A Milk Production With Crop-Residue in Sri Lanka

7/27/2019 A Milk Production With Crop-Residue in Sri Lanka

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Milk Production with Crop-residue in Sri Lanka

D.V.S.de S Gamage1,2

Abstract

The significance of Dry zone (DZ) farmers ability to prodce more mil! "ith fe"er inpts ispoorly captred in official statistics. So mch so, that the fact that mil! collection and prodctionin the rainy season is lo"er than in the dry season has not been re#ealed in any of the earlierstdies. Therefore, it is it is important to identify the reasons for this nderperformance.The nderperformance in mil! prodction especially in the cropping season re$iresnderstanding as a considerable poplation of crop farmers in the DZ raises li#estoc! as aneconomic asset. %o"e#er li#estoc! is not a priority as the paddy and crop clti#ation. &roppingacti#ities limits the farmers time for tending li#estoc! therefore these animals are relocated inareas otside the cropping land.This nderperformance identified in the feeding calender is de to the seasonality of spply ofcrop by'prodcts, "here in the cropping season reside remains ndertilized. large portion ofthe resides is brned in field primarily to clear the field from stra" and stbble. iomassbrning is one of the note"orthy cases of global "arming and poses problems for hmanhealth. *ice clti#ation yields +.- metric tons of Dry atter (D) per hectare annally "herepart of it is sed for soil impro#ement. The total annal D for body maintenance re$irementof cattle, bffalo and goat poplation in the DZ is /.- million metric tons. 0t can be met by thecrop'reside and it "ill spport an increased and continos mil! prodction throghot theyear. %o"e#er, commercial tilization of paddy stra" can only be promoted as a good feedresorce for rminants by densifying to facilitate handling in to standard bales, high compactionbales, sper high density bales, cbes, and pellets as the bl!iness of paddy stra" dictates thisprocess.The second is the disrption of the mil! collection net"or! de to the remoteness of therelocated areas dring the cropping season. 0f the mil! prodction is three times more dring thedry period, "ith proper measres ta!en to rectify the feed a#ailability throghot the year ande1pansion of the mil! collecting net"or!, the "et season cold prodce doble the amont ofmil! in the drier season.

Key words: Dry zone, il! prodction, 2eeding calendar, &rop'resideand mil! collection

I. Introduction

t a time "hen Sri 3an!a is once again trning its attention to mil! prodction, this stdy

e1amines the mil! prodction sector from a different perspecti#e. 4hile a#ailable e#idence

indicates that most li#estoc! prodce in Sri 3an!a is from the DZ, it is poorly captred in official

statistics, and its importance is not properly recognized. 0ndeed, "hat constittes DZ li#estoc!

prodction is itself often poorly defined. 0n this !no"ledge #acm, transformati#e inter#ention

5ailing address 6snilgamage/7789gmail.com

22ormer Depty Director (Veterinary *esearch) Veterinary *esearch 0nstitte, Department of nimal :rodction and %ealth, 2ormer ;ational

&oordinator 6 nimal Genetic *esorces 2< =Sri 3an!a, ;ational &onsltant 2 ?Dairy &attle @ ffalo 0mpro#ement:roAectB (/757'/755), 3i#estoc! Specialist ' C0& Sr#ey Team (/75/) for ?The :reparatory Sr#ey on the :roAect for 0mpro#ement ofgricltre :rodction and :rodcti#ity in Dry Zone areas.B
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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for de#eloping the li#estoc! sector is in danger being off target or e#en damaging. Sccessfl

agricltral de#elopment in the DZ depends on li#estoc!, "hich is one of its important

sbsectors. nderstanding ho" e1isting li#estoc! systems in DZ contribte to secring

li#elihoods and the "ider economy is fndamental to this de#elopment. Go#ernment policy on

mil! for the last se#eral decades has been to decrease the reliance on imported mil! po"der. The

inter#entions sed to achie#e this goal are, to introdce the mil! prodction trait into the local

cattle poplation, impro#e animal health ser#ice pro#ision, dissemination of information and the

mil! mar!eting aspect. %o"e#er, "ith all these inter#entions the spply of local mil! prodction

has not !ept pace "ith the steady gro"th in demand. %ence, to meet this shortfall mil! and mil!

prodcts "ere imported at the rate of a 8.8>E annal gro"th from 5F+- to /75/, or from 7,777

to +,+5+ metric tons (D&@S /75/). Het the policy ma!ers contine to strengthen these

inter#entions "ithot loo!ing for other possibilities to increase local mil! prodction. 0n the

absence of comprehensi#e data on DZ prodction and its #ale chains, "e se a#ailable

information to calclate catios estimates. %ence, most data and information pro#ided to policy

ma!ers are estimated and speclati#e figres, "here the crrent le#el of prodction can be mch

lesser than estimated.

