A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad …A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad...
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 6, No 2, 2015
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380
Submitted on August 2015 published on November 2015 1430
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala Premakumar K1, Anandan. R1
, Nagarathinam S.R2
1- Research Scholar in Geography, Govt. Arts College, Coimbatore
2- Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Geography,
Govt. Arts College, Coimbatore.
ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the crop combinations regions in Palakkad district of Kerala state.
Palakkad district is known as “the granary of Kerala state” .Agriculture is the dominant
economic activity and supports nearly 76% of the rural population of the district .Paddy,
coconut, vegetables, rubber, fruits and spices and condiments are the principal crops
cultivated in the district. Crop association reveals that the crops are mostly adjusted to the
irrigation facilities and soils of the district. The ranking of crops and the application of crop
combination analysis of Weaver’s (1954) and Raffiullah’s (1956) methods brought the
existing possible crop combination regions and changes in crop associations in Palakkad
district.
Key words: Crop combination, crop ranking
1. Introduction
Crops are grown in combinations and are rarely they occupy isolation from other crops .To
understand the dominance of agricultural activities in a region and for better planning and
development of agriculture, a study on crop combinations is essential .The analysis of crop
combination regions in an area provides a good basis for agricultural regionalization. Hence
this paper attempt to study the crop combination regions in Palakkad district of Kerala.
2. Study area
The study area, Palakkad district is located in the central Kerala and is one of the backward
districts in Kerala state. It is lies between 10º 21’ North and 11º 14’ North latitudes and 76º
02’ East and 76º 54’ East longitudes. Figure 1 It covers an area of 4475.8 sq.km and has a
total population of 2809934 as per census 2011. The district experiences humid and sub
humid climate. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 2171 mm. Nearly 90 % of
the total annual rainfall is received during South west and Northeast monsoon seasons. The
Bharathapuzha and Siruvani with their tributaries drains the entire district. About 45% of the
total geographical area is cultivated and nearly 86% of the net sown area is irrigated. Paddy,
coconut, vegetables, fruits, rubber and spices and condiments are the major crops cultivated
in the district. The selection of the crops and crop associations show that variety of crops are
sown and are mostly adjusted with soils and irrigation facilities. The study of crop ranking
and crop combinations will provide the existing nature of crop cultivation in the district.
Methodology
Block level data on agricultural variables of crops cultivated and area under each crop during
2001 and 2011 agricultural year statistics were collected for 13 blocks including municipal
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
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areas from Agricultural Departments and Department of Economics and Statistics, Palakkad
and Thiruvananthapuram. Based on the ranking of crops and the application of crop
combination analysis of Weaver’s (1954) minimum deviation method and Raffiullah’s (1956)
maximum deviation method, the possible crop associations and crop combination regions are
identified and represented with suitable cartographic technique.Agriculture is the dominant
activity of Palakkad district. Variety food and non food crops are cultivated in the district.
Figure 1: Study area
The major crops cultivated in the district includes paddy, coconut, vegetables, rubber, fruits
and spices and condiments. These crops occupy more than 95% of the total cropped area.
Other crops such as tuber, fodder, sugarcane, areca nut, groundnut, pulses, cotton etc shares
the remaining 5% of the area.
Paddy is the major crop and occupies 31% of the total cropped area of the district in 2011. It
is cultivated largely in mid low land plain areas of the district. The red loamy soils with
irrigation facilities favours wet paddy cultivation in these areas. Coconut is the second rank
crop next to paddy and occupies 21% of the cropping area. Coconut are cultivated mostly on
the upland and terraces of the high land areas in the district.
Rubber is the third ranking crop of the district and confined only on the upland and hilly
areas in the north, south and south western parts of the district. Fruits occupies 13.5% of the
cropped area and cultivated in the black cotton soils. Vegetables are cultivated in most of the
paddy fields after the harvest of paddy. Spices and condiments shares 8.4% of cropped area
and cultivated as a intercrop in rubber and coconut cultivated areas in the district. Other crops
sugarcane, groundnut, pulses, tapioca, arecanut are cultivated in limited areas in few blocks
of the district.
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4. Crop combination regions in Palakkad district
There are two approaches commonly applied to delineate the crop combination region. The
first approach is an arbitrary choice method i.e. first crop only or first two crops or three
crops by ranking the area occupied by the crops. The second is based on statistical approach.
