A

MINOR PROJECT

REPORT

ON

“AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITING COUNTER”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2014-15

SUBMITTED TO:-

Mr.Vishnu Kr. Sharma

Asst. Prof. (ECE)

JIT,Jaipur

SUBMITTED BY:-

Neeraj Kumar,Kanhaiya Jha

JitendraAgrawal,Avkesh Joshi

Branch-ECE,(4th Year)

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Group of Institution, Jaipur

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

(GROUP OF INSTITUTION)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “Automatic Room Light

Controller With Bidirectional Visiting Counter” that is submitted by

“Neeraj Kumar, Kanhaiya Jha, Jitendra Agrawal, Avkesh Joshi”in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree B.Tech in

Department of “Electronics & Communication Engneering” of

Rajsthan Technical University, is a record of the candidate own work

carried out by him under my own supervision.The matter embodies in

thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other

degree.

Mr. Vishnu Kr. Sharma (PTS Coordinator) Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE JIT, Jaipur

Ms. Priyanka Agarwal (PTS Guide) HOD,ECE Dept. of ECE JIT, Jaipur

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,

JIT, Jaipur

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and

belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material

which to a substantial extend has been accepted for the award of the award of any other

degree or diploma of the university or other institute of the higher leaning except where due

acknowledgement has been made in the text.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my mentor Ast. Prof. Vishnu Sharma who

inspiration has been unfailingly available to me at all stages of my training.This has fueled

my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step into what was a totally dark

and unexplored expanse before me.I would like to thank Ms. Priyanka Agarwal H.O.D

Jit,Jaipur for his efforts, who was always ready with a positive comment, whether it was an

off-hand comment to encourage me or constructive piece of criticism.In course of present

work it has been my privilege to receive help and assistance of my friends. I take great

pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them.I wish to thank my parents for their undivided

support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I

would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends

who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the

things possible.

1. Introduction:-

The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons

visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can

know present number of persons. In today’s world, there is a continuous need for

automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for

developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.Also if at all one wants to know the

number of people present in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful.

This Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using

Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights

as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When

somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room

will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by

one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total

number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The

microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this

signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM.

Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object

pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this

obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller.

2. Circuit Diagram & Its Descriptions:-

2.1 Transmitter Circuit:-

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic

monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state

once triggered, but returns to its original state after a mcertain time delay. It got its name from

the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'. In this circuit, a

negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge

transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the

output (pin 3) level to 'high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop

is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's discharge

transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3

whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1. IR Transmission circuit is

used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to

generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the

o/p. around 1.4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low

when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.

2.2 Receiver Circuit:-

The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use

TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an

interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and

resistor in the circuit. I.e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is

configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the Port 1 of the microcontroller.

Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On

and Turn off Purpose.LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time

Relay will get Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when

counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller.

3. Block Diagram & Its description:-

The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light

controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following

essential blocks-

(i) Power Supply:-

Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide

the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay

driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides

the +5V dc regulated power supply.

(ii) Enter and Exit Circuits:-

This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the

person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR).

By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons.

(iii)89S52 Microcontroller:-

It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of

Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible

with the MCS-51TM

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program

memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory

programmer.By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel

AT89S52 is a powerful Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective

solution so many embedded control applications.

(iv) Relay Driver Circuit:-

This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices. In this block

mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using to control

the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further

energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its allotted

function

4. Hardware Design & Descriptions:-

4.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:

In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit

designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout. Then I

programmed the microcontroller using TOPVIEW SIMULATOR software using hex file.

Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the

circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the

process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to

conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the

desired results were obtained.

4.2 List of Components:

Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the Digital

Speedometer Cum Odometer:

Microcontroller – AT89S52

IC – 7805

Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)

Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA

Preset – 4.7K

Disc capacitor – 104,33pF

Reset button switch

Rectifier diode – IN4148

Transistor – BC 547, CL 100

7-Segment Display

4.3. Description of Components:-

4.3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s

high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51

instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed

in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a

versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel

AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective

solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard

features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,two data

pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full

duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52

is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software

selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,

timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down

mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions

until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

FEATURES:-

8 KB Reprogrammable flash.

32 Programmable I/O lines.

16 bit Timer/Counter—3.

8 Interrupt sources.

Power range: 4V – 5.5V

Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles

Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

Three level program memory lock

Power off flag

Full duplex UART serial channel

Low power idle and power down modes

Interrupt recovery from power down modes

256 KB internal RAM

Dual data pointer

4.3.2 TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR):-

The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode

and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter.

The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor.

TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major

transmission codes.

Features:

Photo detector and preamplifier in one package

Internal filter for PCM frequency

Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance

TTL and CMOS compatibility

Output active low

Low power consumption

High immunity against ambient light

Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)

Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst

4.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):

The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation.

Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay

mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.

For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are

accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be

triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to

200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Features:

Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

Timing from microseconds through hours

Operates in both astable and monostable modes

Adjustable duty cycle

Output can source or sink 200 mA

Output and supply TTL compatible

Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C

Normally on and normally off output

Available in 8-pin MSOP package

Applications:

Precision timing

Pulse generation

Sequential timing

Time delay generation

Pulse width modulation

Pulse position modulation

Linear ramp generator

4.3.4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display):-

The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit seven-segment display. This device

utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and has a red

face and red segment.

Features:

Common Anode

0.52 Inch Digit Height

Continuous Uniform Segments

Low power Requirement

Excellent Characters Appearance

High Brightness & High Contrast

Wide Viewing Angle

4.3.5. LM7805 (Voltage Regulator):-

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the

TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide

range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down

and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is

provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage

regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable

voltages and currents.

Features:

Output Current up to 1A

Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

Thermal Overload Protection

Short Circuit Protection

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

4.3.6 RELAY CIRCUIT:-

A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the microcontroller

through a driver transistor.The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma,which

cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to

operate the external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other

electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes

high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode

on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases.

LED L2 indicates relay on.

5. Testing & Results:-

We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward

the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like component

selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We started

our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main

circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like

component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also,

then refer the data books and other materials related to its.I had issues with better or correct result,

which I desired. And also the software problem.I also had some soldering issues which

were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.We had issues with better or

correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem. We also had some soldering

issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.We started

testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V

from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.As the solder was

shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805.also the circuit part around the

IC7805 were completely damaged..with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.

FUTURE EXPANSION:-

By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications Such as

fans, tube lights, etc.

By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing

the door.

6.APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Application

o For counting purposes

o For automatic room light control

Advantages

o Low cost

o Easy to use

o Implement in single door

Disadvantages

o It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be

used when two person cross simultaneously.