oreo#er a /77E increase in mil! price "as obser#ed from /777 to /75/ and this cold "orsen

"ith global "arming and climate #ariability e1perienced "orld o#er. %ence, it is crcial that Sri

3an!a needs to boost its local mil! prodction to meet the increasing demand in the cheapest

possible "ay. %o"e#er, e#en "ithot mch financial and infrastrctre inter#entions to the DZ

from the pri#ate sector or the go#ernment, it has spplied 8> E of the national mil! and 87E of

the national rminant meat dring the past se#eral decades ha#ing >.7E (87,-+7), 88.8E

(5-5,-+) and +.E (/-,F+8) proportion of the cattle, goat and bffalo poplations

respecti#ely (D:% /77+). 0t is a gross nderperformance as the li#estoc! sector has the

potential to ma!e it more than doble the prodction in the DZ. This stdy is an attempt initially

to identify the root case of nderperformance in this area. 3i#estoc! in the DZ prodces all this

mil! and meat by consming poor $ality annal and perennial grass, bro"sing #egetation, and

nonfood biomass from crop reside, "hile the prodction for this consmption is not considered

in determining the efficiency of land and "ater. %o"e#er, this area has the potential to doble its

mil! and meat prodction "ithin the ne1t three years "ith prposefl in#estments. This increase

in prodction is possible, "hen comparing the prposefl in#estments from the pri#ate sector


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"ith partial spport from the Go#ernment ha#e increased the annal maize prodction of >7,777

m. tons in /77- to 587,777 m. tons by /755 primarily from the DZ (D&@S /75/).

0t shold be highlighted that the DZ li#estoc! prodce is achie#ed throgh minimm inpt of

e1ternal resorces. The DZ is a #alable resorce to animal prodction on condition that its

li#estoc! ha#e access to feed resorces "hich are not a#ailable to its 4et zone conterparts. The

DZ system of rminant li#estoc! rearing, se the en#ironment in a fndamentally different "ay

than that of intensi#e mono'gastric animals for food. Therefore this system "or!s "ith

en#ironmental friendliness rather than against it. %ence, genine li#estoc! prodction in the DZ

can only happen by ta!ing this difference into accont rather than importing off'the'shelf

Imodernity that ignores local systems of prodction.

Dry one

Sri 3an!a is di#ided into three zones based on agro'climatic conditions. The Dry Zone (DZ)

co#ering "hole of ;orthern and Jastern areas and some parts of the Soth and 4est consisting

8.-E or >,55,+5 hectares, and the 0ntermediate Zone (0Z) 5.E or +5,5+/ hectares and the

4et Zone (4Z) together ha#e /.-E or 5,-/>,-5/ hectares of the land area (gricltre censs

/77+). Total land area in Caffna, Kilinochchi, llaiti#, Va#nia, annar, nrdhapra,

:olonnar"a, Trincomalee, and atticaloa districts are in the DZ "hereas, F-E, 87E and -E of

mpara, onaragala and adlla districts respecti#ely are in the DZ. %o"e#er, some parts in

mpara (-E), oneragala (+E) and adlla (FE) are in the 0ntermediate Zone.


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!i"ure # and $: A%era"e Monthly &ain'all pattern and Potential (%apotranspiration in the

Dry one(Shinogi et al 5FF+)

3o" rainfall copled "ith high potential e#apotranspiration (:JT) rates in the DZ reslt in

negati#e annal "ater balances occrring in all DZ districts (see 2igre /). &onse$ently,

farmers e1perience "ater deficits for mch of the year limiting the rain'fed gro"ing period to

less than 5-7 days per year and e1tensi#e habitation is only possible "here "ater is stored for

irrigation.

II. Material and Method

This is a reslt of an e1tensi#e analysis of primary data deri#ed from the Department of &enss

and Statistics, Department of nimal :rodction and %ealth and the Department of gricltre,

concrrently "ith information dra"n from t"o field sr#eys. The first field stdy inclded

collection of secondary data from the central and pro#incial go#ernment and pri#ate sector

"hereas, the second field sr#ey "as to collect data from the farming commnity, grass root

le#el ser#ice pro#iders, inpt sppliers and mar!eting agents. 2inally the inter#ention approaches

"ere de#eloped tilizing the abo#e data and detailed discssed in detail "ith specialists fromrespecti#e areas and thereafter analyzed the information and data and inter#entions "ere

de#eloped.

III. )nderper'or*ance

&rop prodction initiates "ith rains or "ith the a#ailability of tan! "ater in the DZ and har#est at

the end of the season, bt animal prodcts sch as egg, mil! and meat are prodced throghot

the year. %o"e#er, past stdies highlighted the fact that there is a seasonal #ariation in national

mil! collection and prodction, "here it "as reflected by the monthly #ariation in mil!

procrement. This is sho"n in bo1 no 5 (0brahim et al 5FFF) belo" and the seasonal #ariation

pattern is confirmed in figre "ith monthly mil! collection from /77 to /77F.