It is more accurate, reliable and scientific as it gives better objectives grouping of crops of a
region. In this study the above said two approaches are applied to delineate crop combination
regions in Palakkad district. The two periods of 2001 and 2011 agricultural year statistics
related to crops are used here to bring out the past and existing crop combinations and
changes in crop associations in Palakkad district.
5. Ranking of Crops- Arbitrary Choice Method 2001
The first or first two or first three crops occupying the major areas of the gross cropped area
selected on the basis of their areal strength and are discussed. In this approach first ranking
crop i.e. the crop occupying the highest percentage of the total cropped area in each of the
component areal units could be chosen no maters, what percentage it occupies in the cropped
area. Using this approach, the distributional pattern of first ranking of crops are given in the
Table .1 and has been discussed
First Ranking Crops in 2001
The following Table 1 gives the first ranking crop region in 2001 in Palakkad district.
Table 1: First Ranking crops in 2001
Name of Crop Number of
Blocks Name of Blocks
First Ranking Crop
Paddy
10 Alathur, Chittur, Kollengode, Kuzhalmannam, Malampuzha,
Ottappalam,Palakkad Pattambi, Nemmara and
Sreekrishnapuram
Coconut 1 Thrithala
Rubber 1 Manarkkad
Fruits 1 Attappady
On the basis of first ranking crops, paddy stood as the first ranking crops in the ten blocks,
coconut ranked as first ranking crop in Thrithala, rubber in Mannarkkad block and fruits in
Attapady blocks.
First two crops
On the basis of first and second ranking crops, six important crop combinations regions
maybe recognized in Palakkad district. Paddy, coconut, rubber, fruits, vegetables and tubers
constitute the crop combinations in the blocks. The crops and crop combinations are given in
the following Table 2.
Table 2: Palakkad District – based on first two crop combination region 2001
Crop Number of block Name of block
Paddy, Coconut 8
Chittur,Kollengode,Kuzalmanam,Nemmara,
Ottappalam,Palakkad, Pattambi, Malampuzha
Paddy-Rubber 1 Alathur
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Paddy-Fruits 1 Sreekrishnapuram
Rubber -Fruits 1 Mannarkkad
Coconut-Fodder 1 Thrithala
Fruits-Spices 1 Attappady
The delineation of the crop combination region on the basis of first two crops gives six crop
combination regions in Palakkad district. Paddy and coconut occupy the major area of the
eight blocks. Paddy, rubber, fruits, fodder, and spices and condiments also constitute in five
other blocks in Palakkad district. The relative strength of first two crops are more than 80%
in six blocks. It is above 70% in three blocks, more than55% in two blocks and less than 45%
in two blocks.
First three crops
When the first three crops were taken into consideration the number of crop combination
regions became as large as 7 regions Table 3.
Table 3: Palakkad District - First Three Crops Combination Regions in 2001
Crop Number of Blocks Name of Blocks
Paddy-Coconut-Rubber 5
Alathur (90%),Malampuzha (90%),
Nemmara (82%), Ottappalam (82%) and
Palakkad (81%)
Paddy-Coconut-Vegetables 1 Chittur (81%)
Paddy-Coconut-Fruits 3 Kollengode (96%), Pattambi (96%) adn
Sreekrishnapuram (81%)
Paddy-Tuber-Coconut 1 Kuzhalmannam (94%)
Rubber-Fruits-Fodder 1 Mannarkkad (69%)
Paddy-Coconut-Fodder 1 Thrithala (70%)
Fruits-Spices-Tuber 1 Attappady (51%)
The relative strength of the first three crops constitute more than 90% in five blocks, above
80% in five blocks, nearly 70% in two blocks and 51% in one block. Paddy, coconut and
rubber in five blocks and other crops such as fruits, spices, fodder, tuber and vegetables are
also included in the combinations.
First Ranking Crop in 2011
The following Table 4 gives the first ranking crops in 2011 in Palakkad district.
Table 4: Palakkad District - First Ranking Crop Region in 2011
Name of Crop Number of Block Name of Block
Paddy 8
Alathur,Chittur,Kollengode,
Kuzhalmannam,Ottappalam,Palakkad,
Sreekrishnapuram
Coconut 2 Thrithala,Pattambi
Rubber 2 Mannarkkad,Sreekrishnapuram
Fruits 1 Attappady
On the basis of first ranking crops the paddy stood as the first ranking crops in eight blocks,
coconut and rubber in two blocks each and fruits in one block of Attappady in the district.
