ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 16: 85–99, 2005© The Neotropical Ornithological Society

A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF AVIFAUNA OF THE BOLIVIAN CHIQUITANO AND CERRADO

Daniel M. Brooks1, Ana Luz Porzecanski2, Jacqueline J. Weicker2, Robert A. Honig1, Ana Maria Saavedra3, & Mauricio Herrera3

1Houston Museum of Natural Science, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, 1 Hermann Circle Dr., Houston, Texas 77030-1799, USA. E-mail: dbrooks@hmns.org

2American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, New York 10024-5192, USA.

3Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Resumen. – Inventario preliminar de las aves del chiquitano y cerrado Boliviano. – Analizamos datosprovenientes del chiquitano, del cerrado y del este de Bolivia con el objetivo de describir los patrones deriqueza y la abundancia de aves, documentar los registros de distribución, y discutir el valor de esta regiónpara la conservación. Registramos 154 especies en total (116 en el chiquitano y 100 en el cerrado). Regis-tramos 38 especies en el cerrado pero no en el chiquitano, y 54 en el chiquitano pero no en el cerrado. Losdos hábitat comparten sólo 62 de las especies registradas (40% del total). De las especies más abundantes,solo Bubulcus ibis, Pyrryra molinae, y Pionus Maximiliano fueron registradas en los dos hábitat. Reportamosextensiones del rango de distribución geográfica hacia el este de Bolivia para cinco especies (Leucopternisalbicollis, Otus watsonii, Chloroceryle inda, Myiopagis viridicata y Elaenia flavogaster). Tringa solitaria ha sido conside-rado como una especie migratoria que no se reproduce en el Neotrópico; Casmerodius alba, Nycticorax nycti-corax, Accipiter striatus, Falco peregrinus, Hirundo rustica, Coccyzus americanus y Vireo olivaceus han sido registradoscomo especies migratorias que se reproducen en el Neotópico. Se registraron dos especies raras, Falco pere-grinus y Herpsilochmus atricapillus, y dos especies comercialmente amenazadas, Crax fasciolata y Ara chloroptera.En base de nuestros resultados, discutimos los patrones de diversidad y abundancia de especies y la conser-vación de la zona.

Abstract. – Herein, we analyze data from the chiquitano and cerrado of eastern Bolivia in order todescribe patterns of avian species richness and abundance, document distributional records, and addressthe conservation value of this region. A total of 154 species were accounted for (116 in chiquitano, 100 incerrado). Fifty-four species were found in chiquitano but not in cerrado, whereas 38 species were found incerrado but not in chiquitano. Only 62 species (40% of all species) were shared between the two habitats.Of the most abundant species recorded, the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), the Green-cheeked Parakeet (Pyr-rhura molinae) and the Scaly-headed Parrot (Pionus maximiliani) were the only species found in both habitats.Five species [White Hawk (Leucopternis albicollis), Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl (Otus watsonii), Green-and-rufous Kingfisher (Chloroceryle inda), Greenish Elaenia (Myiopagis viridicata), and Yellow-bellied Elaenia(Elaenia flavogaster)] are documented as eastern range extensions for the country. The Solitary Sandpiper(Tringa solitaria) represented a migrant that does not breed in the Neotropics, and Great Egrets (Casmerodiusalba), Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), Pere-grine Falcons (Falco peregrinus), Yellow-billed Cuckoos (Coccyzus americanus), Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica)and Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceus) were documented as migrants that breed in the Neotropics. Rare [Per-egrine Falcon and Black-capped Antwren (Herpsilochmus atricapillus)] and commercially threatened [Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) and Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloroptera)] species were documented.

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Results are discussed in light of patterns of species richness and abundance, and conservation value isassessed. Accepted 23 December 2004.Key words: Bolivia, avifauna, chiquitano, cerrado, species richness, species abundance, speciesdistribution, conservation.

INTRODUCTION distributional records; and 3) address the con-

Tropical dry forests are among the world’smost threatened habitats (Gentry 1995). Thelargest remaining tracts of dry forest in theNeotropics are in eastern Bolivia (Parker et al.1993). Ironically, these regions are poorlyknown relative to other more intensively stud-ied Neotropical dry forests (e.g., Guanacaste,Costa Rica). For example, despite some avianstudies in the Paraguayan cerrado (e.g., Hayes& Scharf 1995, Robbins et al. 1999) and thevast Brazilian cerrado (e.g., Silva 1995, 1997),about 70% of this region is inadequately sam-pled; consequently, we are unable to trulyunderstand the patterns of avian compositionin this region, especially in the southern cer-rado (Silva 1995).

