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Egypt Exploration Society
A Shield Bearer and Warrior of Ramesside TimesAuthor(s): James K. ThomsonSource: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 83 (1997), pp. 218-222Published by: Egypt Exploration Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822468 .
Accessed: 05/07/2013 08:23
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better
known
Nn-t-w;-r.f.
And
indeed,
the
proof
of this
hypothesis
s
provided
by
another
object
attributed
to
him,
a
stelephorous
statue now in Boston. It was
published
in the
catalogue
of
a
recent
exhibition,7
with a
clear
photograph
on which his name can indeed be read .
The
orthography
f
the nameand the remainder
of the text make it certainthat the Boston statue
and
that discoverednearTT 52 in 1905/1906are one and the same. The provenanceof this piece is
thus well
established
and the
name
Nn-dw-r.f
can be
discardedas
another
ghost-name.
MARK DEPAUW
A
shield
bearer
and warrior of Ramesside
times*
A
Ramesside
stela
fragment
featuring
a shield bearer and a
warrior
prompts
consideration
of these
positions
in
military
contexts
of the
period.
It is
suggested
that
at best the shield bearer
played only
a
semi-military
role,
his
court
duties
being
more
in
evidence,
while 'warrior'
rhn),
n
spite
of
the
implications
of
the
title,
remained a
non-
specific
term.
THE
upper
part
of a
round-topped
stela
in
limestone
in
the
Glasgow
Museums records two
'military'
men
of the Ramesside Period.
The
stela
(pl.
XXIV,
1)
is 11cm
high,
16.2 cm wide and
3.7 cm
deep
and bears
the
registration
number
28au-13. It
is
unprovenanced
but was
given
to
Glasgow
n 1913
by
the British School of
Archaeology
n
Egypt,
through
Miss
May
Buchanan,
one-
time
Secretary
of the
Glasgow
section
of the
Egypt
Students ResearchAssociation.
On the
survivingportion
of
the
stela,
two
kneeling
male
figures
are
represented,
one
from
the
waist
up,
the
other almost
complete.
Both
face
left,
each
with
upraised
hands. The
man
on the
left wears a
long
full
wig descending
to a
point
on
his chest.
On
his
upper
body
he
has a shirt
with
tight
elbow-length
sleeves. What
appears
o be a flaredsleeve
on
his
left
arm
as seen
in
plate
XXIV,
1
is due
to a
projecting
piece
of flint on the
surface
of
the stela and is omitted
in
figure
1. The right-handman has close-croppedhair(?)or a shavenhead and wears an ankle-lengthkilt.
Both
the
long wig
and the kilts
rising high
at
the
back of the waist are
typical
of the
Ramesside
Period.
The
figures
and
accompanying
rief text are
rather
sketchily
incised on
the stone
to fill
the
space
available.
The text
(fig.
1)
is
arranged
ver and between the heads
of
the
men,
with
three vertical
dividing
lines.
The
inscription
reads:
qry
Hri
rh;
r;
S,1
'The shield bearer Hori
(and)
the
great
warrior
Si'. The
writing
of
qry,
'shield
bearer',
(Wb.
V
57,
18)
is
a
variantof
__
qrrw
(Wb.
V
59,
12);2
others
include
<
L _
_
o>
?
The Nineteenth
Dynasty
tela of
Amenhotep
called
Huy
(BM
EA
166),3
provides
two
examples
of the
title.
In the
third
register,
Mr(i)-Rc
(Mer(i)-Re)
has the
title,
written
1I
and
in the
fourth
register
a man P;.hw
(Pa-hu)
occurs
as 'shield bearer
(of
his
majesty)',
with the word
rendered
'
.
The
Egyptian
verb
qri,
'draw
near',
'attend',4
underlies
the
primary
employment
of a
qrrw
as someone who attends another
person.
When this
involves
7Boston
MFA 1986.747:
E.
Brovarski,
n S.
D'Auria,
P.
Lacovaraand C.
H.
Roehrig (eds),
Mummies and
Magic.
The
Funerary
Arts
of
Ancient
Egypt
(exhibition
catalogue;
Boston,
1988),
148-9
(no. 89).
*My
thanks are
due
to
Dr M. L.