;ational monthly mil! collection from year /77 to year /77F confirms the #ariation "ithin the

year sho"n by 0brahim et al (5FFF). %o"e#er it is different "hen pro#incial data is ta!en


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separately. This is sho"n in figres to +. 0s this #ariation de to seasonal changes in the Dry

and *ainy seasons in both 4et and Dry zonesL J#en thogh the rainfall dring the recent past

has been different from the past centry still the predictable rainfall can be obser#ed in both

zones.

+o, #: Seasonal ariation in Milk

!i"ure : Seasonal %ariation in Milk $// - $//0

!i"ure 1: Monthly %ariation in Milk Collection2 #003 4 #005nother important inflence on mil! prodction and the srplses potentially a#ailable for collection andmar!eting is the seasonality of mil! spply. Some of this #ariation is captred by the monthly #ariation in mil!procrement a#eraged o#er the last for years (5FF>'5FFM 2igre -). The seasonal pattern is similar for bothall island and 03&< collection, "ith more mil! spplied to the processing mar!et in ay, Cne and Cly,implying that prodction of mil! is higher dring this period. (0brahim et al (5FFF)


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7

(ay to 7 to sbse$ent year "ee! 58 there is ample amont of

moistre for crop and grass gro"th. 0n fact there is an e1cess of soil moistre for a lsh gro"th

of #egetation. to (C0& /75/),

"hich needs no elaboration. 0t is the Jastern pro#ince that had the highest #ariation as compared

to other DZ pro#inces.

!i"ure 3: (P Milk Collection and Soil *oisture le%el

Plenty o'

"rass with

rain but

less *ilk


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2rthermore, the monthly mil! collection graphs in ;orth &entral :ro#ince and #a :ro#ince

sho" a similar trend li!e the Jastern pro#ince bt "ith lesser #ariation. ;orth 4estern pro#ince

too has the same trend bt "ith e#en less #ariation.

!i"ure 1: 6CP Milk Collection !i"ure 7: )%aP Milk Collection

%o"e#er, it is clear that the monthly mil! collection dring the rainy season "hich shold sho"

a high mil! prodction de to the abndance of fresh grass and bro"sing feed for cattle and

bffalo is disrpted de to some reason. This "as not obser#ed in earlier stdies as all this

pro#incial data "as pooled to a single graph.

!i"ure 5: 68P Milk Collection and Soil *oisture le%el

ery dry

no "rass

but *ore

*ilk


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0t is intriging to obser#e that the difference in the DZ pro#inces monthly mil! collection graph

istotally different from the pooled national monthly mil! collection graphs sho"n in bo1 5 and

figre /.


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Production loss due to seasonal underper'or*ance

The follo"ing table sho"s the estimated prodction loss deri#ed from monthly #ariation in mil!

collection from /77 to /77F by ilco :#t. 3td. national 3oss of 5/./E is obser#ed.

%o"e#er, the proportion of the DZ loss is 8./E.

;able 3: (sti*ated Milk Production loss due to seasonal %ariation

Pro%ince District ;otal Milk Production

loss Liters < year

Percent loss

Pro%ince District

&entral 2$3/259$ +.FE

Kandy /,75+,/ -.-E

atale F8,5>+ /.8E

;"ara Jliya 5,5>F,>F8 .5E

Jastern #25/327/3

5.1=

mpara /,F58,+F +.7E

atticaloa ,8+,>- /5.ETrincomalee /,88+, .E

;orth &entral 72992#// #5.1=

nradhapra >,>>>,5/5 5/./E

:olonnar"a +>8,F8F /.E

;orth 4estern 323125$3 #$.$=

Krnegala /,>7-,++- 8.8E

:ttalam 5,F58,+F7 -./E

Sabaragam"a 39$290/ 5.E

Kegalle +8,+F7 7./E

*atnapra >5,/>- 5./E

Sothern #2132#$1 .E

#a 729072/1# #9.0=

Total 3oss 8,-/7,/F

;ational3oss

5/./E


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This national loss in mil! prodction is based only on the nderperformance in collecting mil!

from the DZ dring the "et period "hen there is an abndant amont of li#estoc! feed.

%o"e#er, the effect of the loss of re#ene to farmers can ha#e a maAor impact on ftre mil!

prodction in the DZ. nnal loss in re#ene per farmer is calclated in Table no. -.

