A New Foreign PolicyTEACHER

Section 3

Setting the Scene

• 1900- U.S emerges as a world power• After McKinley’s assassination who takes power and

what is developed?• Theodore Roosevelt, Vice President, was now

President. • developed a foreign policy to support the nation's

new role in the world. • Under his leadership, the United States continued to

intervene in the affairs of countries that were of economic and strategic interest to the nation.

1901

• Teddy Roosevelt becomes youngest ever U.S president

• Republican Party• 42 years old• 26th president of the U.S

The Panama Canal

• What was the need for this? What was the purpose?

• Need for a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Link the two oceans:– making global shipping much faster and cheaper.– It would also allow the United States Navy to

move quickly from one ocean to the other in time of war.

Building the Canal• Describe. (ex. Ideal location, brief steps of development)• The Isthmus of Panama was an ideal location for such a route. • In 1879, a French company headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps had bought a 25-

year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. (A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.)

• Panamanian revolution against Colombia-revolt took place in November 1903 with U.S. warships waiting offshore to provide support for the rebels.

• The United States immediately recognized an independent Panama and became its protector.

• In return, Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in November 1903. • The treaty gave the United States a permanent grant of a 10-mile-wide strip of

land for a Canal Zone over which the United States would have complete sovereignty. In return, the Panamanians received a payment of $10 million.

• 11 years later canal was completed

Reaction to Canal

• Describe the reactions.• Panama Canal was acquired through dirty

tactics and Latin Americans had some ill will towards the U.S

• U.S would later pay the Columbian govt. 25 million for the canal

Roosevelt Corollary• Describe. What was it? • In December 1904 and 1905, Roosevelt issued messages to Congress

that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. In this corollary, or extension of a previously accepted idea, Roosevelt denied that the United States wanted any more territory.

• U.S would stop expansion• the U.S. government would intervene to prevent intervention from

other powers. This was the central point of the Roosevelt Corollary.

• Ex. DR goes bankrupt– Europe goes to collect money– U.S handles DR’s finances and pays debt

Roosevelt as Peacemaker• Chief concern was? Describe conflicts.• In Asia, the President's chief concern was to preserve an open door to trade

with China.• conflicts between Japan and Russia posed a threat to Asian security. • These conflicts came to a head in the Russo-Japanese War, which began in 1904.• As the war progressed it was clear that Japan's military power outmatched

Russia's. • Finally, after a key naval victory for Japan, Russia requested peace talks. • President Roosevelt had grown increasingly concerned over Japan's expanding

military power. • Japan had crushed China a decade earlier in the Sino-Japanese War and had

been growing stronger ever since. • He also saw potential problems resulting from certain policies then being

proposed in California that would discriminate against and exclude Japanese immigrants.

• August 1905, Roosevelt mediated a peace agreement to the Russo-Japanese War.

• Describe his persuasion, promise and his success.

• he persuaded Japan to be satisfied with small grants of land and control over Korea instead of a huge payment of money.

• He also secured a promise from Russia to vacate Manchuria, which remained part of China.

• Roosevelt succeeded in keeping trade in China open to all nations. His role as mediator won him the Nobel peace prize.

Foreign Policy After Roosevelt

• William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson continued the Roosevelt legacy, but each brought with them his own unique methods of diplomacy.

William Howard Taft• Elected 1908• Main foreign policy goals? Describe Dollar Diplomacy.• Taft's main foreign policy goals were to maintain the open door to Asia and

preserve stability in Latin America. • Preferred “substituting dollars for bullets.” (maintaining orderly societies

abroad through increased American investment in foreign economies). Although some of Taft's contemporaries mocked his approach, calling it dollar diplomacy, Taft himself later used this term with pride.

• Dollar Diplomacy was foreign policy– Called for the financial investment in infrastructures in other countries– Ex. Oil mines, roads, land, railroads

• It failed as China’s govt. collapsed in 1911• Latin American nations resent the U.S

Woodrow Wilson• American intervention in Mexico under President Woodrow Wilson led to even more anti-

American feeling in Latin America. • What was the Mexican Revolution? • two U.S. military interventions into Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.• In the first, at Veracruz in 1914, the president sought to influence the conflict by controlling

the flow of foreign military supplies to Mexico through its chief port. • In the second, the 1916 Punitive Expedition headed by Gen. John J. Pershing, Wilson tried to

eliminate the “problem” of Francisco “Pancho” Villa and satisfy public outrage in the United States against a Villista raid on Columbus, New Mexico.

• Poncho Villa crosses U.S border and kills 15 people in 1916• (peasant rebel leader Francisco “Pancho” Villa. Villa had once supported Carranza but now

opposed him and gathered his armed forces in his strongholds in northern Mexico)• Wilson sends U.S military into Mexico to find Villa• Angers Mexican govt.