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
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First Two Crops
On the basis of first and second ranking crop, six important crop combinations regions maybe
recognized in Palakkad district during 2011. The crops and crop combinations are given in
the following Table 5.
Table 5: Palakkad District - First Two Crop Combinations Regions 2011
Crop Number of
Block
Name of Block
Paddy- coconut 7
Chittur (75%), Kollengode (82.1%),
Kuzhalmannam (81.6%), Ottappalam (49.5%),
Pattambi (52%), Malampuzha (72.4%),
Thrithala (55.5%)
Rubber-fruits 1 Sreekrishnapuram(53.9%) &Mannarkkad
Paddy-rubber 3 Alathur (64%), Nemmara (76.2%),
Palakkad (58.8%)
Fruits-coconut 1 Attappady (52%)
The Table shows that the crops paddy, coconut, rubber and fruits constitute the crop
combination in the blocks in Palakkad district.
The delineation of the crop combination region on the basis of first two crops reveals that,
paddy-coconut occupy the major areas of the seven blocks, Paddy and rubber in three blocks.
Rubber, fruits and coconut constitute the other blocks in Palakkad district. The relative
strength of first two crops are more than 70% in five blocks. 60-65% in two blocks and 50 to
60% in five blocks and 40-50% in one block in the district.
First Three Crops
When the first three crops were taken, the crop combination in blocks comes to 5 regions.
Table 6.
Table 6: Palakkad District - First Three Crop Combination Regions 2011
Crop Combination Number of Blocks Name of Block
Paddy-Coconut-Rubber 3
Alathur (789.9%),
Nemmara(85%),
Palakkad (75.2%)
Paddy –Coconut-Fruits 5
Chittur (82%)
Kollengode (90.4%)
Malampuzha (78.8%)
Ottappalam(71.4%)
Pattambi (71.4%)
Paddy-Coconut-Spices and
Condiments 2
Kuzhalmannam (86.9%)
Thrithala (70.4%)
Fruits –Coconut-Spices 1 Attappady (70.3%)
Rubber-Coconut-spices 2 Sreekrishnapuram (71.6%)
Mannarkkad (80%)
In relative strength of the first three crops constitute more than 80% in five blocks, 70-80% in
seven blocks and 66% in one block. Paddy, coconut, rubber, tuber and Vegetables are also
included in the combination. Paddy, coconut and fruits occupies in 6 blocks, paddy, coconut
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1435
and spices and condiments in 2 blocks. Fruits, coconut and spices and fruits, rubber and
coconut in one block each in the district.
Change in Ranking of Crops between 2001 and 2011
In 2001 paddy rank first in 10 blocks, coconut ranked first in Thrithala, rubber in
Mannarkkad and fruits in Attappady. In 2011 paddy ranked first in 8 blocks. In
Sreekrishnapuram paddy is replaced by rubber as a first ranking crop in 2011. Similarly in
Pattambi coconut replaced paddy as a first ranking crop.
In 2001 the second ranking crops of coconut stood in 6 blocks, rubber in Alathur and
Nemmara blocks and fruits in Sreekrishnapuram block, spices in Attappady, fodder in
Thrithala, tuber in Kuzhalmannam block. In 2011 coconut ranked as second ranking crop in 7
blocks rubber in 3 blocks of Alathur, Nemmara and Palakkad. Paddy replaced coconut in
Pattambi, fodder in Thrithula.
In 2001 third ranking crops of coconut occupied 4 blocks of Alathur, Kuzhalmannam,
Nemmara and Sreekrishnapuram, but in 2011 coconut ranked third ranking crop in 4 blocks
of Alathur, Palakkad, Nemmara and Sreekrishnapuram. Fruits replaced vegetables in Chittur,
rubber in Malampuzha, Palakkad and Ottapalam blocks. Spices replaced tuber in Attappady
coconut in Kuzhalmannam and Paddy in Thirthala and stood as a third ranking crop in 2011.
Crop combination analysis- statistical approach
Analysis the possible crop combinations in the study area, a statistical approach is used to
demarcate the pattern of complex crop distribution. In the present study Weaver’s (1954)
minimum deviation method and Raffullah’s (1965) maximum positive deviation method are
used to delineate the possible crop combinations during 2001 and 2011 in Palakkad district
and are interpreted.