Despite their unique habitat architecture,the chiquitano and cerrado of eastern Bolivia,Departamento de Santa Cruz, are among theleast known in terms of avifauna. Althoughsome faunal inventories have been accom-plished in these regions (e.g., Parker 1993,Remsen & Parker 1993), the overall numberof such inventories is quite low. Moreover,avian inventories in this region were con-ducted during June, July, and October, but notduring other times of the year. Nonetheless,these inventories are especially importantcontributions in light of how little is knownabout avian distribution and occurrence ineastern Bolivia. Because there are still manywide gaps of knowledge in this region, weanalyzed our pooled data to gain a betterunderstanding of avifaunal composition andabundance in these habitats.

Our objectives herein specifically are to:1) describe patterns of avian species richnessand abundance in this region; 2) document

servation value of this region.

STUDY SITES AND SAMPLING

Chiquitano. The chiquitano (Fig. 1) is interest-ing from a phytogeographic perspective; itreaches canopy heights (> 35 m) and stratifi-cation rivaling Amazonian forest to the north,yet its xeric nature is similar to the chaco tothe south. The plant species richness inchiquitano is among the highest documentedfor any tropical deciduous forest (Gentry1995).

DMB and RAH worked in chiquitanohabitat, where approximately 3 km oftransects were walked each outside the villageof San Juan (18°47’S, 60°12’W) on 18–19April 1999, and in the region of Mina DonMario (17°20’S, 59°41’W) on 20–21 and 24April 1999. Birds were also observed inciden-tally by DMB and RAH along a 326 km pathof road-driven transects (17°34’S, 59°28’W –18°47’S, 60°12’W – 17°20’S, 59°41’W –17°34’S, 59°28’W) 18–21 April 1999, and dur-ing > 10 h helicopter overflights covering theaforementioned localities, plus the Río Mer-cedes (18°47’S, 60°14’W) on 16 and 22–23April 1999 (Fig. 1).

ALP, JJW, AMS, and MH worked in chiq-uitano habitat on 21–30 November 2000, inthe Provincia of Velasco, near the locality ofEl Tuná and along the northern bank of theMercedes River (16°33’S, 59°39’W; Fig. 1).The habitat consisted of a typical matrix ofchiquitano forest interspersed with open hab-itat. Additionally, two specimens, one each ofRed-winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) andWhite-bellied Nothura (Nothura boraquira),were collected incidentally near Santiago de

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Chiquitos (18°19’S, 59°34’W) and San José deChiquitos (17°51’S, 60°47’W), respectively.

Cerrado. The cerrado (Fig. 1) is characterizedby rocky outcrops and rolling terrain, and a

mosaic of palm savannah and forest. Whencompared to forest within the chiquitano, for-est within the cerrado is more variable interms of understory cover, and has an overallshorter canopy height than chiquitano.

FIG. 1. Map highlighting chiquitano (light gray) and cerrado (dark gray) biomes in South America, as wellas study sites in relation to the city of Santa Cruz. The biome delineations follow Olson & Dinerstein(1998) & National Geographic (2004), although these delineations are coarse at the local level and do notinclude detailed habitat patches; for a more detailed description of the habitat at each locality, please seethe study site descriptions in the text. Gazeteer: 1 = El Tuná (16°33’S, 59°39’W), 2 = Mina Don Mario(17°20’S, 59°41’W), 3 = Rio Las Conchas (17°34’S, 59°28’W), 4 = Santiago de Chiquitos (18°19’S,59°34’W), 5 = Village of San Juan (18°47’S, 60°12’W) and Río Mercedes (18°47’S, 60°14’W), 6 = San Joséde Chiquitos (17°51’S, 60°47’W).

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DMB and RAH worked in the Río lasConchas (17°34’S, 59°28’W; Fig. 1) area on15–18 and 21–24 April 1999; approximately11.5 km of transect was walked, as well as a10-km tract of road transect driven in theregion at dusk on 21 April 1999. This wascomplemented with > 5 h helicopter over-flights 15–16 and 22–23 April 1999 to collectincidental data.

METHODS

Field methods. We followed rapid assessmentprogram (RAP) protocols (e.g., Parker 1993,Remsen & Parker 1993, Bates & Parker 1998),with slight modifications. Numbers of indi-viduals were estimated through visual andauditory detections along walked transects.Additionally, incidental observations weremade while driving along roads or flying in ahelicopter; these observations augment our

existing inventories to determine which spe-cies occur in the area. ALP, JJW, AMS andMH collected specimens for museum collec-tions and genetic studies, and thus most oftheir observations recorded correspond tocaptured birds. The survey included approxi-mately 1 km of walked transects, occasionalscientific collecting by shooting, and approxi-mately 500 h of mist-netting.