;able 1: (sti*ated Annual Loss in &e%enue per 'ar*er due to seasonal underper'or*ance

The significance of DZ farmers ability to prodce more mil! "ith fe"er inpts is poorlycaptred in official statistics and is misnderstood. So mch so, that the fact that mil! collection

and prodction in the rainy season is lo"er than in the dry season has not been re#ealed in any

earlier stdies. Therefore, the importance of this "ill not only bear pre economic losses to

farmers bt "ill also case a national conse$ential economic loss to the dairy indstry. 0n the

first instance this is de to the loss of prodction of cattle not performing to its ma1imm genetic

Districts

#erageDaily

:rodction (lts) per&o" orbffalo

Daily:rodction =animal after

nder'performance

(lts)

0ncome perday 4=+ 8F.77 8.>5 /.-/ 5>-F./

Krnegala 5.+F/ 5.8 F>.87 ++.8 /.57 >+-./

:ttalam 5.5F 5.55 -F.8- -8.-- /.// /-5.F

adlla /.7F- 5.8FF 57>.- +>.F- 5.8- 55F/.5Foneragala 5./+ 5.7>5 8>.5- -/.7 5.-8 8F7.87

Kandy .>-8 ./88 5/.+7 58.7 5.-5 -/+.5

atale /./-- /.5F8 55/.- 57F.+/ 5.88 58./7

;"araJliya .8 .>77 +5.+- 7.75 5.+ -F8/.>

mpara 5./8/ 5.585 8.57 -+.7- /.>7 >>//.7-

atticaloa 5./+ 5.7>- 88.>7 -/./8 .>- 5+7F.+/

Trincomalee 7.+58 7.-8 >7.+7 .+/ .>- -7.--

;ational 5.-+F 5.F- F.>- 8F.8 /.7 /.>

ased on 2arm registration /77+ (D:%) and ilco data *s 5 N S O 57


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potential (colmn / @ 6 table -) and in the second, the continity of dairy farming depends on

the performance of the herd as an nderperforming herd may discorage farmers, and the loss of

interest in dairy farming as a bsiness, de to poor economic trno#er. These reasons may be

considered as constrains by the e1isting farming commnity and those intending to enter the

dairy sector. Het policy ma!ers contine modes of inter#entions that ha#e not had mch sccess

in increasing mil! prodction. They shold loo! to alternati#e possibilities. 2or this prpose it is

important to identify the reasons for this nderperformance.

I. &easons 'or underper'or*ance0t "as re#ealed that the mil! collection and prodction in the rainy season is lo"er than in the

dry period. This information has not been discssed in any of the past stdies and reports on mil!

prodction in Sri 3an!a. Therefore, this part is to illstrate the reasons for nderperformance in

mil! prodction especially in the "et period, so that remedial measres cold be introdced to

rectify this sitation. 0t "ill pro#ide more technical information to pro#ide an insight to impro#e

mil! prodction in the DZ, stressing the fact that the DZ prodces 8>E of the nations mil! and

87E of the rminant meat "ith fe"er inpts "hile a sizable poplation is practicing mi1ed crop

li#estoc! farming system. sizable poplation in DZ is ha#ing mi1ed farming system.

Table 8P &rop'3i#estoc! 2arming System 6 Dry atter Spply

i1ed 2arming System 6 *minants

Co*ponents Source o' supply Constrains

Grazing

nirrigated%ighland Seasonal se for crop clti#ation

Vills *estricted entry, in#asi#e alien "eed species and highstoc!ing density of "ild life

Grazing land arginal areas in neglected pastre land "ith insffientdry matter yeild and poor "ater a#ailabilityGrass land

Scrb land

2orest Jntry prohibited

&rop reside

&ropping land 'irrigated

%igh a#ailability dring cropping season, "asted andndertilized, and bl!iness of reside is a constraint.echanized har#esting

&ropping land 'rainfed

%igh a#ailability dring rain season

&t and carry ;on'tilized landarond croppingarea

0mproper har#esting cases "astage in grasses, legmesand bro"sing plants

2eed from farm 2oliage and poor$ality material

npredictable amont


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and e1tensi#e habitation is only possible "here "ater is stored for irrigation. This is illstrated

clearly in Table 5. %o"e#er, from Standard "ee! >7 to sbse$ent year "ee! 58 there is ample

amont of moistre for crop and grass gro"th. 0n fact there is an e1cess of soil moistre for a

lsh gro"th of #egetation. %ence, the reasons for lo" mil! prodction and collection dring this

period are illstrated in the feeding calendar (chart 5).