Weaver’s (1954) Crop Combination Regions-2001
Out of the many approaches to crop combinational analysis, Weavers method is widely used
and has been applied largely by the geographers to bring the more crop associations in an
aerial unit. The application of Weavers crop combination method in 2001 gave six crop
combination regions in Palakkad district. The following Table 7 gives the number of crop
combination regions in Palakkad.
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1436
Figure 2:
Table 7: Palakkad District - Weaver’s Crop Combination Regions in 2001
Crop Combination
Region Name of Crops Block Names
Mono crop Paddy
Kollengode and
Kuzhalmannam
Two crops
Combination Paddy and Coconut
Chittur, Palakkad and
Pattambi
Three crops
Combination
Paddy, Rubber and Coconut Alathur
Rubber, Fruits and Coconut Mannarkkad
Four crops
Combination
Fruits, Spices, Vegetables and Tuber Attappady
Paddy, Coconut, Rubber and Fruits
Ottappalam and
Sreekrishnapuram
Coconut, Paddy, Rubber and Fodder Thrithala
Five crops Combination Paddy, Rubber, Coconut, Fruits and Spices Nemmara
Six crops Combination
Paddy, Coconut, Rubber, Fruits, Fodder
and Spices Malampuzha
The table reveals that there are six crop combination regions in Palakkad district during 2001.
Mono culture of cultivating paddy is found in Kuzhalmannam and Kollengode blocks. There
are 3 two crops region with paddy and coconut in Palakkad, Pattambi and Chittur and 2 three
crops region with paddy, rubber, coconut and fruits are noticed in Alathur and Mannarkkad
blocks. Four crop combinations are found in four blocks namely Attappady, Ottappalam,
Sreekrishnapuram and Thrithala. Where fruits, spices, tuber, vegetables, paddy coconut,
rubber and fodder crops constituted the crop regions. Only one five crop combination region
in Nemmara block and one six crop combination region in Malampuzha block are noticed
during 2001.
Weaver’s Crop Combination Regions in 2011
The application of Weavers (1954) method in 2011 gave six crop combination regions in
Palakkad distric The Table.8 reveals that paddy is cultivated as a mono crop in one block
namely Kuzhalmannam. Paddy with coconut and paddy with rubber form two crops
combination in three blocks of Chittur, Kollengode and Nemmara. Paddy with rubber and
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1437
coconut formed three crop combinations in Alathur block, Rubber, spices, fruits, coconut and
paddy constitutes in four crops combinations in five blocks, namely Mannarkkad, Ottappalam,
Palakkad, Pattambi and Sreekrishnapuram and five crops combination in one block of
Thrithala and eight crops combination in two blocks of Attappady and Malampuzha in
Palakkad district during 2011.
Figure 3:
The blocks with different crop associations are given in Table 8
Table 8: Palakkad District – Weaver’s Crop Combination Region in 2011
Crop Combinations Crops Block Names
Mono crop Paddy Kuzhalmannam
Two Crops Combination Paddy, Coconut, Paddy and
Rubber
Chittur, Kollengode and
Nemmara
Three Crop Combination Paddy, Rubber and Coconut Alathur
Four Crop Combination
Rubber, Spices ,Fruits and
Coconut Mannarkkad
Paddy, coconut, Rubber and
Fruits Ottappalam.
Paddy, Coconut, Fruits and
Spices Palakkad and Pattambi
Paddy, Rubber, Coconut and
Fruits Sreekrishnapuram
Five Crop Combination Paddy, Fruits, Coconut, Spices
and Rubber Thrithala
Eight Crop Combination
Paddy, fruits, coconut, spices,
rubber, spices, Vegetables and
tuber.
Attappady and Malampuzha
Change between 2001 and 2011
There are six crop combination regions in both time point of study.
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1438
1. In 2001, Mono crop cultivation of Paddy in Kollengode is replaced in to two crop
combination by including coconut as a second crop during 2011.
2. Out of three two crop combination regions of cultivating paddy and coconut are
converted into four crop combination regions and no change in one block of Chittur.
