PRICE : 10 Cents (U. S.), 6 Pence (U. C), or 10 Francs (FRANCE).

FALLACIES OF RACISM EXPOSED

UNESCO PUBLISHES

DECLARATION BY-'

WORLD'S SCIENTISTS

MORE than fifteen years ago, men and womenof goodwill proposed to publish an inter-national declaration which would expose

"racial"discrimination and"racial"hatred asunscientific and false, as well as ugly and inhuman.The world at that time was running downhilltoward World War II, and so-called"practical"considerations prevented publication of the state-ment-even if they could not prevent the war.

False myths and superstitions about racecontributed directly to the war, and to the murderof peoples which became known as genocide-butvictims of the war were of all colours and of all"races". Despite the universality of this agony anddestruction, the myths and superstitions stillsurvive-and still threaten the whole of mankind.The need for a sound unchallengeable statement ofthe facts, to counter this continuing threat, is amatter of urgency.

Accordingly, Unesco has called together a groupof the world's most noted scientists, in the fields o !biology, genetics, psychology, sociology and anthro-pology. These scientists have prepared a historicdeclaration of the known facts about human race,which is reprinted in this issue of the Courier.

Unesco offers this declaration as a weapon-anda practical weapon-to all men and women ofgoodwill who are engaged in the good fight forhuman brotherhood. Here is an official summaryof the conclusions reached in the declaration :

. In matters of race, the only characteristics whichanthropologists can effectively use as a basis forclassifications are physical and physiological.

. According to present knowledge, there is noproof that the groups of mankind differ in their innatemental characteristics, whether in respect of intelli-gence or temperament. The scientific evidenceindicates that the range of mental capacities in allethnic groups is much the same.

. Historical and sociological studies supportthe view that the genetic differences are not of impor-tance in determining the social and cultural diffe-rences between different groups of Homo sapiensand that the social and cultural changes in differentgroups have, in the main, been independent ofchanges in inborn constitution. Vast social changeshave occurred which were not in any way connectedwith changes in racial type.

. There is no evidence that race mixture as suchproduces bad results from the biological point ofview. The social results of race mixture, whetherfor good or ill, are to be traced to social factors.

. All normal human beings are capable of learningto share in a common life, to understand the natureof mutual service and reciprocity, and to respectsocial obligations and contracts. Such biologicaldifferences as exist between members of differentethnic groups have no relevance to problems ofsocial and political organization, moral life andcommunication between human beings.

Lastly, biological studies lend support to the ethicof universal brotherhood ; for man is born with drivestoward co-operation, and unless these drives aresatisfied, men and nations alike fall ill. Man is borna social being, who can reach his fullest developmentonly through interaction with his fellows. The denialat any point of this social bond between man andman brings with it disintegration. In this sense,every man is his brother's keeper. For every man isa piece of the continent, a part of the main, becausehe is involved in mankind.

t :m>, r

/

. --^s

VOLUME m-M 6-7 JULY-AUGUST 1950

UNESCO COURIER-Page 2

A HUNDRED GROUPS

WITH A

COMMON AIM

This is the third in a series of specialarticles describing the work of some ofthe 100 international non-governmentalorganizations whose co-operation withUnesco helps the accomplishment ofits programme.

On the masthead of the Courier, and on an e'Ver-ir. ! creasing number of. publications in the world of m. ts and letters, you sele Unesco's

insignia-the familiar Gree ! k temple, with the initials of theoi'Ylwization fonning the columns ae1'OSS the fi'ont, This classic faadcis not merely symbolic of Unesco's purposes in pi'omoting the freeCfchange of knowledge and educated thought, but actually represents someof the work which Unesco encourages.

In the publication Fasti Archaeolo-gici, for example, one comes across apicture of the restored temple ofAugustus, at Pola, Italy, an originalbuilding in this architectural formwhich we have inherited from ancientGreece. This book, published withUnesco aid, by the International Asso-ciation for Classical Archaeology, sur-veys the classical acquisitions of differ-ent countries, with photographs ofrestored monuments, statues, and bas-relief, coins and pottery. Its purposeis to familiarize specialists in the civi-lizations of archaic and classic Greece,pre-historic Italy and early Rome, andancient Syrian and Christian cultureswith the work that is going On in theirfields of study.

