.597953 103.917696 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 0.8 1.66 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 n/a











151 18/05/2013 10.563511 104.001193 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2 3.33 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Coral 0 0 Sand

152 18/05/2013 10.563468 104.002312 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge Shell fragments Sand


154 18/05/2013 10.564646 104.004298 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand

155 18/05/2013 10.564909 104.005342 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 10.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Coarse sand







160 18/05/2013 10.564979 104.003849 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

161 18/05/2013 10.565233 104.002702 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 3.33 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand




165 18/05/2013 10.566899 103.999371 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand


167 18/05/2013 10.567605 103.997835 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2.1 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coral 0 0 Sand

168 18/05/2013 10.56798 103.99781 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.4 53.3 Good 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand

169 18/05/2013 10.56816 103.99788 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.2 56.6 Good 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Fine sand




173 18/05/2013 10.56889 103.99764 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 41.6 Moderate 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

174 18/05/2013 10.568787 103.997221 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 36.6 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

568 09/06/2013 10.563489 104.003998 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 2.2 28.3 Moderate 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

569 09/06/2013 10.560815 104.004711 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Subtidal Zone 3 10.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

711 14/05/2013 10.585552 103.946584 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 71.6 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Silt


713 14/05/2013 10.586389 103.946558 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 23.3 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

714 14/05/2013 10.586774 103.946467 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 40.0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt



717 14/05/2013 10.586699 103.946607 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 46.6 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

718 14/05/2013 10.586641 103.946692 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 25.0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

719 14/05/2013 10.586579 103.946864 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 33.3 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

720 14/05/2013 10.586573 103.947028 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

721 14/05/2013 10.586483 103.946987 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 15.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt












733 14/05/2013 10.585551 103.946584 A East of Preaek Trapeang Ropoue to West of Preaek Kdat Preaek Tnaot Commune Intertidal Zone 0 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt

















List of Ground truth positions_Section B

OBJECTID * DATE_SUR Lat Long_ Section Location Commune Zonation Depth AVG% Seagrass_Status SP_Ea SP_Th SP_Si SP_Cs SP_Cr SP_Hp SP_Hu SP_Hb SP_Hd SP_Hm SP_Ho SP_RmSP_TOTAL Coral Other Shell Soil

522 07/06/2013 10.5156 104.078096 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3 1.7 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sponge 0 Coarse sand

523 07/06/2013 10.511956 104.077966 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3.3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand

524 07/06/2013 10.526202 104.075652 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2.7 65.0 Good 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Coarse sand

525 07/06/2013 10.53003 104.074253 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2.7 62.5 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Coarse sand

529 08/06/2013 10.519577 104.078597 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 50.0 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

530 08/06/2013 10.520985 104.074519 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 5.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand


532 08/06/2013 10.526185 104.061946 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3.7 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand






538 08/06/2013 10.533404 104.051083 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3.2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coral 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand


540 08/06/2013 10.537568 104.046586 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3.4 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge Shell fragments Coarse sand

541 08/06/2013 10.540056 104.044364 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge Shell fragments Coarse sand




545 08/06/2013 10.548617 104.042078 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 75.0 Very Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand


548 09/06/2013 10.54401 104.053905 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.3 70.0 Good 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

549 09/06/2013 10.545359 104.051247 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 70.0 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Shell fragments Sand


551 09/06/2013 10.547041 104.049388 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.4 40.0 Moderate 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

552 09/06/2013 10.547542 104.049403 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1 40.0 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

553 09/06/2013 10.547799 104.049418 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1 15.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

554 09/06/2013 10.548019 104.049408 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 0.9 72.5 Good 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand

555 09/06/2013 10.548457 104.049442 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Landfill soil


557 09/06/2013 10.547664 104.039859 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2.2 80.0 Very Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

558 09/06/2013 10.548909 104.033651 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 80.0 Very Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand


560 09/06/2013 10.548158 104.032047 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge 0 Sand

561 09/06/2013 10.550938 104.028373 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 60.0 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Sponge 0 Fine sand and silt


563 09/06/2013 10.555093 104.022254 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 40.0 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

564 09/06/2013 10.555249 104.017816 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2 63.3 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

565 09/06/2013 10.555452 104.013787 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 40.0 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand



570 09/06/2013 10.557589 104.004409 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

571 09/06/2013 10.558857 104.01268 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.3 70.0 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

572 09/06/2013 10.558955 104.014106 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 0.3 50.0 Moderate 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

573 09/06/2013 10.558202 104.019712 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 60.0 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

