A Sensitivity Study of Radiant Energy During Snowmelt in Small … · 2020. 5. 7. · Chad Ellis -...
Transcript of A Sensitivity Study of Radiant Energy During Snowmelt in Small … · 2020. 5. 7. · Chad Ellis -...
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A Sensitivity Study of Radiant
Energy During Snowmelt in
Small Canopy Gaps:
The quest for the radiative minima and more...
Timothy E. Link - University of Idaho
John Pomeroy - University of Saskatchewan
Robert Lawler - U.S. Forest Service
Chad Ellis - Silvatech Consulting Ltd.
Danny Marks – USDA ARS
Richard Essery - University of Edinburgh
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Outline
• Motivation & background
• Radiation in forest gaps
• Measurements
• Modeling
• Scaling up...
• Future directions and challenges
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Motivation • Snow is a major water source
• 50% - 90% in western U. S. watersheds
• Declining in many areas
• Improve melt prediction in complex
terrain
• Can forest management
conserve snow?
• Gap thinning
• Homogeneous thinning
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Shortwave Dominated Longwave Dominated
Snow in Forests
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Canopy Effects Summary
•↓ SWE
•↓ Shortwave Radiation
• ↑ Longwave Radiation
• ↓ Wind Speed
...and hence:
Loss of forest canopy
should:
1. Increase snow !!
2. Accelerate melt !!!
In forests, relative
to open areas...
Not always so!!!
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Canopy
Gaps... a.k.a “cold holes”
(Berry & Rothwell, 1992)
are “open”, and so...
- Accumulate more snow
but...
- Are dark and cold
Wolf Creek Experimental Basin, Yukon Territory
High Noon in November
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Some history...
Church. 1933. Geog. Rev.
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More history...
Golding & Swanson. 1978. Can. J. For. Res.
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More history...
Golding & Swanson. 1986. Wat. Resour. Res.
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More history...
Berry & Rothwell. 1992. Can. J. For. Res.
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and so the question
is... How does radiation
vary as function of
position, gap size,
season, and latitude ?
Optimal density and
pattern to minimize
radiation to snow?
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Methods
• Radiation measurements
• Physically-based models
• Sensitivity experiments
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Radiation
Measurements
measuring sunshine in a campground in
winter...
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Simple Model Performance Shortwave Radiation
Text
Lawler & Link, Hyd. Proc., 2011
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Model Performance: Longwave Radiation
Lawler & Link, Hyd. Proc., 2011
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GAP POSITION, SIZE, AND
SEASON
Simulated Radiation Regimes
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Gap Radiation
Regimes
Lawler & Link, Hyd. Proc., 2011
February 1
~47° N latitude
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Gap Radiation
Regimes February 1, ~47° N latitude
Pro
port
ion
Lawler & Link, Hyd. Proc., 2011
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Gap Radiation
Regimes May 1, ~47° N latitude
Pro
port
ion
Lawler & Link, Hyd. Proc., 2011
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Snow Depth Trends ~47° N latitude
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GAP SIZE, SEASON, AND
LATITUDE
Simulated Radiation Regimes: Another View…
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Gap Radiative
Regimes Instantaneous, Gap Center
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Data Analysis Daily Incoming Radiation
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Data Analysis Daily Incoming Radiation
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Data Analysis Daily Incoming Radiation
longwave-dominated
shortwave-dominated
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Data Analysis Daily Incoming Radiation
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Link et al., in prep.
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Link et al., in prep.
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Gaps on Slopes
North and South
Ellis et al., WRR, in press
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Gaps on Slopes
East and West
Ellis et al., WRR, in press
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Conclusions (so far!)
Radiative minima occur in gaps
• Optimal size: 1-2 H at ~45° latitude
•Snow can be retained on the landscape
• Melt can be desynchronized on slopes
•Canopy gap microclimates are distinct
Implications:
• Water resource
prediction &
enhancement
• Climate change
adaptation
• Monitoring site
assessment
• Fire hazard risk
reduction
• Avalanche initiation
• Vegetation
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The Marmot Creek Legacy
Marmot Creek Research Basin
Alberta, Canada
Cedar River Watershed
Washington, USA
Cedar River Watershed
Washington, USA
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Future Directions: Discrete Tree Model
Images courtesy
of Dr. Richard
Essery
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Future Directions
- How does radiation vary as function
of canopy density, pattern, slope, and
...
- Optimal density and pattern to
minimize radiation to snow?
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The Quest for More…
~4H gap
~1H gap
• Seasonal effects ?
• Productive melt conditions
• Comprehensive snow energetics ?
• Climatological variability ?
• Spatial
• Temporal (Intra and inter-annual)
• Depositional effects ?
• Sublimation vs. meltwater drip
• Deportment of infiltrated water?
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Thank
You !
Questions ?
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Approach: Modeling
Seyednasrollah et al., In review. JGR -
Atmospheres.
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Example Results:Discrete Tree
Model
Essery et al., 2007. J. Hydromet.
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In Summary... • Forests can have higher radiation than
open
• High latitudes, mid-winter, north slopes
• Gaps can have lowest radiation amounts
• During melt !!
• Distinct at high latitudes
• North slopes are like
high latitudes