Bierbrier who
kindly
read
a
draft of this
article
and
made
very
helpful
suggestions.
The
comments of the
JEA
referees
were
also of
considerable assistance.
H.
Ranke,
Die
dgyptischen
Personennamen,
I
(Gluckstadt, 1935),
278.2.
AJEA
referee
has
suggested
that the
second man could be
'the
warrior
'Aa-S(u)'
as
rhl
is not a
formal
title,
s(w)
can stand for sw in this
period
and
a feminine
parallel
r;-s(y)
is found
in
Ranke,
PN
I,
58.9.
2W.
Helck,
'Schildtrager',
LA
IV,
132. On the
Glasgow
stela the word
appears
as <
with the
q-hiero-
glyph
A
resembling
an arrowhead.
3T.
G. H.
James,
Hieroglyphic
Texts
from
Egyptian
Stelae
etc. The British Museum
9
(London, 1970),
27,
pls.
xxii
and xxiia.
4R.
O.
Faulkner,
A
Concise
Dictionary of
Middle
Egyptian (Oxford,
1962),
280.
better
known
Nn-t-w;-r.f.
And
indeed,
the
proof
of this
hypothesis
s
provided
by
another
object
attributed
to
him,
a
stelephorous
statue now in Boston. It was
published
in the
catalogue
of
a
recent
exhibition,7
with a
clear
photograph
on which his name can indeed be read .
The
orthography
f
the nameand the remainder
of the text make it certainthat the Boston statue
and
that discoverednearTT 52 in 1905/1906are one and the same. The provenanceof this piece is
thus well
established
and the
name
Nn-dw-r.f
can be
discardedas
another
ghost-name.
MARK DEPAUW
A
shield
bearer
and warrior of Ramesside
times*
A
Ramesside
stela
fragment
featuring
a shield bearer and a
warrior
prompts
consideration
of these
positions
in
military
contexts
of the
period.
It is
suggested
that
at best the shield bearer
played only
a
semi-military
role,
his
court
duties
being
more
in
evidence,
while 'warrior'
rhn),
n
spite
of
the
implications
of
the
title,
remained a
non-
specific
term.
THE
upper
part
of a
round-topped
stela
in
limestone
in
the
Glasgow
Museums records two
'military'
men
of the Ramesside Period.
The
stela
(pl.
XXIV,
1)
is 11cm
high,
16.2 cm wide and
3.7 cm
deep
and bears
the
registration
number
28au-13. It
is
unprovenanced
but was
given
to
Glasgow
n 1913
by
the British School of
Archaeology
n
Egypt,
through
Miss
May
Buchanan,
one-
time
Secretary
of the
Glasgow
section
of the
Egypt
Students ResearchAssociation.
On the
survivingportion
of
the
stela,
two
kneeling
male
figures
are
represented,
one
from
the
waist
up,
the
other almost
complete.
Both
face
left,
each
with
upraised
hands. The
man
on the
left wears a
long
full
wig descending
to a
point
on
his chest.
On
his
upper
body
he
has a shirt
with
tight
elbow-length
sleeves. What
appears
o be a flaredsleeve
on
his
left
arm
as seen
in
plate
XXIV,
1
is due
to a
projecting
piece
of flint on the
surface
of
the stela and is omitted
in
figure
1. The right-handman has close-croppedhair(?)or a shavenhead and wears an ankle-lengthkilt.
Both
the
long wig
and the kilts
rising high
at
the
back of the waist are
typical
of the
Ramesside
Period.
The
figures
and
accompanying
rief text are
rather
sketchily
incised on
the stone
to fill
the
space
available.
The text
(fig.
1)
is
arranged
ver and between the heads
of
the
men,
with
three vertical
dividing
lines.
The
inscription
reads:
qry
Hri
rh;
r;
S,1
'The shield bearer Hori
(and)
the
great
warrior
Si'. The
writing
of
qry,
'shield
bearer',
(Wb.
V
57,
18)
is
a
variantof
__
qrrw
(Wb.
V
59,
12);2
others
include
<
L _
_
o>
?
The Nineteenth
Dynasty
tela of
Amenhotep
called
Huy
(BM
EA
166),3
provides
two
examples
of the
title.