!eedin" calendar

This feeding calendar is specifically for li#estoc! in the DZ. t the commencement of the aha

season, initially the cattle are restricted to paddoc! areas as farmers barely ha#e time to attend to

them "ith the initiation of land preparation. %o"e#er, after the land preparation is o#er these

animals are herded to marginal areas "here they are able to graze freely. These marginal areas

are neglected pastre land "ith a small amont of #egetation. %o"e#er they get more feed than

"hen they "ere restricted to paddoc!s. 3i#estoc! prodcts are the main otpts of these

scrblands, grasslands and sparsely sed croplands in the DZ. These are marginal lands "ith

#ery poor soil profiles and dearth of "ater. %ence to prodce food crops a sbstantial

e1penditre "ill be re$ired. These areas ha#e not been tilized for any other sector bt for

grazing li#estoc! dring the cropping seasons. Scrbland has a lo" gro"ing #egetation "ith

more than -7E scrb co#erage, inclding trees, "hereas, the grasslands are open par! contry

"ith less than -7E scrb co#erage (Damana and Sa#annah) Vills and other temporarily flooded

plains and :atana 6 p contry grassland.

These are only sed for grazing cattle.


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&esidue

usa"e

Crop

residue

wasted

Brass and 'odder residue wasted in

crop culti%ation area

Crop residue

wasted

Crop residue

a%ailable 'or

consu*ption

Depleted a*ounts o'

crop residue

a%ailable 'or

consu*ption

Crop residue

wasted

Standard

week

>7'> >>'> >+'-/ 5'> -'+ F'5/ 5'5 5+'5F /5 //'/- /8'7 5'> -'F

Snil Gamage (/75/)

%o"e#er, in most cases these lands are tilized for li#estoc! grazing dring the cropping season.

rond /+.E of the land area in Sri 3an!a is nder these three land se types. 2rthermore, the

districts in the DZ areas consisting of o#er t"o thirds of the total land ha#e 8/.8E from sparsely

sed crop land, +7E from scrbland and -E from grassland. The DZ contains /,>/ hectares

grassland, 8-/,F/ hectares paddy and ++8,8/ hectares scrbland that can annally prodce 5.7

metric tons = hectare, /.7 metric tons = hectare and 7.- metric tons = hectare respecti#ely. These

areas if properly maintained ha#e the potential to prodce more than doble the crrent biomass

prodction "hich can be sed for feeding li#estoc!.

Croppin" and li%estock

&rop clti#ation limits the farmers time for tending li#estoc! and these animals are relocated in

areas otside the cropping land dring this period to pre#ent crop damage by li#estoc!. The mil!

prodction drops from standard "ee! > to sbse$ent years standard "ee! 5F. 0t is dring this

period (5-7 days) that most animals are !ept otside cropping areas and they are pro#ided "ith#ery little feed and "ater. Sch e1tensi#e farming "hich is predominant in the DZ, re$iring this

relocation, pre#ents li#estoc! from consming ade$ate amont of feed re$ired for body

maintenance and gro"th, mil! prodction and mil! collection. nimals so relocated "ill only be

broght bac! standard "ee! 5F or /7 after the har#est "here they ha#e access to crop resides

consisting of stra", stbble and ratoon (green re'gro"th of the crop) "hich can be grazed.

3i#estoc! is allo"ed to consme crop reside and grass only bet"een standard "ee! 5 to //,

"here the mil! collection and prodction are #ery high.

Cattle population

The rminant poplation in the DZ consists of large rminants (cattle and bffalo) and small

rminants (goat), "here, cattle and bffalo are grazers and goat are grazers as "ell as bro"sers.

:rodction systems discssed in o1 / to > (C0& /75/) indicate nderperformance clearly as

far as mil! prodction is concerned. %o"e#er, the prodcti#ity of these systems is higher than


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The interesting fact is that a large nmber of farms (>+./E in the DZ and >+.FE in the 4Z) gi#e

no mil! (Table F) and more homesteads "ith bffaloes in the 4Z fall in to this category. The

reason may be that ploghing in paddy fields is carried ot "ith bffaloes "hen in the DZ

mechanization of paddy clti#ation started three or for decades ago.

;able 0: !ar*s with no *ilk production DAP $//9E

:roportion from total ;mbers

Zone &attle ffalo &attle ffalo

Dry .E /5.5E /F.E //.7E

4et >.+E >.7E 5.-E >.5E

*apid crossbreeding "ith genes contribting to the mil! prodction trait "ill increase mil!

prodction and "ill also increase the demand for feed, both concentrates and roghages.

&rossbred cattle poplation in the DZ "ill increase de to the impro#ement in the ser#ice

co#erage by the Department of nimal :rodction and %ealth (D:%). Table 57 depicts theproportion of crossbreds in each farm type. 0t clearly sho"s that farmers ha#ing smaller farms in

the DZ ha#e accepted rtificial 0nsemination to breed. 3arge herds consisting of mostly

indigenos cattle also located in remote areas soght natral breeding. %o"e#er there is no large

#ariation in a#erage indi#idal mil! prodction sho"n in Table , despite the increased

crossbreds in smaller nits.

