A summary explanation of London’s labour market in the

recent recession Analysis by Melisa

Wickham

Presented by Jonathan Hoffman

What the summary covers:

Background:

How does the economy in the recent recession, in the UK and London, compare to that in the 1990s and 1980s recessions?

•How has GDP/GVA moved?

•How has unemployment and employment moved?

Possible explanations:

Why has the labour market in the UK and London been more resilient during the recent recession so far?

Looking forward:

•How might the factors that have supported the labour market thus far change going forward?

•How might this make the recovery from the recent recession different from the recovery in the 1990s and 1980s recessions?

Note:

•It is not presumed that the full impact of the 2008 recession on the labour market has necessarily been experienced yet.

•For a more detailed examination and explanations see the main report: ‘Working Paper 44: London’s labour market in the recent recession’, GLA Economics: http://www.london.gov.uk/publication/working-paper-44-londons-labour-market-recent-recession

UK Background

BACKGROUND

UK GDP fell faster, and further, in the 2008 recession than in the 1990s and 1980s recessions:

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15Quarter from UK GDP peak

GD

P in

dex

(100

=GD

P pr

e re

cess

ion

peak

)

1980s 1990s2008

Source: ONS, GDP chained volume measure, constant 2006 prices, SA

And in the 1990s it fell

by 2.5% over 5

quarters

This is equal to a steady rate

of decline of 2.0% a year

In the 1980s GDP fell by 4.7% over 5

quarters

This is equal to a steady rate

of decline of 4.3% a year

In 2008, GDP fell by 6.4% over 6

quarters

This is equal to a steady rate

of decline of 3.7% a year

But the claimant count rate has not risen as much in the 2008 recession as it did in the 1990s and 1980s recessions:

Percentage point change from UK output peak in UK claimant count rate

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Quarter from UK output peak

100

= cl

aim

ant c

ount

rate

at U

K GDP

peak

20081990s1980s

Note: Claimant count denominator = claimant count + WFJ

Source: ONS

The claimant count rate has increased so

far by only 2.1 percentage

points

But by the same time had increased by

4.7 percentage points in 1990s

recession

And had increased by

5.4 percentage points in 1980s

recession

Employee jobs have also not fallen by as much in the 2008 recession as they did in the 1990s recession:

Percentage change in UK employee jobs from UK output peak

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Quarter from UK GDP peak

100

= em

ploy

ee jo

bs a

t UK

outp

ut p

eak

20081990s

Source: WFJ, ONS

Employee job numbers have

fallen by 4.3% so far during this

recession

But by the same time fell

by 6.1% in the 1990s recession

London Background

Like the UK, London’s GVA also fell faster in the 2008 recession than in the 1990s recession:

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Quarter from UK GDP peak

100

= Lo

ndon

GVA

at t

ime

of U

K GDP

peak

1990s

2008

Source: GVA at basic prices, constant 2005 prices, Experian

London’s output fell by 6.2% over 9

quarters in the 1990s recession

And has fallen by 6.1% over 6

quarters in the recent recession

This is equal to a steady rate of

decline of 4.1% a year

This is equal to a steady rate of decline

of 2.8% a year

And like the UK, the claimant count has not risen as much in the 2008 recession as it did in the 1990s and 1980s recessions:

Percentage point change in London claimant count rate

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

Quarter from UK output peak

100

= Lo

ndon

cla

iman

t co

unt ra

te a

t U

K o

utpu

t pe

ak

2008

1990s

1980s

Note: Claimant count denominator = claimant count + WFJSource: ONS

The claimant count rate in

London has risen by 1.7 percentage

points so far in this recession

And by 4.1 percentage points in the

1980s recession

But by the same time in

the 1990s it had risen by 6.5 percentage

points

Employee jobs have also not fallen by as much in the 2008 recession as they did in the 1990s recession:

Percentage change in London employee jobs from UK output peak

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Quarter from UK GDP peak

100

= Lo

ndon

em

ploy

ee jo

bs

at U

K ou

tput

pea

k

20081990's recession

Source: WFJ, Nomis

But by the same time

fell by 11.1% in the 1990s

recession

Has fallen by 3.5% so far

in this recession

Background summary:

London UK

Peak-to-trough output decline (%)1 2008 6.1 6.4

1990s 6.2 2.5

1980s - 4.6

Constant annual growth rate (over peak-to-trough period) (%) 1

2008 -4.1 -4.3

1990s -2.8 -2.0

1980s - -3.7

Percentage point change in claimant count rate2

2008 1.7 2.1

1990s 6.5 4.7

1980s 4.1 5.4

Change in employee jobs numbers (%)3 2008 -3.5 -4.3

1990s -11.1 -6.1

1980s - -

1 London figures are derived from Experian’s regional GVA estimates. UK figures are derived from ONS GDP estimates.2 From UK output peak to eleven quarters after.3 For UK output peak to ten quarters after.