In the
third
register,
Mr(i)-Rc
(Mer(i)-Re)
has the
title,
written
1I
and
in the
fourth
register
a man P;.hw
(Pa-hu)
occurs
as 'shield bearer
(of
his
majesty)',
with the word
rendered
'
.
The
Egyptian
verb
qri,
'draw
near',
'attend',4
underlies
the
primary
employment
of a
qrrw
as someone who attends another
person.
When this
involves
7Boston
MFA 1986.747:
E.
Brovarski,
n S.
D'Auria,
P.
Lacovaraand C.
H.
Roehrig (eds),
Mummies and
Magic.
The
Funerary
Arts
of
Ancient
Egypt
(exhibition
catalogue;
Boston,
1988),
148-9
(no. 89).
*My
thanks are
due
to
Dr M. L.
Bierbrier who
kindly
read
a
draft of this
article
and
made
very
helpful
suggestions.
The
comments of the
JEA
referees
were
also of
considerable assistance.
H.
Ranke,
Die
dgyptischen
Personennamen,
I
(Gluckstadt, 1935),
278.2.
AJEA
referee
has
suggested
that the
second man could be
'the
warrior
'Aa-S(u)'
as
rhl
is not a
formal
title,
s(w)
can stand for sw in this
period
and
a feminine
parallel
r;-s(y)
is found
in
Ranke,
PN
I,
58.9.
2W.
Helck,
'Schildtrager',
LA
IV,
132. On the
Glasgow
stela the word
appears
as <
with the
q-hiero-
glyph
A
resembling
an arrowhead.
3T.
G. H.
James,
Hieroglyphic
Texts
from
Egyptian
Stelae
etc. The British Museum
9
(London, 1970),
27,
pls.
xxii
and xxiia.
4R.
O.
Faulkner,
A
Concise
Dictionary of
Middle
Egyptian (Oxford,
1962),
280.
21818
JEA
83
EA
83
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royalty,
t
strengthens
the notion
of
a court
duty
rather
than
a
military
one. The latter role could
operate
in
battle,
highlighting
the shield bearer's
army
connection.
Commenting
on chariot
equipment
as used
by
the
military
establishment
at
Ugarit, Rainey5equates
the word for
'shield',
in Akkadian
abdbu
(a
synonym
or
arntu
and
takSu),
n
Ugaritic
qlc,
with
Egyptian
qrrw
with its
determinativeof a shield.
Representational
nd
textual evidence for both shield bearers and warriors n New
Kingdom
contexts is
limited,
to the extent that one hesitates
to
place
them
as
regular
members of
army
units.6Schulman7 ives
three
types
of
personnel
nvolved
n
the
chariotry:
harioteer
kdn),
shield
bearer
(qrrw)
and
chariotwarrior
(snni).
He states further that there is never more
than a two-
man
crew;
the charioteer
drives
and is sometimes
depicted fighting
or
holding
a shield to
protect
the warrior.
Both men can
be shown in
battle,
with a shield
slung
on the back of one
of them.
There would
appear
o be no
place
for
the
shield
bearer
(qrrw)
as such
in
the
chariot,
given
the
FIG.1.
Glasgow
Museums,
28au-13.
5A. F.
Rainey,
'The
Military
Personnel of
Ugarit',
JNES
24
(1965),
22.
6In
his
study
of
the
Egyptian
army,
R.
O.
Faulkner,
'Egyptian Military
Organization',
JEA
39
(1953),
32-47,
does not
mention the shield
bearer
in
relation
to the New
Kingdom army. Concerning
the
warrior,
he
gives
an
example
from the Middle
Kingdom
stela
of
Khu-Sebek,
who
at one
stage
in his career was 'warrior of the
bodyguard'
(lit.
'warrior
following
after');
'warrior',
rh;wty,
is
Faulkner's
'professional
soldier'.
In
the
early
New
Kingdom,
Ahmose son
of
Ibana
was
appointed
a 'warriorof the
ruler',
for
his services in Nubia under
Amenhotep
I.
7A. R. Schulman, Military Rank, Title and Organisationin the Egyptian New Kingdom (MAS 6; Berlin,
1964),
67.
1997
219
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normal
complement
of two.