;able #/: Proportion o' crossbred cattle and bu''alo DAP $//9E

0tem Zone

bo#e

577liters

- to

FF.Fliters

-7 to

>.Fliters

/- to

>F.Fliters

57 to

/>.Fliters

- to

F.Fliters

7.5 to

>.Fliters

;omil! Total

&attleDry 5+.E >.-E /8.8E >/.5E -7.+E -5.5E .E 8.>E >5.>E

4et FF.7E FF.E +>.>E F-.E F/.>E +>.+E -/.FE 8+.8E -.+E

ffaloDry F.+E ++.>E +.E ++.7E +-.5E +-.5E +.+E F5.7E +.8E

4et F>.-E F>.8E F./E +.8E +>.FE +8.5E ++.-E >.5E +7.+E

4e mst remember that rice prodction and crop clti#ation are the main farming acti#ities of

almost all farmers rearing li#estoc!. Their only insrance for crop failre de to droght, floods,

mar!et price flctations and dring ci#il nrest is li#estoc!. 2rthermore mil! is in demand and

the DZ farmers are definitely able to prodce the total national re$irement pro#ided t"o !ey

areas contribting to nderperformance are addressed by the go#ernment or pri#ate sector.

The first maAor setbac! is that li#estoc! is depri#ed of ade$ate Dry atter (D) initially for

body maintenance dring the cropping season and then for mil! prodction dring the other

period. The bl! of li#estoc! feed resorces comes from grazing poor $ality annal and


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perennial grasses on cropping area dring the off'season and o#ergrazed and rapidly depleting

pastre land dring the cropping season. DZ li#estoc! farmers ha#e cstomarily tilized

measres sch as feeding stored crop by'prodcts to li#estoc! dring these difficlt periods.

considerable amont is "asted in the DZ thogh. The problem sally encontered "ith crop by'

prodcts is the seasonality of spply. Het, in the "et season, there is e1cess feed. These areas can

pro#ide ade$ate feed throghot the year. 0f the mil! prodction is three times more dring the

dry period, "ith proper measres ta!en to rectify the feed a#ailability throghot the year and

e1pansion of the mil! collecting net"or!, the "et season cold prodce doble the amont of

mil! in the drier season. The second is the disrption of the mil! collection net"or! de to the

remoteness of the relocated areas dring the cropping season.

. Proposed Inter%entions

The reasons for nderperformance in mil! prodction in the DZ is de to the #ariance in feeddistribtion thoghot the year. The feeding calendar specifies that the feed a#ailability for DZ

rminants change "ith season. Dring the clti#ation period li#estoc! is relocated in marginal

land or poor grazing lands "ith limited feed resorces e#en in the rainy period as these pastre

lands are o#ergrazed and ha#e not been ade$ately maintained for se#eral decades. %o"e#er,

dring the off'season these animals are broght bac! to the clti#ation area Ast after the rice and

crop har#est to graze in stbble, ratoon crop and crop reside a#ailable in large $antities.

2armers ha#e cstomarily tilized measres sch as feeding stored crop by'prodcts to li#estoc!

dring this period. %o"e#er a considerable amont is "asted in the DZ and not a#ailable dring

the cropping period for feeding li#estoc!. The problem sally encontered "ith crop by'

prodcts a#ailable in large $antities, is that in the "et season there is too mch feed bt remains

ntilized.

*ice is the predominant crop in Sri 3an!a, especially in the DZ "here Ast o#er 8-7,777 hectares

are gro"n. *ice clti#ation yields +.- metric tons of Dry atter per hectare annally. *ice

stra" "hen left in fields after grain har#est conser#es soil organic matter and ntrients, decreases

"ater rnoff and increases infiltration, decreases e#aporation and controls "eeds. These "ill

spport sbse$ent crop yields as abot /-E of nitrogen, /-E phosphors, -7E of slphr and

-E of potassim pta!e by rice crop is retained in resides, ma!ing them #alable sorces of

ntrients. %o"e#er, a large portion of the reside is brned in field primarily to clear the field

from stra" and stbble. The main reason for brning crop resides is to eradicate insect pests


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and rodents ' bt some farmers persist in brning ot of sheer habit. 0n the de#eloped "orld,

brning has recently gone ot of fashion, as farmers ha#e realized that #alable ntrients and

organic matter are permanently lost in this "ay. 0ndeed, according to nger (5FF7), crop

resides represent abot half the ntrients e1ported throgh the prodction of grain, fibre or nt

crops. They shold not, therefore, be "asted.