574 09/06/2013 10.5571 104.030808 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 0.3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt



577 09/06/2013 10.543673 104.055907 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 2 70.0 Good 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Sand


579 09/06/2013 10.542172 104.074265 B East of Preaek Kdat to West of Preaek Kaoh Toal Kaoh Touch Commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 60.0 Good 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sponge 0 Fine sand and silt

List of Ground truth positions_Section C

OBJECTID * DATE_SUR Lat Long_ Section Location Commune Zonzonation Depth AVG% Seagrass_Status SP_Ea SP_Th SP_Si SP_Cs SP_Cr SP_Hp SP_Hu SP_Hb SP_Hd SP_Hm SP_Ho SP_Rm SP_TOTAL Coral Other Shell Soil

175 19/05/2013 10.554981 104.126634 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 70.0 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

176 19/05/2013 10.553133 104.126761 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 60.0 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

177 19/05/2013 10.55073 104.127942 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt

178 19/05/2013 10.549561 104.129202 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt



181 19/05/2013 10.547969 104.132895 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt













215 20/05/2013 10.513424 104.096514 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3.2 26.7 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Coarse sand




219 20/05/2013 10.517851 104.100067 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.1 51.7 Good 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Coarse sand

220 20/05/2013 10.517546 104.099128 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 41.7 Moderate 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 Coarse sand

221 20/05/2013 10.517063 104.101707 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 28.3 Moderate 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Coarse sand

222 20/05/2013 10.516896 104.103605 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.6 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

223 20/05/2013 10.516574 104.104998 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 27.5 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand

224 20/05/2013 10.515774 104.107371 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 57.5 Good 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

225 20/05/2013 10.515413 104.108258 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 55.0 Good 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

226 20/05/2013 10.515422 104.109684 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

227 20/05/2013 10.515158 104.111548 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3 2.5 Degraded 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt





232 20/05/2013 10.51433 104.120914 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 4.2 5.0 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

233 20/05/2013 10.514213 104.122829 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 4 5.0 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt



236 20/05/2013 10.513891 104.13008 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3.3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

237 20/05/2013 10.513998 104.131608 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand





242 20/05/2013 10.512658 104.141636 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponges 0 Fine sand and silt

243 20/05/2013 10.511712 104.143549 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3.2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponges 0 Fine sand and silt

244 20/05/2013 10.51097 104.145238 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 4 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponges 0 Fine sand and silt

245 20/05/2013 10.510576 104.147688 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 4.3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponges 0 Fine sand and silt




262 21/05/2013 10.508641 104.10137 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3.2 22.5 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

263 21/05/2013 10.509825 104.100484 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3.1 30.0 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand


265 21/05/2013 10.512221 104.098917 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand










275 21/05/2013 10.524895 104.086933 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 17.5 Degraded 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand






281 21/05/2013 10.534203 104.089414 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 25.0 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Silt





286 21/05/2013 10.534762 104.083247 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3 50.0 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

287 21/05/2013 10.53276 104.082741 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 3 75.0 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand













OBJECTID * DATE_SUR Lat Long_ Section Location Commune Zonation Depth AVG% Seagrass_Status SP_Ea SP_Th SP_Si SP_Cs SP_Cr SP_Hp SP_Hu SP_Hb SP_Hd SP_Hm SP_Ho SP_Rm SP_TOTAL Coral Other Shell Soil

299 24/05/2013 10.551652 104.131402 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt


301 24/05/2013 10.550167 104.129513 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <Null> 0 Silt

302 24/05/2013 10.546697 104.127883 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.1 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <Null> 0 Silt







309 24/05/2013 10.544803 104.135963 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt





314 24/05/2013 10.550125 104.141876 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 10.0 Degraded 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

315 24/05/2013 10.549383 104.143954 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand

316 24/05/2013 10.548139 104.145727 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 60.0 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

317 24/05/2013 10.547914 104.144897 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 41.7 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt



320 24/05/2013 10.545941 104.145981 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 25.0 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Silt

321 24/05/2013 10.545903 104.146899 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1 88.3 Very Good 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

322 24/05/2013 10.546914 104.14757 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.2 80.0 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt











354 24/05/2013 10.540599 104.139345 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 60.0 Good 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

355 24/05/2013 10.541551 104.138255 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 65.0 Good 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

356 24/05/2013 10.542655 104.137923 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 60.0 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Sand








364 24/05/2013 10.557116 104.135596 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 80.0 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