The
few occasions when
shield
bearers are
depicted
in
relief scenes
show them
in the
presence
of the
king
as
part
of his retinue rather han as members of a
fighting
unit,
although
an
exception
to this is noted
in a
Nubian
campaign
of Ramesses
III
(see below).
This
paucity
of evidence
for their activities s noted
by
Schulman,8
who
cites
only
two occurrences
of
protocols
of shield bearers
and deduces that the title did
not
denote a rank
in
the
army.
At
the battle of
Qadesh,
Ramesses II was
accompanied
n his chariot
by
his shield bearer
(qrrw)
named
Menna,
as commemorated
in
the
Poem9
eulogizing
the
king's
part
in
the action.
In
paragraphs
72-3
of the Poem?'
the
king
states:
(272)
'They
were the ones whom
I
found
in
the
midst
of
the
enemy together
with
my
charioteer
(273)
Menna
my
shield bearer'.
On
this use of
two titles
for
Menna,
Schulman l
omments that Ramesses drovethe
chariot
and the second man
served as
a
subordinate
chariotwarrior'and 'shield bearer'and that the
person
would have
been
an
officer,
that
is,
a 'charioteer'.
Certainly
in this
episode,
in the heat
of the
engagement,
the
shield
bearer
would have
performed
more
than
just
a ceremonial
or
court
role.
An
example
of
shield bearers
in action on the
battlefield
occurs
in
the relief scenes at the
mortuary emple
of
Ramesses
III
at Medinet
Habu.
On the
outer face
of
the west wall at the left
end
of
the
lower
register
the
king
is
depicted
in
battle with
Nubians,'2
and
a
section of
chariotry
has the
superscription
kdnw
n
hnw
qrrw
n
Pr-rc
cnh
wd;
snb,
'charioteers
of the
Residence and
shield bearersof
Pharaoh, ife,
prosperity
and health'. The
qrrw
defend the charioteers n each
case with a raised
shield which is
circular
in
shape
rather than the
normal
round-topped
rectangular ype.
The close association
with the
monarch,
'of
Pharaoh'
n
the
last
case,
is
reinforced
in
two
further
depictions
at Medinet Habu.
A
group
of
shield
bearers
attend Ramesses
III
as he mounts
his chariot
to commence the first
Libyan campaign.'3
Here
they
serve as
part
of the
king's
bodyguard
as the
inscription
relates:kdnw
hryw
mgkbw
qrcw
n
p;
htr
rc
n[ty]
m
smsw
hm.f,
'the
charioteers,
the
chiefs of
mgkbw'4
and
the
shield
bearers
of the
great
span
w[ho
are]
in the
bodyguard
lit.
'following')
of his
majesty'.'5
n
this instance
the
qrrw
are
on
foot and stand
in
files
alongside
the charioteers and
chiefs of
mgkbw.
The
equipment
carried
includes
bows,
quivers, spears,
sickle-swords
and
regulation
shields,
but there is
no
specific
allocationwhich
would
identify
an
individual
as a
shield bearer.
On the
exteriorof the first
pylon,
on the
west face
of the north
tower,
in the re-entrant
angle
between the towerand the north
wall,
RamessesIII
is
in
battle
with
Libyans.16
Two
bowing figures
in
the
top
right-hand
corner of the
lower scene
are described
as kdnw
[qr]rw
n
hmf
nty
m
smsw
n ntr
nfr,
'charioteersand
[shield]
bearers of
his
majesty
who are
in
the
following
of the
Good God'. Neither
person displays any
obvious
militaryaspect
in
costume
or
equipment,
once
more
hinting
at the court nature of
their
position
on this occasion.
In
Ramesside
times
shield bearers
generallyappear
n
the service
of
royalty,
heir titles
being
qualified
by
such
phrases
as
'of
his
majesty'
or 'of
the Good God'.
Occasionally
he title is found
alone;
Mer(i)-Re
of
BM
EA
166
(mentioned
above)
and Hori
on the
Glasgow
stela
are cases
in
point.
A
letter written
by
a
priest,
Kharu
of
the House of
Horus,
to a
royal
scribe
and steward
8Military
Rank,
68
and
162
(refs.
477-8).
9Battle of
Qadesh,
Poem,
205
=
KRI
II,
66.1-6
(writing
variants).