3. Four crop combination of Attappady, Ottapalam, Sreekrishnapuram and Thrithula
blocks, Thrithula block converted into five crop combination regions adding fruits &
spices and replacing fodder crop and Attappady emerged as a eight crop combination
region in 2011.
4. The five crop combination of Nemmara block changed into two crop combination and
six crop combination of Malampuzha by adding tuber and fodder crop become eight
crop combination region in 2011.
5. There is no change in three crop combination region of Alathur but Mannarkkad
converted into five crop combination with spices and condiments in their crop
combinations in 2011.
Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2001
To minimize the over generalization of crop associations, Rafiullah’s (1956) maximum
deviation method is applied and possible crop association and crop combination regions in
Palakkad district are brought out and presented in Table 9 and Figure 4.
The application of the Rafiullah’s method gave only three crops combination regions in
Palakkad district during 2001.There are 6 mono crop regions cultivating paddy in Kollengode,
Kuzhalmannam and Palakkad, fruits in Attappady, rubber in Mannarkkad and coconut in
Thrithala blocks. There are five two crops combination regions where paddy and rubber in
Alathur and Nemmara, paddy with coconut in Chittur, Malampuzha, and Pattambi blocks are
largely cultivated. There are two three crops combination regions, where paddy, coconut and
fruits in Sreekrishnapuram blocks and paddy, coconut and rubber are constituted to form
three crop combination in Ottappalam in Palakkad district.
Table 9: Palakkad District- Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2001
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1439
Crop Combination Name of Crops Block Names
Mono crop
Paddy Kollengode, Pattambi, Palakkad and
Kuzhalmannam
Fruits Attappady
Rubber Mannarkkad
Coconut Thrithala
Two crops Combinations
Paddy and Rubber Alathur and Nemmara
Paddy and coconut Chittur
Paddy and Spices. Malampuzha
Three crops Combinations Paddy, Coconut and Rubber, Ottappalam
Paddy ,Fruits and Coconut Sreekrishnapuram
Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2011
The application of Rafiullah’s method gave only two crop combination regions in Palakkad
district during 2011 Table 10. Out of 13 blocks, seven blocks have mono crop cultivation and
two crops combinations are found in six blocks. Paddy, Coconut, Rubber, vegetables, fruits
and spices and condiments crops constitute the crop combinations of the district. Paddy is
cultivated as a mono crop in Chittur and Ottapalam blocks. Monocultura of cultivating
coconut is found in Mannarkkad, Pattambi and Thrithala blocks. Mid uplands with red soils
favours coconut cultivation in these areas fruits are cultivated as a mono crop in Attappady
and Sreekrishnapuram blocks. Paddy and coconut constituted to form two crops combination
regions in the other blocks of the district Figure 4.
Table 10: Palakkad District - Rafiullah’s Crop Combination Regions in 2011
Crop Combination Name of
Crops Block Names
Mono crop
Paddy Chittur and Ottapallam
Coconut Mannarkkad, Pattambi and Thrithala
Fruits Attapaddy and Sreekrishnapuram
Two crops
Combinations
Paddy,
coconut
Kollengode, Kuzhalmannam, Malampuzha, Nemmara,
Palakkad and Alathur
Change between 2001 and 2011
Out of the seven mono crop regions of 2001, only three mono crop regions of Kollengode,
Kuzhalmannam and Malampuzha are converted into two crop combination regions with
paddy, rubber and coconut crops. There is no change in other blocks of Pattambi, Thrithalla,
Mannarkkad and Attappady in 2011.
1. Two crop combination of Chittur become mono crop region of cultivating paddy in
2011.
2. Three crop combinations of Sreekrishnapuram and Ottapalam blocks changed to
mono crop cultivation of rubber and paddy respectively.
3. There is no change in two crop combinations in Alathur, Nemmara and Malampuzha
blocks where paddy and rubber in Alathur and Nemmara and paddy with coconut in
Malampuzha block are cultivated.
A study on crop combination regions in Palakkad district, Kerala
Premakumar K et al
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 6 Issue 2, 2015 1440
Conclusion
To conclude paddy, coconut, rubber, spices and condiments, vegetables and fruits are the
crops cultivated largely in the district. The crop combination analysis of Weaver’s method
(1954) gave six crop combination regions in the district. Rafiullah’s method identified only
two crop combination regions with paddy and coconut crops in the district. The availability
of irrigation facilities and the soils favored more number of crops cultivation in the district.
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