Selected voucher recordings were depos-ited at the BioAcoustics Laboratory at TexasA&M University. Voucher specimens weredeposited at the American Museum of Natu-ral History and Museo de Historia NaturalNoel Kempff Mercado.

Designation of species status. Range extensionswithin the Departamento de Santa Cruz weredetermined by comparing species herein tothe easternmost avifaunal inventories inBolivia (Parker 1993, Remsen & Parker 1993,

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sampling day

Num

ber o

f spe

cies

Chiquitano Cerrado

FIG. 2. Species accumulation curves from chiquitano (16°33’S, 59°39’W) and cerrado (17°34’S, 59°28’W)regions. Cerrado data were collected by RAH, and chiquitano data are specimens collected during the Mer-cedes River expedition.

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CHIQUITANO AND CERRADO AVIFAUNA

Hennessey et al. 2003). The two Parker studiespublished in 1993 were conducted at similarparallels of longitude to our study sites; Hen-nessey et al. (2003) included information ontwo protected areas (San Matias and Otuquis)that are located along the eastern border ofBolivia. Species present in this study butabsent from these inventories were consid-ered significant eastern range extensions forBolivia.

New records for Bolivia and Departa-mento de Santa Cruz were assessed by com-paring species in this study to priorinventories (e.g., Davis 1993, Kratter etal. 1993, Parker 1993, Remsen & Parker1993, Bates & Parker 1998, Hennessey et al.2003).

Migrant status was assessed using appen-dices C and D in Stotz et al. (1996). Conserva-tion status was assessed following Rocha &Quiroga (1996).

RESULTS

Species richness and abundance. A total of 154 spe-cies were documented (Appendix 1). Theslope of the species accumulation curves (Fig.2) began to decrease after the third day ofsampling. Although the curves do not reachcompletely level plateaus, few new specieswere added to the chiquitano and cerradoinventories after the fifth and sixth days,respectively.

We found 116 species in the chiquitanoregion, and 100 species in cerrado. A total of54 species were found in the chiquitanoregion but not in cerrado, whereas 38 specieswere found in the cerrado region but not inthe chiquitano. A total of 62 species (40% ofall species) were shared between the two habi-tats.

The most abundant species (> 15 individ-uals accounted for) in the chiquitano regionwere: Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), Green-cheeked Parakeet (Pyrrhura molinae), Scaly-

headed Parrot (Pionus maximiliani), Brown-crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus tyrannulus), Pur-plish Jay (Cyanocorax cyanomelas), and SayacaTanager (Thraupis sayaca). The most abundantspecies in the cerrado region were: CattleEgret, Picui Ground-Dove (Columbina picui),Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri),Green-cheeked Parakeet, Scaly-headed Parrot,Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira), and Crested Oro-pendola (Psaracolius decumanus). The CattleEgret, Green-cheeked Parakeet, and Scaly-headed Parrot were the only species found inabundance in both habitats.

Distributional records. The birds we recordedconstitute new site records, as these localitieshave not been surveyed before. Five specieswere considered eastern range extensions forthe country (Appendix 1). Of these five spe-cies, White Hawk (Leucopternis albicollis),Green-and-rufous Kingfisher (Chloroceryleinda), and Greenish Elaenia (Myiopagis viridi-cata) were recorded in the chiquitano region,and Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl (Otus watsonii)and Yellow-bellied Elaenia (Elaenia flavogaster)were recorded in the cerrado region.

The specimen of White-bellied Nothuracollected at San José de Chiquitos is the onlyspecimen record for the country. Similarly, thesightings of five Scaly Doves (Columbinasquammata) at Río las Conchas, and one at SanJuan, add to the few documented records forBolivia.

Migration and conservation status. Solitary Sand-piper (Tringa solitaria), recorded in the cerradoregion, represented the only migrant that doesnot breed in Neotropics (Stotz et al. 1996).Seven species were migrants that breed in theNeotropics (Stotz et al. 1996), represented bythree each recorded in the cerrado region[Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycti-corax), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), andBarn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)] and chiquitanoregion [Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus),

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Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) andRed-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)]; the GreatEgret (Casmerodius alba) was recorded in bothhabitats. While species such as the Yellow-billed Cuckoo only breed in the northernhemisphere, others (e.g., the Peregrine Falconand the Red-eyed Vireo) have migratory pop-ulations that breed in both northern andsouthern hemispheres. Species such as theBarn Swallow also breed in both hemispheres,but breeding populations are much larger inthe northern hemisphere when compared tothe southern hemisphere.