'?KRI
II,
83.6-16.
Military
Rank,
67 and
114.
'2H.
H.
Nelson,
Medinet
Habu,
I.
Earlier Historical Records
of
Ramesses
III
(Epigraphic Survey,
OIP
8;
Chicago,
1930),
pl.
9
=
KRI
V,
8.12.
13
Nelson,
Medinet Habu
I,
p1.
16
=
KRIV,
12.12.
'4Schulman,
Military
Rank,
48
renders mgkbw
as
'officers?'.
s'W.
F.
Edgerton
and
J.
A.
Wilson,
Historical Records
of
Ramesses
III.
The
Texts
in Medinet Habu Volumes
I
and
II
(SAOC
12;
Chicago,
1936),
8
and
n.
16b.
In
the footnote the distinction
between
kdn
and
qrrw
is made
and attention
drawn to
the word for 'shield bearers'
having
been recut from
~ a
e
lto
the
present
.?i
16Nelson,
Medinet
Habu
II,
pls.
67(B)
and 68
=
Schulman,
Military
Rank,
121
(ref. 220).
220
JEA
83
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Ptahemhab,17
mentions a 'shield bearer of
Inwau'.`8
The text
refers to the
servantof the
shield
bearer
having
been
with
Ptahemhab
n
Memphis
and the
'great
one of the
house',
registering
he
little brother of the said servant o be a
groom.
The
implication
s
that the
charioteerInwau
had
a shield bearer
(unnamed)
who was
recognized
as his
companion,forming,
in
partnership,
he
chariot unit. It also points to the shield bearer'ssocial standingin his havinga servant.Another
letter19 rom
a
chief of record
keepers
of the
granary
addressed
to
the
scribe of a
priest
contains
a list
of
people
who
are to be
exempted
from
corveework and
includes
'...
a
shield bearer of
his
majesty .p.h.
...
'
That
persons
of
foreign
extraction
were
employed
n
the
Egyptian
army
n
the
New
Kingdom
is well established. At
Thebes,
Winlock
found the coffin of
It-Amun,
a
'shield bearer
of the
general',
of the late
Twentieth to
early
Twenty-first
Dynasty.
His full
bushy
beard
suggests
that
he is
an Asiatic.20
A
damaged
text
on
a stela of
Ramesses III21 n
the
sanctuary
of
Ptah at
the
Valley
of the
Queens
is concernedwith
enemy captives
who were
recruited nto
the
Egyptianarmy,
and
we
read:
'They
are
made
shield
bearers,
charioteers and retainers who
bear the fan
while
following
he
king'.Again
ceremonialduties are
stressed.
The other
title on
the
Glasgow
stela,
namely
'warrior'
rh),
occurs
infrequently
n the
New
Kingdom,althoughused of the king in the heroicsense. For instance,rh;qnt appliedto SetyI22
at
Karnak,
where
in an
undated
campaign
against
the
Hittites,
he
returns in
triumph
with
prisoners.
It does not
normally appear
as a title
or
rank in
regular military
formations.A
hry
rh;wtyw,
'commanderof
warriors',
s
attested
on
a
papyrus
n
the
British
Museum,
in the
person
of a certain
Wey.23
The
personnel,
rhrw,
in this
case are
serving
on
board a
trt-boat.
In the
Karnak record of the
Libyan
war
in
Merenptah's
fifth
year,24
a
tpy
n
rh;
nb,
'chief of
every
warrior',
appears.
From the same source
rhj
and
phrr,
'warrior'
and 'runner'
(or
'chariot
escort'),25
occur with the former
apparentlyemployed
as a
generalized
term.
Ramesses III's
account of
the
first
Libyancampaign
of his fifth
year
refers
to
enemies
of the
Egyptians
as
n;y.sn
ch/w,
'their
warriors'.26
hese uses of the
word 'warrior'
underline the
lack
of a
specific
role for
the
people
thus
designated.
In the
post-Ramesside period
a
type
of officer
of
shield bearers is
encounteredwith the
title
hryqrryw, commanderof shield bearers'.A Twenty-firstDynasty etter from El Hibeh27written
by
the
god's
father and
temple
scribe
Hor-pen-ese
to
the
F~:.i
Sha-puti
concerns the
expected
arrivalof
horses,
but also refers to 'warriors'
who had been
badly
treated and
the need
for
vigilance
on the
ramparts.