365 24/05/2013 10.55813 104.13554 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 71.7 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

366 24/05/2013 10.559136 104.135267 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2 88.3 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

521 07/06/2013 10.51878 104.081442 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.7 63.3 Good 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

526 08/06/2013 10.513408 104.085228 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Sand


528 08/06/2013 10.517211 104.08155 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 13.3 Degraded 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand


750 26/05/2013 10.562651 104.137484 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 5.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

751 26/05/2013 10.562471 104.137489 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 40.0 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt


753 26/05/2013 10.561965 104.137513 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 70.0 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Silt








761 26/05/2013 10.561837 104.138262 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 75.0 Very Good 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt







768 26/05/2013 10.562901 104.13982 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 25.0 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


770 26/05/2013 10.562438 104.139882 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 60.0 Good 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt






776 26/05/2013 10.563117 104.140689 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 10.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

777 26/05/2013 10.563183 104.140711 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 10.0 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

778 26/05/2013 10.56329 104.140703 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt

779 26/05/2013 10.561791 104.135403 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt




















797 27/05/2013 10.556077 104.148415 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 60.0 Good 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

798 27/05/2013 10.554754 104.148245 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 40.0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

799 27/05/2013 10.554306 104.148249 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 70.0 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

800 27/05/2013 10.553963 104.148203 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 85.0 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt



803 27/05/2013 10.552148 104.147695 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0 30.0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

804 27/05/2013 10.551846 104.147155 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0.2 80.0 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

805 27/05/2013 10.552468 104.147397 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0.2 60.0 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

806 27/05/2013 10.553601 104.147647 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0.2 25.0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

807 27/05/2013 10.554674 104.148059 C East of of Preaek Kaoh Toal to Kampot rivermount Boeng Tok Commune Intertidal Zone 0.2 40.0 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

















List of Ground truth positions_Section D


194 19/05/2013 10.54302 104.149593 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.9 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt



197 19/05/2013 10.541885 104.160039 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.2 25.00 Moderate 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Fine sand


199 19/05/2013 10.542718 104.159477 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 56.67 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand


201 19/05/2013 10.543313 104.158508 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 63.33 Good 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand

202 19/05/2013 10.543469 104.157763 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.5 60.00 Good 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand


204 19/05/2013 10.545206 104.155065 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 78.33 Very Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Shell fragments Silt



207 19/05/2013 10.546163 104.152079 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 78.33 Very Good 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Shell fragments Silt

208 19/05/2013 10.547029 104.151128 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 70.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Silt





213 19/05/2013 10.548234 104.147991 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 80.00 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

214 19/05/2013 10.547919 104.147341 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 87.50 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

246 20/05/2013 10.509781 104.149269 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge 0 Fine sand and silt

247 20/05/2013 10.509137 104.150704 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 3.6 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge 0 Fine sand and silt







254 20/05/2013 10.50463 104.16036 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

255 20/05/2013 10.504009 104.161853 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponge Shell fragments Coarse sand

256 20/05/2013 10.503526 104.16299 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4.5 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand



328 24/05/2013 10.538653 104.150335 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 3.1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt





333 24/05/2013 10.535809 104.163361 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt


335 24/05/2013 10.535246 104.165436 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

336 24/05/2013 10.535224 104.165489 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 70.00 Good 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

337 24/05/2013 10.535224 104.165489 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.3 63.33 Good 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 Sand

338 24/05/2013 10.535227 104.164102 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 23.33 Degraded 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

339 24/05/2013 10.535058 104.1626 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.1 23.33 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand



342 24/05/2013 10.53499 104.158962 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 3.8 10.00 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

343 24/05/2013 10.534081 104.154732 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 3.6 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt


345 24/05/2013 10.532647 104.15358 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.8 10.00 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

346 24/05/2013 10.532426 104.151633 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.9 25.00 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

347 24/05/2013 10.533663 104.150577 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 25.00 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

348 24/05/2013 10.535161 104.149417 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.6 36.67 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Silt

367 25/05/2013 10.534289 104.166467 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 55.00 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Sponge Shell fragments Fine sand

368 25/05/2013 10.533271 104.165407 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.1 48.33 Moderate 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

369 25/05/2013 10.533021 104.16575 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.4 35.00 Moderate 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

370 25/05/2013 10.532617 104.166855 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 53.33 Good 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

371 25/05/2013 10.531455 104.167467 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.7 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand














385 25/05/2013 10.540567 104.188083 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt






391 25/05/2013 10.538181 104.18124 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 7.50 Degraded 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 Silt