We accounted for four species considered“rare” or “commercially threatened” in theDepartment of Santa Cruz (Rocha & Quiroga1996). Peregrine Falcons and Black-cappedAntwrens (Herpsilochmus atricapillus) are con-sidered as rare and Bare-faced Curassows(Crax fasciolata) and Red-and-green Macaws(Ara chloroptera) are commercially threatened.Three of these species were observed onlyonce (singletons for the Peregrine Falcon andthe Black-capped Antwren; a pair for theBare-faced Curassow), whereas Red-and-green Macaws were encountered more fre-quently (Appendix 1).

DISCUSSION

Species richness. We found a total of 154 species.By pooling data from seven Bolivian lowlanddry forest sites, Herzog & Kessler (2002)found a total of 231 core avian species that

regularly breed, winter, or migrate throughthis region. Intuitively, if we inventory for alonger duration, the species curves wouldlevel out completely.

We found 116 species in the chiquitanoregion, and 100 species in the cerrado region.Three sites located relatively nearby permitcomparisons of regional species richness:Curuyuqui (Parker 1993), Tucuvaca, and San-tiago de Chiquitos (Remsen & Parker 1993)contained a mean species richness of 121 spe-cies (range = 86–165). The numbers wefound for the chiquitano and cerrado regionswere comparable, as were sampling efforts(Table 1).

It is interesting to note the sharp contrastin composition between avifaunas in thesetwo habitats. In this study, 47% of the chiq-uitano avifauna is exclusive to that region, and38% of the cerrado avifauna is exclusive tothat region. This highlights the uniqueness ofthese two habitats despite the rapid transitionfrom chiquitano to cerrado. The fact that only40% of the species were shared between thesetwo habitats suggests beta-diversity (variationin species composition among separate com-munities) is high among dry habitats in east-ern Bolivia.

Species abundance. The widespread Cattle Egretas well as Green-cheeked Parakeet and Scaly-headed Parrot were the only species found inabundance in both regions. It is interesting tonote that three of the most abundant species

TABLE 1. Species richness and sampling effort for this study compared to three other studies at nearbylocations.

Sites Number of species

Number of samplers

Days Sources

ChiquitanoCerradoCuruyuqui Tucuvaca Santiago de Chiquitos

11610016511186

62133

108?89

This studyThis study

Parker (1993)Remsen & Parker (1993)Remsen & Parker (1993)

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CHIQUITANO AND CERRADO AVIFAUNA

found in the two regions were psittacids. Thisis perhaps an artifact of sampling since psitt-acids almost invariably travel in large, noisy,monotypic flocks, and therefore are easilydetected (Brooks & Begazo 2001). Indeed,many of the psittacids we encountered weredetected while in flight.

The relationship between riverine galleryand higher faunal diversity in the cerrado hasbeen addressed in mammals. For example,Redford & da Fonseca (1986) found 20 out of65 (30.8%) cerrado mammalian genera to berelatively dependent upon riverine gallery,contributing to higher species richness in thisregion. In this study, 16 species [RufescentTiger-Heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), CappedHeron (Pilherodius pileatus), Cocoi Heron(Ardea cocoi), Scaly-headed Parrot, Black-crowned Night-Heron, Green Ibis (Mesembri-nibis cayanensis), Wood Stork (Mycteria Ameri-cana), Blue-throated Piping-Guan (Pipilecumanensis), Limpkin (Aramus guarauna),Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana), Solitary Sand-piper, Ringed Kingfisher (Ceryle torquata),Amazon Kingfisher (Chloroceryle amazona),Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryle Americana),Lesser Kiskadee (Pitangus lector), and HoodedTanager (Nemosia pileata)] out of 100 (16%)from the Las Conchas site were strongly tiedto the Conchas River and its associatedaquatic habitats, although all but two of these(Blue-throated Piping-Guan and HoodedTanager) are species associated with aquatichabitats.

Conservation. Despite the fairly low number ofrare avian taxa documented, the region is ofgreat conservation concern for other reasons.For example, although cerrado habitat isfound predominately in central Brazil, the iso-lated patch in eastern Bolivia may act as anisland that restricts gene flow from outsidehabitats, and consequently promotes isolatingmechanisms of speciation. New species ofsmall mammals have already been discovered

(e.g., Brooks et al. 2004, Brooks et al. unpubl.),and preliminary molecular and morphologi-cal data indicates that the Bolivian and Para-guayan populations of White-bellied Nothuramight deserve separate specific status fromthose in Brazil (Porzecanski 2003).

Overhunting strongly characterizes habi-tats that are perturbed, often exceedinghuman carrying capacity in terms of gameextraction. Examples include the vicinity ofSan Juan, where “empty forest” effects(Redford 1992) were observed. However,much of the region surveyed contained abun-dant signs of game species (Brooks et al.2002). Some of the best bio-indicators tomeasure levels of sustainable harvest are crac-ids (Brooks & Strahl 2000), which are oftenthe first species to disappear due to overhunt-ing, yet their presence was observed in theregion.