iomass brning is one of the note"orthy global cases of atmospheric aerosols and trace gas

emissions, "hich has a maAor inflence on climate and hman health. The main reasons for

brning crop resides in field inclde na#ailability of labor, high cost in remo#ing the resides

and se of combine har#esters "ithot baling facility in paddy clti#ation. The problem is se#ere

in irrigated and mechanized rice clti#ation bt can be a#oided. 2armers in DZ dispose of a large

part of rice stra" by brning in situ. rning of crop resides leads to

5. *elease of soot particles and smo!e casing hman health problemsM

/. Jmission of greenhose gases (G%Gs) ' &


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-,+F,78

#ailability illion tons -.+F

*efP C0& /75/

*minants in mi1ed animal'crop prodction system in the DZ play an important part. These

rminants themsel#es largely rely on crop reside as feed. The scarcity of land and the trend of

sstainable agricltral de#elopment demands better tilization of crop resides in general and

rice stra" in particlar for rminant feeding. &on#ersely, rminants maintained on crop reside

do not compete for hman edible food, arable land tilized for hman food, irrigated "ater

tilized for hman food prodction and time of e1tension staff in hman edible food prodction.

The total annal dry matter re$irement for body maintenance for rminants in the DZ is /.-/

million metric tons (table 5/). 0n fact the only cost factor in con#erting these crop reside is

processing it to an edible feed.;able #$: De*and 'or crop reside by *ilkin" cows in the Dry one

Type ;mber Total nimalnits

nnal D need forbody maintenance(.tons)

&attle F/+,77 +/,/+ 5,+5,75/

ffalo /5+F-F /87,7/> -/,7-/

Goat //>,>-/ //,7/> >+,>-

5,55>,/8 /,-5,-5

Demand illion metric tons /.-/

*efP C0& /75/

The crrent a#ailability of crop'reside after soil impro#ement is arond -7E of the demand for

D need for body maintenance. %o"e#er, DZ can ha#e more animals "ith higher prodction

"ith D a#ailability from crop reside and herbage from areas not tilized for crop prodction

sho"n in the follo"ing Table 5.

;able #: Land use 4 Dry one dry *atter a%ailability

;o. &ategory rea(S$. Km)

%ectares Dryatter (.

tons)

E sagepossible

Da#ailability

(.tons)5 :addy 8,-/F 8-/,F77 -,5/,+- -7E ,+F,78

/ n'irrigated highland ,/-7 /-,777 /-,777 >7E 57,777

Vills -77 -7,777 /77,777 7E 87,777

> %erbage from grazing land 5/77 5/7,777 5/7,777 +7E F8,777

- Grassland /> /,>77 /,>77 87E 58,>>7

8 2orest 5>,-7 5,>-7,77 -,+7/,+77 7E '

Sand /57 /5,777 ' 7E '


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+ Scrb +,+88 ++8,877 5,/F,F77 /7E /8-,F+7

F ,+ >+,77 ' 7E '

Total >-,85 >,-8,577 5,-5,F- >,>7,>+

The DZ can maintain a mch larger crossbred poplation "ith efficient se of crop reside.

%o"e#er these areas are dominated by indigenos types mainly reared for meat prpose. The

indigenos type cattle are acclimatized to the harsh dry condition and they cold "ithstand

shortages of feed p to -E of reglar feed inta!e. They are the main spply of meat and also are

the fondation stoc! for crossbreeding "ith 0ndian types as a first cross, prior to introdcing

Jropean blood. The cattle poplation crosses are sho"n belo" (Table 5>).

;able #3: Crossbred cattle population

Type DZ 6 ;&:,;4:,J: @ #a Sabaragam"a, S:, &: and 4:

Jropean crosses 5-.E -5.5E0ndian crosses 5.E 58.>E

3ocal types 8.7E /.-E

*efP D:% /77+

The a#erage prodction per co" per day in the DZ is 5.F5 liters, "hereas in other areas it is .>

liters. This prodction can be increased if crop'reside is tilized efficiently by the DZ farmers.

&rop'reside tilization is not ne" to Sri 3an!a. 0t "as one of the strategies by the crop'li#estoc!

farming commnity to maintain large herds of cattle and bffalo. Sbse$ently inter#entions

introdced to impro#e the $ality of these crop'resides to the mi1ed farming commnity ha#e

not been a sccess e#en after three or for decades. T"o international le#el "or!shops for the

e1tension ser#ice and for trainers on feeding crop'reside and crop byprodcts "ere held in the

5F+7s.

:eriod Sponsor Sorce

5 6 // pril 5F+ stralian De#elopment ssistance rea Doyle 5F+>

/>'/+ arch 5F+8 The ;etherlands 0brahim and Schiere 5F+8

The decisions may not be based on economic reasons. ;o technology is "orth"hile if it is not

adopted by intended sers. rea treatment is not generally sed by the farmers e#en in #illages

"here it "as intensi#ely promoted by researchers and e1tension "or!ers. 2armers find the

treatment too technical and cmbersome to follo". The reason may be that these farmers

consider it an incon#enience to implement these practices sch as the rea treatment of stra" as

li#estoc! is not considered a real priority o#er paddy and crop clti#ation. combined strategy


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for mil! prodction and staple crop (rice) prodcti#ity gro"th e1ploits the close lin!age bet"een

the t"o sectors and "old ha#e the strongest income mltipliers and entreprenerial

de#elopment acti#ities. *emo#al of paddy stra" and its con#ersion to a mar!etable prodct can

be percei#ed as potentially a good farm practice that "ill boost the economics of the maAor crop

prodct in Sri 3an!a. %o"e#er, commercial tilization of paddy stra" can only be promoted as a

good feed resorce for rminants.