The same title is found on the Dakhleh stela28of the fifth
year
of
'7p.
Bologna
1094,
rt.
9, 3-6,
quotedby
Schulman,
Military
Rank,
105
(ref.
116).
18Inwau
ppears
n
P.
Anastasi
II,
vs.
6/1-5/9
(The
Border
Journal)
underthe
entry:
Year
3,
month
9,
day
25:
Inwau,
he charioteerof the
great
stable
of Banire-Miamun
f
the
Residencewent
up';
cited
by
A. R.
Schulman,
The First
DynastyEgyptian
Presenceat rEn
Besor
in
the
Sinai',
n D. P.
Silverman
ed.),
For His
Ka.
Essays Offered
n
Memory f
KlausBaer
(SAOC
55;
Chicago,
1994),
243.
'9P.
Turin
A,
vs.
4,
1-4,
quoted
by
Schulman,
Military
Rank,
110-11
(ref.
141).
2 H.
E.
Winlock,
Excavationsat Deir el Bahri
1911-1931
(New
York,
1942),
34,
pl.
80,
where
the title
]o-*d
qrr(w) occurs in the central vertical column on the outer coffin lid: W. C. Hayes, The Scepter
of Egypt,
II
(New
York,
1959),
407,
gives
the name
1*t_
as
'Yoty-Amun'.
21
LD
III,
218c
(plate)
and
III,
224
(text)
=
KRIV,
90-1.
22LD
III,
130b
=
W.
Wreszinski,
tlaszur
altaegyptischen
ulturgeschichte,
I
(Leipzig,
1923-35),
pl.
47
=
KRI
I,
18.9.
23p.
British Museum
EA
10204
(unpublished).
owe this
reference o
Dr
M. L.
Bierbrierand Dr R. B.
Parkinson;
ee S.
Birch, Varia',
AS 7
(1869),
27; Schulman,
Military
Rank,
53 and 106
(ref. 119).
24
KRI, IV,
4.2.
25KRI,
IV,
3.15.
26Nelson,
MedinetHabu
I,
pl.
28,
1.44
=
KRI
IV,
22.13.
27P.
Strasbourg
3:
W.
Spiegelberg,
Briefeder 21.
Dynastie
us
El-Hibe',
ZAS 53
(1917),
7-9,
pl.
ii;
P.
Vernus,
in
Tanis,
L'or des
pharaons
Paris,1987),
106,
whereP.
Strasbourg
3 is
incorrectly
eferred o as P.
Strasbourg
31
and
hry
qrryw
endered
s
'chef
des
conducteurs
e
char'.
28A.H.Gardiner,TheDakhlehStela', EA 19(1933),27 andpl.vii. InhiscommentsGardiner rawsattention
to the El
Hibeh
etter
andthe
problems
f
transcribing
he
hieratic ormof
the title there.
1997 221
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PLATE
XXIV
LATE
XXIV
1. Stela
fragment,
Glasgow
Museums,
28au-13
(Courtesy of Glasgow Museums)
A SHIELD BEARER
AND WARRIOR
OF
RAMESSIDE TIMES
(pp.
218-22)
1. Stela
fragment,
Glasgow
Museums,
28au-13
(Courtesy of Glasgow Museums)
A SHIELD BEARER
AND WARRIOR
OF
RAMESSIDE TIMES
(pp.
218-22)
2.
Inscription
on
the
wrappings
of the
mummy
of Heron
son of
Ammonius
(reproduced
from
Petrie,
Roman Por-
traits and Memphis (IV), pl. x.3)
2.
Inscription
on
the
wrappings
of the
mummy
of Heron
son of
Ammonius
(reproduced
from
Petrie,
Roman Por-
traits and Memphis (IV), pl. x.3)
HERON 'BEARER OF
PHILOSOPHIA' AND HERMIONE
GRAMMATIKE
(pp. 223-6)
ERON 'BEARER OF
PHILOSOPHIA' AND HERMIONE
GRAMMATIKE
(pp. 223-6)
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