At the time of the study, habitat at thestudy sites were not molested by human activ-ities to any severe degree. The presence ofroads, tree removal and various trails wereminimal at best. However, in light of the fra-gility of this special habitat, coupled with har-vest rates apparently in-check, it is our ferventhope that a diverse array of species will con-tinue to thrive in this region. Conservation ofhabitat by creating reserves and providingproper infrastructure for such areas harboringwildlife are an important step for ensuring thefuture of wildlife in this special region: the dryhabitats of eastern Bolivia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Susan Davis, theMuseo de Historia Natural Noel KempffMercado, and the Ornithology Department atthe American Museum of Natural History fortheir support in various aspects of their expe-dition. Thanks to Kevin Koy at the AmericanMuseum of Natural History’s Center forBiodiversity GIS Laboratory for creating the

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map. Helpful comments and edits were pro-vided by Nate Rice, Elisa Bonaccorso, Ray-mond McNeil and Monica Brooks.

REFERENCES

Bates, J. M., & T. A. Parker. 1998. The avifauna ofParque Nacional Noel Kempff Mecado andsurrounding areas. Pp. 317–340 in Killeen, T. J.(ed.). A biological assessment of Parque Nacio-nal Noel Kempff Mercado, Bolivia: a globalconservation priority. Rapid Assessment Pro-gram (RAP) Working Paper. Volume 10. Con-servation International, Washington, DC.

Brooks, D. M., & S. D. Strahl. 2000. Cracids: Statussurvey and conservation action plan. Interna-tional Union for the Conservation of Nature,Gland, Switzerland.

Brooks, D. M., & A. J. Begazo. 2001. Macaw den-sity variation in the western Amazonian basin.Pp. 427–438 in Marzluff, J. M., R. Bowman, &R. Donnelly (eds.). Avian ecology and conser-vation in an urbanizing world. Kluwer Aca-demic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.

Brooks, D. M., J. M. Rojas, H. Aranibar, R. J. Var-gas, & T. Tarifa. 2002. A preliminary assess-ment of mammalian fauna of the easternBolivian panhandle. Mammalia 65: 509–520.

Brooks, D. M., R. J. Baker, R. J. Vargas, T. Tarifa, H.Aranibar, & J. M. Rojas. 2004. A new species ofOryzomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from an isolatedpocket of cerrado in eastern Bolivia. Occas.Pap. Mus. Tex. Tech Univ. 241: 1–11.

Davis, S. E. 1993. Seasonal status, relative abun-dance, and behavior of the birds of Con-cepción, Dpto. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. FieldianaZool. 71: 1–33.

Gentry, A. H. 1995. Diversity and floristic compo-sition of Neotropical dry forests. Pp. 146–194in Bullock, S. H., H. A. Mooney, & E. Medina(eds.). Seasonally dry tropical forests. Cam-bridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Hayes, F. E., & P. A. Scharf. 1995. The birds ofParque Nacional Cerro Corá, Paraguay. Cotinga4: 20–24.

Hennessey, A. B., S. K. Herzog, & F. Sagot. 2003.Lista anotada de las aves de Bolivia. 5ta ed. Aso-ciación Armonía/BirdLife International, Santa

Cruz, Bolivia. Herzog, S. K., & M. Kessler. 2002. Biogeography

and composition of dry forest bird communi-ties in Bolivia. J. Ornithol. 143: 171–204.

Kratter, A. W., T. S. Sillett, R. T. Chesser, J. P.O’Neill, T. A. Parker, & A. Castillo. 1993. Avi-fauna of a chaco locality in Bolivia. WilsonBull. 105: 114–141.

National Geographic. 2004. Terrestrial ecoregionsof the world website. http://www.nationalgeo-graphic.com/wildworld/terrestrial.html.

Olson, D., & E. Dinerstein. 1998. The Global 200:a representation approach to conserving theearth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions.Conserv. Biol. 12: 502–515.

Parker, T. A. 1993. Bird species recorded at eightsites in the Bolivian chaco. Pp. 82–91 in Parker,T. A., R. B. Foster, L. H. Emmons, & B. Bailey(eds.). The lowland dry forests of Santa Cruz,Bolivia: A global conservation priority. RapidAssessment Program (RAP) Working Paper.Volume 4. Conservation International, Wash-ington, DC.

Parker, T. A., R. B. Foster, L. H. Emmons, & B.Bailey (eds.). 1993. The lowland dry forests ofSanta Cruz, Bolivia: A global conservation pri-ority. Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) Work-ing Paper. Volume 4. Conservation Intern-ational, Washington, DC.

Porzecanski, A. L. 2003. Historical biogeographyof the South American aridlands: A molecularstudy of endemic avian taxa. Ph.D. thesis,Columbia Univ., New York, New York.