There are t"o types of machines based on their capacities for collection of stra", they are,

a.achine on an a#erage is 7.> hectares per hor "hile operating speed of /.- !m per hor, and

the stra" reco#ery is abot --'87E

b. achine monted "ith rectanglar container to collect chopped stra" "ith a capacity of 7

!g per hor.

l!iness of stra" reside dictates densifying in to standard bales, high compaction bales, sper

high density bales, cbes, and pellets. The sitable form of densification depends pon the

mar!et for "hich resides are destined, length of hal, commerce reglations, and a#ailable

handling facilities both en rote and at final destination. achinery is a#ailable in the follo"ingformsP

;able #1: Densi'ied bales

2orm of Densification #erage l! Density

Standard F7 to 5/- !g = &bic meter

%igh density 587 to //- !g = &bic meter

Sper high density -57 to -- !g = &bic meter


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Standard densification is sfficient if paddy stra" is tilized for animal feed. &on#erting paddy

stra" in to a formlated feed spply re$ires frther processing sch as chopping and mi1ing of

added ingredients li!e dried fodder by tilizing a Total i1ed *ation machine (T*) and

sbse$ently pelleting.

This form "ill not only increase the shelf life of crop reside bt also increase the ntriti#e

le#els.

I. Conclusion

This introdction "ill ha#e the similar impact of de#eloping formlated rations for poltry in the

early 5F87s "ith the establishment of the


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&e'erence#. V* :nya"ardena (5FF+) :hD Thesis. 3incoln ni#ersity, ;e" Zealand

$. Department of &enss and Statistics (/75/)

. 2arm *egistration /77+, Department of nimal :rodction and %ealth

3. &enss of gricltre /77/, Department of &enss and Statistics

1. Shinogi.,H. M0.4.a!inM and D.D.:.4itharana (5FF+) Simlation of "ater balance in a dry

zone cascade. :aper presented at the ;ational &onference of the stats and ftre direction of

"ater research in Sri 3an!a. ;o#. >'8, 5FF+ at 0&%, Sri 3an!a

7. 0brahim, .;.., S.C. Stall, S.3. .Danial and 4.Thrope (5FFF) ppraisal of the Sri 3an!a

Dairy Sector, Vol /P ain *eport, September 5FFF, &olombo Sri 3an!a page F

5. ilco onthly il! &ollection data from /77 to /77F

9. C0& report for ?The :reparatory Sr#ey on the :roAect for 0mpro#ement of gricltre

:rodction and :rodcti#ity in Dry Zone areasB (/75/)

0. V* :nya"ardena (5FF+) :hD Thesis, 3incoln ni#ersity, ;e" Zealand

#/. Can Domingo Sal (/77) 0ncreasing the *ole of *minant nimals in the 4orld 2ood

System. Dept of pplied Jconomics, St :al &amps 6 ni#ersity of innesota, ; S

##. 2arm *egistration /77+, Department of nimal :rodction and %ealth

#$. 2ield Stdy on 3i#estoc! :rodction. The :roAect for 0mpro#ement of gricltral

:rodction and :rodcti#ity in Dry Zone areas (/75/) Capanese 0nternational &ooperation

gency

#. nger, :.4. (5FF7) Tillage end reside management in rainfed agricltreP :resent and

ftre trends. 0nP :shparaAah, J. and 3atham, . (eds), Organic Matter Management and

Tillage in Humid and Subhumid Africa. 0S* :roceedings ;o. 57, 0nternational oard

for Soil *esearch and anagement, ang!o!, Thailand, pp. 7'>7.

#3. Doyle, :.T. (Jd) (5F+>). The tilization of fibros agricltral resides as animal feeds.

:roceedings of the rdnnal eeting of the stralian 6 sian 2ibros gricltre *eside

*esearch ;et"or!. ni#ersity of :eradeniya, Sri 3an!a, 5'// pril 5F+. School of

gricltre, ni#ersity of elborne.


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#1. 0brahim, .;.; and Schiere, C. (Jds) (5F+8) *ice stra" and related feeds in *minant

*ations. :roceedings of an 0nternational 4or!shop, Kandy, Sri 3an!a, />'/+ arch 5F+8.

A Milk Production With Crop-Residue in Sri Lanka

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