393 25/05/2013 10.53925 104.177996 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.2 78.33 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

394 25/05/2013 10.539867 104.176098 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 73.33 Good 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 Cockels 0 Fine sand and silt

395 25/05/2013 10.540763 104.175004 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 90.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

396 25/05/2013 10.540863 104.175085 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 100.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

397 25/05/2013 10.541021 104.173038 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 100.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

398 25/05/2013 10.54141 104.171524 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 90.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt





401 25/05/2013 10.541835 104.167851 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 76.67 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


403 25/05/2013 10.542996 104.164796 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.2 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

404 25/05/2013 10.543623 104.163372 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 65.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt






410 25/05/2013 10.546634 104.155743 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.9 56.67 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand




414 26/05/2013 10.535084 104.180484 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 80.00 Very Good 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand

415 26/05/2013 10.536274 104.183425 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

416 26/05/2013 10.538088 104.185382 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt



419 26/05/2013 10.543317 104.18954 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.1 10.00 Degraded 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

420 26/05/2013 10.544775 104.190956 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 70.00 Good 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

421 26/05/2013 10.545761 104.192263 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 25.00 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt







428 26/05/2013 10.557162 104.202091 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.8 75.00 Very Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

429 26/05/2013 10.556963 104.201215 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.8 85.00 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt



432 26/05/2013 10.556066 104.198601 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Silt

433 26/05/2013 10.555737 104.197709 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 62.50 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

434 26/05/2013 10.554121 104.196955 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 65.00 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt



437 26/05/2013 10.549647 104.196068 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.8 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt










447 26/05/2013 10.55174 104.207483 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.7 20.00 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

448 26/05/2013 10.552608 104.208745 D Kaeb Thmei Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 80.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand

449 27/05/2013 10.544591 104.211944 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 30.00 Moderate 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Small stone Shell fragments Coarse sand

450 27/05/2013 10.544588 104.211032 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 11.67 Degraded 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Small stone Shell fragments Coarse sand

451 27/05/2013 10.543117 104.21135 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 6.67 Degraded 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Small stone Shell fragments Coarse sand

452 27/05/2013 10.544235 104.214218 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.3 31.67 Moderate 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Small stone Shell fragments Coarse sand

453 27/05/2013 10.544981 104.215832 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.6 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small stone Shell fragments Coarse sand

454 27/05/2013 10.545671 104.217264 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.7 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small stone Shell fragments Coarse sand

455 27/05/2013 10.54639 104.219278 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

456 27/05/2013 10.547412 104.221312 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 40.00 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand

457 27/05/2013 10.549067 104.2231 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.5 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small stone Shell fragments Silt

458 27/05/2013 10.550007 104.224911 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 21.67 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

459 27/05/2013 10.550992 104.226325 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 56.67 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt

460 27/05/2013 10.55229 104.227865 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 55.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

461 27/05/2013 10.553905 104.22968 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 81.67 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

462 27/05/2013 10.555522 104.230565 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 56.67 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

463 27/05/2013 10.558094 104.23046 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 26.67 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

464 27/05/2013 10.55821 104.230054 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.4 20.00 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

465 27/05/2013 10.558043 104.227793 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.6 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand

466 27/05/2013 10.557787 104.225527 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 5.00 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt





471 27/05/2013 10.556734 104.218353 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

472 27/05/2013 10.556464 104.216721 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

473 27/05/2013 10.555995 104.215354 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

474 27/05/2013 10.555959 104.213398 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

475 27/05/2013 10.555942 104.211685 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.9 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

476 27/05/2013 10.555955 104.20991 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.6 25.00 Moderate 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt


478 29/05/2013 10.562966 104.252175 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.3 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand

479 29/05/2013 10.564176 104.250485 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.3 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt


481 30/05/2013 10.553675 104.252566 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt







486 30/05/2013 10.546602 104.244721 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.3 5.00 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

487 30/05/2013 10.545491 104.242393 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 11.67 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

488 30/05/2013 10.543673 104.239634 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 68.33 Good 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

489 30/05/2013 10.543661 104.239924 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.7 61.67 Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

490 30/05/2013 10.542524 104.241494 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 30.00 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand














504 30/05/2013 10.554159 104.252253 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.9 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand


506 30/05/2013 10.557928 104.25292 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand



509 30/05/2013 10.54124 104.239926 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.2 26.67 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt


511 30/05/2013 10.540971 104.219105 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 32.50 Moderate 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

512 30/05/2013 10.540894 104.219705 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.4 40.00 Moderate 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand


514 30/05/2013 10.550887 104.22405 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 75.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand

515 30/05/2013 10.545564 104.223455 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 0.5 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small stone 0 Coarse sand

516 30/05/2013 10.540436 104.223634 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1.4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand



519 30/05/2013 10.544767 104.233321 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 90.00 Very Good 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Silt

520 30/05/2013 10.547042 104.234768 D Traang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 85.00 Very Good 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 Silt

580 24/06/2013 10.521065 104.175709 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4.7 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt



583 24/06/2013 10.498635 104.176118 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 7 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt




587 24/06/2013 10.513386 104.192543 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 5.1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand



590 26/06/2013 10.471586 104.194681 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.8 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand


592 26/06/2013 10.468676 104.167575 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 5.9 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

593 26/06/2013 10.470086 104.152256 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

595 27/06/2013 10.476441 104.197302 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 6.5 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

596 27/06/2013 10.473501 104.217606 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 5 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand










606 28/06/2013 10.529805 104.218459 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 2.9 5.00 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand









615 28/06/2013 10.547919 104.260823 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt


617 28/06/2013 10.560612 104.2475 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 40.00 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

618 28/06/2013 10.554809 104.244735 D Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Subtidal Zone 1 70.00 Good 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 Silt

824 19/05/2013 10.542715 104.159934 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.6 80.00 Very Good 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand

825 19/05/2013 10.542715 104.160057 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand

826 19/05/2013 10.542725 104.160181 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.1 70.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand




















844 19/05/2013 10.541885 104.160039 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.1 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand




848 19/05/2013 10.541887 104.160535 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 1 75.00 Very Good 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

849 19/05/2013 10.54186 104.160706 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 1 50.00 Moderate 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Fine sand

850 19/05/2013 10.541866 104.16083 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 1 60.00 Good 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

851 19/05/2013 10.54185 104.160937 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.7 50.00 Moderate 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand

852 19/05/2013 10.541829 104.161039 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.5 45.00 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


854 19/05/2013 10.541784 104.161291 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.3 80.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


856 19/05/2013 10.541781 104.161511 D Traeuy Kaoh Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.4 90.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sponge 0 Fine sand and silt







863 30/05/2013 10.568452 104.240448 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 20.00 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt

864 30/05/2013 10.567945 104.240556 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 40.00 Moderate 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt






870 30/05/2013 10.564748 104.242358 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 70.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt

871 30/05/2013 10.564664 104.243259 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 75.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt

872 30/05/2013 10.564284 104.244204 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 80.00 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

873 30/05/2013 10.564031 104.244976 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 65.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt






879 30/05/2013 10.563184 104.248388 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt

880 30/05/2013 10.562688 104.248774 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.2 70.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

881 30/05/2013 10.563501 104.248828 D Trapang Sangkae-Kampong Samki Traeuy Kaoh commune to Koun Satv commune Intertidal Zone 0.4 60.00 Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 Silt

594 26/06/2013 10.469321 104.136486 C Kep Thmei Boeng Tok Commune Subtidal Zone 8.4 0.00 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

List of Ground truth positions_Section E


619 31/05/2013 10.412836 104.406195 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 3.5 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coarse sand



622 31/05/2013 10.420235 104.407587 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.8 60.0 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Coarse sand

623 31/05/2013 10.423873 104.408059 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.1 43.3 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

624 31/05/2013 10.427193 104.408289 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2 63.3 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand

625 31/05/2013 10.430023 104.409509 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.5 76.7 Very Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

626 31/05/2013 10.430967 104.409981 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.2 68.3 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand

627 31/05/2013 10.433243 104.412109 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1 75.0 Very Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand




631 31/05/2013 10.432814 104.408946 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 0.8 90.0 Very Good 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


633 31/05/2013 10.428414 104.402912 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.4 20.0 Degraded 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

634 31/05/2013 10.425889 104.399493 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.6 30.0 Moderate 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

635 31/05/2013 10.420352 104.392873 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 3.1 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand




639 31/05/2013 10.421001 104.401625 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.5 5.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Coarse sand

640 31/05/2013 10.423246 104.403225 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.5 55.0 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Coarse sand



643 31/05/2013 10.429372 104.407167 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.2 53.3 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Coarse sand


645 31/05/2013 10.433504 104.409227 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.2 43.3 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 Silt

646 31/05/2013 10.435566 104.409957 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.2 71.7 Good 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Silt



649 31/05/2013 10.441374 104.413967 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 0.4 90.0 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