Redford, K. H., & G. A. B da Fonseca. 1986. Therole of gallery forests in the zoogeography ofthe cerrado’s non-volant mammalian fauna.Biotropica 18: 126–135.

Redford, K. H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience42: 412–422.

Remsen, J. V., & T. A. Parker. 1993. Bird speciesrecorded at four, tall dry forest and cerradolocalities in southeastern Bolivia. Pp. 92–99 inParker, T. A., R. B. Foster, L. H. Emmons, & B.Bailey (eds.). The lowland dry forests of SantaCruz, Bolivia: A global conservation priority.Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) WorkingPaper. Volume 4. Conservation International,Washington, DC.

Robbins, M. B., R. C. Faucett, & N. H. Rice. 1999.

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Avifauna of a Paraguayan cerrado locality:Parque Nacional Serrania San Luis, Depto.Concepcion. Wilson Bull. 111: 216–228.

Rocha, O., & C. Quiroga. 1996. Aves. Pp. 95–164 inErgueta, P., S. & C. de Morales (eds.). Librorojo de los vertebrados de Bolivia. Centro deDatos para la Conservación, La Paz, Bolivia.

Silva, J. M. C. Da. 1995. Avian inventory of the cer-rado region, South America: Implications for

biological conservation. Bird Conserv. Int. 5:291–304.

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APPENDIX 1. Avian inventory of study sites. Record type: v = visually detected, a = auditorily detected, o = observed along road, h = observed duringhelicopter reconnaissance, r = archived recording, s = specimen collected, p = photographed. Species status: R = rare, CT = commercially threatened, ERE= ea

non

ChiquitanoMina

Don Mario

ChiquitanoEl Tuna

Speciesstatus

UndSmaRedWhiAnhRufeCapCocGreCattBlacGreWooTurkLessBlacKinPearSnaiSharWhiGreSavaRoaCres

2v

2v1v

1v

1s1s

1s

1s

MB

MB

MBERE

stern Bolivia range extension, MB = migrant breeds in Neotropics, MN = migrant not breeding in Neotropics.

CerradoEstancia

Las Conchas

CerradoRío Las Conchas

floodplain

ChiquitanoIncidental en-route

ChiquitanoRío

Mercedes

ChiquitaSan Jua

ulated Tinamoull-billed Tinamou-winged Tinamoute-bellied Nothuraingascent Tiger-Heron

ped Heronoi Heron at Egretle Egretk-crowned Night-Heronen Ibisd Storkey Vultureer Yellow-headed Vulturek Vultureg Vulturel Kitel Kitep-shinned Hawkte Hawkat Black Hawknnah Hawkdside Hawkted Caracara

Crypturellus undulatusCrypturellus parvirostris Rhynchotus rufescensNothura boraquiraAnhinga anhingaTigrisoma lineatumPilherodius pileatusArdea cocoiCasmerodius albaBubulcus ibisNycticorax nycticoraxMesembrinibis cayanensisMycteria americana Cathartes auraCathartes burrovianusCoragyps atratusSarcoramphus papaGampsonyx swainsoniiRostrhamus sociabilisAccipiter striatusLeucopternis albicollisButeogallus urubitingaHeterespizias meridionalisButeo magnirostrisPolyborus plancus

1o

1v350v

1v

2v3v

1v2v

2v3v2v

3v, 1h40v4v2v3v2v

6v1v

1v

2v1v

1o, 1a

1s1s

6h

3h1o

1o1op

1h1h, 1o2h, 1o

1h

1v

1v15v

6v1v

2v

95

CHIQ

UITA

NO

AN

D CE

RRAD

O AV

IFAUN

AAPPENDIX 1. Continuation.

non

ChiquitanoMina

Don Mario

ChiquitanoEl Tuna

Speciesstatus

YelloBat PereRustBlueBareGraSunSunRedLimWatSolitPicaEareRudPicuScalWhiGolRedYelloGreScalOraSquiSmo

2v

2v5v

5v

1s1s

1s

1s

1s3s

2s

R, MB

CT

MN

CT

CerradoEstancia

Las Conchas

CerradoRío Las Conchas

floodplain

ChiquitanoIncidental en-route

ChiquitanoRío

Mercedes

ChiquitaSan Jua

w-headed CaracaraFalcongrine Falcony-margined Guan-throated Piping-Guan-faced Curassow

y-necked Wood-Railgrebebittern-legged Seriemapkintled Jacanaary Sandpiperzuro Pigeond Dovedy Ground-Dovei Ground-Dovey Dovete-tipped Doveden-collared Macaw-and-green Macaww-chevroned Parakeet

en-cheeked Parakeety-headed Parrotnge-winged Parrotrrel Cuckoooth-billed Ani

Milvago chimachimaFalco rufigularisFalco peregrinusPenelope superciliarisPipile cumanensisCrax fasciolataAramides cajaneaHeliornis fulicaEurypyga heliasCariama cristataAramus guaraunaJacana jacanaTringa solitariaColumba picazuruZenaida auriculataColumbina talpacotiColumbina picuiColumbina squammataLeptotila verreauxiAra auricollisAra chloropteraBrotogeris chiririPyrrhura molinaePionus maximilianiAmazona amazonicaPiaya cayanaCrotophaga ani