1 London figures are derived from Experian’s regional GVA estimates. UK figures are derived from ONS GDP estimates.2 From UK output peak to eleven quarters after.3 For UK output peak to ten quarters after.

Why?

Why?

Summary of analysis of possible explanations:

Possible explanations

Likely contribution to labour market strength during the

2008 recession so far

     

1. Reduction in relative wages High

2. Strong corporate profitability and low rate of business failures High

3. Growth in the public sector High

4. Labour market structural change Medium

5. Reduction in working hours Medium

6. Less economic structural change Medium

7. Measurement error Low

Have workers accepted larger pay cuts/smaller pay rises to reduce their risks of unemployment?

Reduction in relative wages

Real unit labour costs

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Quarter from UK GDP peak

100

= re

al u

nit l

abou

r cos

t at G

DP

peak

1980s 1990s2008

Reduction in relative wages

Compared to the 1980s and 1990s recessions it

does not seem that wages in the UK have fallen sufficiently to

compensate for lower firm output.

Source: ONS (ROYJ, MGRN, MGRZ, ABML), GLA Economics calculation

However……….

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Perc

enta

ge ch

ange

in re

lative

un

it lab

our c

osts

(200

7 Q1

to

2009

Q3)

Ireland Spain Germany United States United Kingdom

Source: IMF

Reduction in relative wages

Looking forward, slow employment growth during the recovery should minimise pressure on wage rises

in the UK. However, Sterling is unlikely to fall much further, so further falls in the relative unit

labour costs in the UK seem unlikely.

Strong corporate profitability and low rate of business failures

Strong corporate profitability and low rate of business failures

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Net

rate

of r

etur

n (%

)

1990s

peak

2008

peak

Source: PSNFC net rate of return (%, SA), ONS

Strong corporate profitability and low rate of business failures

Note: Historic business failures are based on data for compulsory liquidations, creditors’ voluntary liquidations, administrative receiverships, administrative orders and company voluntary arrangements from The Insolvency Service

Actual business failures

1980s

1990s 2008

Compared to the rise in the 1980s and 1990s recessions and given the fall in GDP, the rise in company

liquidations has been modest during the 2008 recession.

Contributing factors:

•Bank of England’s monetary policy, and

•Government policy

Contributing factors:

•Bank of England’s monetary policy, and

•Government policy

Looking forward:•Government support is gradually being withdrawn and this could make future liquidations a risk, however

•Forecast low real interest rates in the near term should continue to support business survival.

Percentage change in UK workforce jobs excluding public administration & defence, education, and health & social work

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Quater from cyclical peak in employment

100

= em

ploy

men

t at

cyc

lical

pea

k

1978Q3-1983Q41989Q1-1994Q22007Q1-2010Q1

Exclude jobs in public administration, defence, education, health and social work from the total number of jobs in the economy……..

Growth in public sector

Source: Workforce Jobs, ONS

UK public and private sector employment (08 Q1 to 10 Q2)

95

97

99

101

103

105

107

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Quarter from UK output peak

100

= em

ploy

men

t at U

K ou

tput

pea

k

Public sector employment (excluding 'Other publicsector')

Private Sector Employment

Total public sector employment (including 'Otherpublic sector')

Growth in public sector

Around 25% of the public sector

employment increase between 2008 and

2010 was in London. Around 40% of this is

due to the reclassification of

financial institutions into the public sector

However, a lot of this increase is due to the

incorporation of financial institutions (e.g. Lloyds) into the

public sector

Note: ‘Other public sector’ includes financial corporations. In the timeframe above, RBoS and Lloyds were included in the 3rd quarter from UK output peak (2008 Q4). Northern Rock was included prior to the GDP peak.

Source: ONS

Looking specifically at public sector

employment in the 2008 recession:

There has been a large rise since the recessionLooking forward, the OBR estimates that public

sector employment will fall by around 400,000 by 2015/16. This means that public sector

employment will contract at a similar compound rate over the next 5 years as the

private sector experienced between 2008 and 2010.

Factors that are likely to support the labour market further as the economy grows:

•Reduced relative wages•Strong corporate profitabilityand low business failures•Lower economic structural change

Looking forward summary

Factors that may slow any improvement in the labour market as the economy grows:

•Reduced working hours

•Labour market structural

change•Reductions in public sector

employment

END

For a more detailed examination and explanations see the main report: ‘Working Paper 44: London’s labour market in the recent recession’ by GLA Economics: http://www.london.gov.uk/publication/working-paper-44-londons-labour-market-recent-recession

ANY QUESTIONS