650 01/06/2013 10.411201 104.410398 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand


652 01/06/2013 10.403678 104.407286 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 3.4 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


654 01/06/2013 10.421386 104.414132 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.8 60.0 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Shell fragments Sand


656 01/06/2013 10.428455 104.415473 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.7 51.7 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

657 01/06/2013 10.429916 104.415833 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 0.6 86.7 Very Good 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Shell fragments Fine sand and silt

658 01/06/2013 10.432216 104.417202 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 0.6 81.7 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt

659 01/06/2013 10.433357 104.419415 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1 75.0 Very Good 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Silt


661 01/06/2013 10.435681 104.424002 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 0.38 76.7 Very Good 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

662 01/06/2013 10.426873 104.421336 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.7 68.3 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


664 01/06/2013 10.412252 104.415376 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.8 5.0 Degraded 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

665 01/06/2013 10.413262 104.41858 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.8 5.0 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

666 01/06/2013 10.414247 104.420704 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 3 10.0 Degraded 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt









675 01/06/2013 10.42145 104.423077 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2.2 38.3 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

676 01/06/2013 10.422242 104.424516 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 2 45.0 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt


678 01/06/2013 10.424935 104.427512 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.9 30.0 Moderate 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand and silt

679 01/06/2013 10.426307 104.428818 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.8 2.5 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sponge 0 Fine sand and silt


681 01/06/2013 10.431148 104.426315 E Kampong Trach Kampong Trach Subtidal Zone 1.1 0.0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand

List of Ground truth positions_Section F

OBJECTID * DATE_SUR Lat Long Section Location Commune Zonation Depth AVG% Seagrass_Status SP_Ea SP_Th SP_Si SP_Cs SP_Cr SP_Hp SP_Hu SP_Hb SP_Hd SP_Hm SP_Ho SP_Rm SP_TOTAL Coral Other Shell Soil

682 29/05/2013 10.430701 103.803108 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.3 45 Moderate 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fine sand

683 29/05/2013 10.430976 103.803481 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.8 50 Moderate 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Coral 0 0 Fine sand

684 29/05/2013 10.431274 103.803798 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.8 5 Degraded 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Sponge 0 Sand

685 29/05/2013 10.431629 103.804137 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 1 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coral 0 0 Sand

686 29/05/2013 10.432001 103.80441 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 1.5 15 Degraded 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sand

687 29/05/2013 10.432149 103.804473 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 1.5 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coral 0 0 Sand

688 29/05/2013 10.431612 103.803127 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.7 65 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Coral Sponge 0 Sand

689 29/05/2013 10.43127 103.803484 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.7 55 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Coral Sponge 0 Sand

690 29/05/2013 10.430991 103.803731 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.6 60 Good 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Sand



693 29/05/2013 10.430326 103.804643 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.7 50 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

694 29/05/2013 10.430369 103.805147 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Intertidal Zone 0.7 45 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand


696 29/05/2013 10.430215 103.805823 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 1 55 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

697 29/05/2013 10.430152 103.806081 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 1.2 50 Moderate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sand

698 29/05/2013 10.430088 103.806403 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 1.3 65 Good 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Coral 0 0 Sand

699 29/05/2013 10.430004 103.806746 F North of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 1.4 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coral 0 0 Sand

700 29/05/2013 10.415647 103.805249 F East of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 1.3 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fine sand

701 29/05/2013 10.415295 103.805802 F East of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 1.6 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sand

702 29/05/2013 10.414915 103.80636 F East of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 2.2 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt

703 29/05/2013 10.414451 103.806939 F East of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 2.3 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt

704 29/05/2013 10.413923 103.807647 F East of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 2.6 35 Moderate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shell fragments Sand

705 29/05/2013 10.413332 103.808441 F East of Kaoh Ses Kaoh Ses Subtidal Zone 2.7 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shell fragments Sand






Appendix 5 Photographic of Seagrass Survey

A. Seagrass bed in Section A

Photo courtesy: Cambodia © Petchrung Sukpong and Louis Bourne,IUCN 2013

B. Seagrass bed in Section B


C. eagrass bed in Section C


D. Seagrass bed in Section D


E. Seagrass bed in Section E


F. Seagrass bed in Section F


H. Seagrass Species Variation

I. Impact from sedimentation and exposure to strong sunlight


J. Surveyed methods


Appendix 6 Seagrass species illustrations

Cymodocea rotundata © Roengchai Kongmuang

Cymodocea serrulata © Roengchai Kongmuang

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