2o

2v1v

4v5v1v

20v

4v7vr

2v, 3a10vr15vr30vr2ar

4vr

1v1v

2v

1v

2v

2v

1v

3v5v6v2v3h20v6v50v

8v

1o

2o2a

1o

1o6h

4h, 4o

1o

2h

2v

6v1v8v5v

12v20v

1v

96 BROO

KS E

T AL.

APPENDIX 1. Continuation.

non

ChiquitanoMina

Don Mario

ChiquitanoEl Tuna

Speciesstatus

GuiYelloTawFerrNacScisComGlitGildGlitBlueBlueRingAmaGreGreSpoWhiBlacRufoCheTocoWhiWhiPaleCrimOliv

3a

3a, 1v1v2v

2v

1s

1s

1s

1s

3s1s2s2s

1s1s

1s

4s

MBERE

ERE

CerradoEstancia

Las Conchas

CerradoRío Las Conchas

floodplain

ChiquitanoIncidental en-route

ChiquitanoRío

Mercedes

ChiquitaSan Jua

ra Cuckoow-billed Cuckoo

ny-bellied Screech-Owluginous Pygmy-Owlunda Nighthawksor-tailed Nightjarmon Potoo

tering-bellied Emeralded Hummingbird tering-throated Emerald-crowned Trogon-crowned Motmoted Kingfisherzon Kingfisher

en Kingfisheren-and-rufous Kingfishert-backed Puffbirdte-eared Puffbirdk-fronted Nunbirdus-tailed Jacamar

stnut-eared Araçari Toucan

te-wedged Piculette Woodpecker-crested Woodpeckerson-crested Woodpecker

aceous Woodcreeeper

Guira guiraCoccyzus americanusOtus watsoniiGlaucidium brasilianumPodager nacundaHydropsalis brasilianaNyctibeus griseusChlorostilbon aureoventrisHylocharis chrysuraAmazilia fimbriataTrogon curucuiMomotus momotaCeryle torquataChloroceryle amazonaChloroceryle americanaChloroceryle indaNystalus maculatusNystalus chacuruMonasa nigrifronsGalbula ruficaudaPteroglossus castanotisRamphastos tocoPicumnus albosquamatusMelanerpes candidusCeleus lugubrisCampephilus melanoleucusSittasomus griseicapillus

10vr

1a

1o

3v4vr

1a

2vr

1o2v

8vr

1v1o

5v

1v, 2a1v

4v

1a2v2v1v

2v1a2vr

6v

1o

1o

2o1o

2v

10v

1h

2v

10v

4v2v

97

CHIQ

UITA

NO

AN

D CE

RRAD

O AV

IFAUN

AAPPENDIX 1. Continuation.

anoan

ChiquitanoMina

Don Mario

ChiquitanoEl Tuna

Speciesstatus

GreNarStraRufoSooPlainYelloRufoStreGreBarrVariStripBlacRustStrePiraVariTropForkSouScruGreYelloWhiPearFusc

2v2v, 1a

1a

1v

2s5s4s1s1s1s1s3s1s

1s1s1s1s

1s3s5s

1s

R

EREERE

CerradoEstancia

Las Conchas

CerradoRío Las Conchas

floodplain

ChiquitanoIncidental en-route

ChiquitanoRío

Mercedes

ChiquitSan Ju

at Rufous Woodcreeperrow-billed Woodcreeperight-billed Woodcreeperus Hornero

ty-fronted Spinetail-crowned Spinetailw-throated Spinetailus-fronted Thornbird

aked Xenopsat Antshrikeed Antshrikeable Antshrikee-backed Antbirdk-capped Antwreny-backed Antwrenaked Flycatchertic Flycatcheregated Flycatcherical Kingbird-tailed Flycatcher

thern Beardless Tyrannuletb Flycatcherenish Elaeniaw-bellied Elaenia

te-crested Tyrannuletly-vented Tody-Tyrantous Flycatcher

Xiphocolaptes majorLepidocolpates angustirostirisXiphorhynchus picusFurnarius rufusSynallaxis albescensSynallaxis gujanensisCerthiaxis cinnamomeaPhacellodomus rufifronsXenops rutilansTaraba majorThamnophilus doliatusThamnophilus caerulescensMyrmorchilus strigilatusHerpsilochmus atricapillusFormicivora rufaMyiodynastes maculatusLegatus leucophaiusEmpidonomus variusTyrannus melancholicusTyrannus savanaCamptostoma obsoletumSublegatus modestusMyiopagis viridicataElaenia flavogasterSerpophaga subcristataHemitriccus margaritaceiventerCnemotriccus fuscatus

1v

2v1v4vr2vr

2v1v

2v1v1v

1v

8v

1v3v

2v

1v

1v

1v

1a

1o

1o

1h

1h

2v1v

1v1a1v1v

1v

2v

1v

98 BROO

KS E

T AL.

APPENDIX 1. Continuation.

anoan

ChiquitanoMina

Don Mario

ChiquitanoEl Tuna

Speciesstatus

VermCliffRufoSwaBrowLessGreBoaRustCresWhiGreBlacBlacBlueTawGraS. RBarnHouThrFawBlacMasHauPlusPurp

3v

7v

1v

4v4v

3v

1v

6v

8s6s3s

3s

4s1s

1s

1s

1s3s1s1s3s

MB

CerradoEstancia

Las Conchas

CerradoRío Las Conchas

floodplain

ChiquitanoIncidental en-route

ChiquitanoRío

Mercedes

ChiquitSan Ju

ilion Flycatcher1

Flycatcherus Casiornis

inson's Flycatchern-crested Flycatcher

er Kiskadeeat Kiskadeet-billed Flycatchery-margined Flycatcherted Becardte-winged Becarden-backed Becardk-tailed Tityrak-crowned Tityra-and-white Swallowny-headed Swallowy-breasted Martinough-winged Swallow Swallowse Wren

ush-like Wren n-breasted Wrenk-capped Donacobiusked Gnatcatcherxwell's Thrushh-crested Jaylish Jay

Pyrocephalus rubinusHirundinea ferrugineaCasiornis rufaMyiarchus swainsoniMyiarchus tyrannulusPitangus lictorPitangus sulphuratusMegarynchus pitanguaMyiozetetes cayanensisPachyramphus validusPachyramphus polychopterusPachyramphus viridisTityra cayanaTityra inquisitorNotiochelidon cyanoleucaAlopochelidon fucataProgne chalybeaStelgidopteryx ruficollisHirundo rusticaTroglodytes aedonCampylorhynchus turdinusThryothorus guarayanusDonacobius atricapillusPolioptila dumicolaTurdus hauxwelliCyanocorax chrysopsCyanocorax cyanomelas

4v2vp1v

2v

1ar

1v2v2v

1v5v2v

1v3v3vr2v

2v

8vr

6v1v

6v3v2v2v

1v1v

4v1v1v2v4v3v

1v6v

4o

1o

5o

1v

1o

11o7o

6v

10v

2v1v

1v4v

8v

1v15v

99

CHIQ

UITA

NO

AN

D CE

RRAD

O AV

IFAUN

AAPPENDIX 1. Continuation.

anoan

ChiquitanoMina

Don Mario

ChiquitanoEl Tuna

Speciesstatus

RedRufoGraBlueLessRedYelloGuiHooHepSayaPurpOraTropGolCheBanCresEpaTrouShin

1v

1v

5v

2v

2v

2s

1s1s1s1s4s2s2s

1s

1s

2s1s

MB

CerradoEstancia

Las Conchas

CerradoRío Las Conchas

floodplain

ChiquitanoIncidental en-route

ChiquitanoRío

Mercedes

ChiquitSan Ju

-eyed Vireous-collared Sparrow

ssland Sparrow-black Grassquiter Seedfinch-crested Finchw-billed Cardinal

ra Tanagerded Tanageratic Tanagerca Tanagerle-throated Euphonia

nge-headed Tanagerical Parula

den-crowned Warblerstnut-vented Conebillanaquitted Oropendolaulet Oriolepialy Cowbird

Vireo olivaceusZonotrichia capensisAmmodramus humeralisVolatinia jacarinaOryzoborus angolensisCoryphospingus cucullatusParoaria capitataHemithraupis guiraNemosia pileataPiranga flavaThraupis sayacaEuphonia chloroticaThlypopsis sordidaParula pitiayumiBasileuterus culicivorusConirostrum speciosumCoereba flaveolaPsarocolius decumanusIcterus cayanensisIcterus icterusMolothrus bonariensis

4v

6v

4v2v4v1v1v

2v30v5v

8v

4v

5v2v

1v1v

2v3v

1o

1o, 1v

2h

7v

25v

2v

10v