As anthropologists trace the originsof myth and tradition, and linguiststhe origins of language, archaelogistsuncover the physical aspects of thepast. The world they restore is onein which distinctions of form and co-lour, custom and language are notbarriers, but elements in the growthand development of the modern world.

CORPUS VASORUM ANTIQUORUM

Most of the work done by the inter-national organizations which areworking under consultative ar-

rangements with Unesco is concentrat-ed in specific fields of activity.Sometimes their achievements meanlittle or nothing to the average man,but the results of their study andresearch are reflected in many aspectsof life which he takes for granted. Aschool of English decorators, for ins-tance, is now studying artistic formsdating back to the drawings of thecave-men, to adapt them to modemmural painting.

In the field of research in ancientartistic form and design, an impor-tant contribution is being made by theInternational Academic Union, withthe help of a grant from Unesco.This work is the preparation of aseries of books, the Corpus Vasorum

Antiquorum, on ceramic collections inFrance, Italy, Spain, Greece and theUnited States.

An instalment is being prepared inEngland on early Australian and NewZealand pottery. Another volume isdevoted to the Swedish collection ofceramics of Mediterranean countries,the Near East, Cyprus and Greece, anda further one deals with the collectionof the National Museum of Copen-hagen. These comparative studies in-clude the origins of shapes and subjectmatter of design, and the names of thepottery-makers and designers.

FROM ALCHEMY TO AN ATLAS

An even better example of some ofthe highly specialized work of theInternational Academic Union is

the catalogue of Latin manuscripts onAlchemy which it is compiling.Unesco's interest in such a project isits vital contribution to the history ofscience, since alchemy has been calledthe"prelude to chemistry".

This group is also at work on a dic-tionary of mediaeval Latin, which wasthe lingua franca, the internationallanguage of scholars and artists forover eight-hundred years of westerncivilization's development. Ten coun-tries are co-operating in this work,which will be assembled at the FrenchInstitute. France has already two-hundred-and-sixty-thousand card-index notes as its part of the work.

In this field of languages, the Per-manent International Committee ofLinguists is working, with Unesco's aidon the production of a highly-technic-al linguistics atlas, which will indicatethe spread of cultural bounderiesbeyond national frontiers, and theinter-mixture of peoples beyond politic-al barriers. This Committee is alsoat work on a dictionary and grammarof the almost extinct Tasmanian lan-guage.

Other studies of extinct languageshave gone far to prove the vast extentof migrations of pre-historic peoples,

The UNESCO COURIER is an international periodical devoted to the workof UNESCO and to activities and developments throughout the world in edu-cation, science and culture.

A full year's subscription (12 issues) costs only $1. 00 US., or 5/-or 200French Francs.

SUBSCRIBE NOW ! Tell your friends about the UNESCO COURIER andget them to subscribe too.

Write to our agent in your country listed below, or directly to UNESCOHouse, 19, avenue KIeber, Paris, 16', France.Argentina : Editorial Sudamericana S. A. Alsina 500 Buenos-Aires.Australia : H. A. Goddard Ltd.. 255a. George St., Sydney.Belgium : Librairie encyc1opdique, 7, rue du Luxembourg, Bruxelles IV.Brazil : Livraria Agir Editora, Rua Mexico 98-B, Caixa postal 3291, Rio-de-Janeiro.Canada : The Ryerson Press, 299 Queen Street West, Toronto.Chile : Libreria Lope de Vega, Moneda 924, Santiago de Chile.Colombia : Mr Emilio Royo Martin, Carrera 9a, 1791, Bogota.Cuba : La Casa Belga, Sr. D. Ren de Smedt, O'Reilly, Havana.Czechoslovakia : Orbis, Stalinova, 46, Praha XII.Denmark : Einar Munksgaard, 6, Norregade, Copenhagen.Egypt : Librairie James Cattan, 118. rue Emad el Dine, Cairo.France : Maison du Livre Franais, 4, rue Felibien, Paris (6'). (Wholesale only)'.Great Britain : H. M. Stationery Office : London : York House, Kingsway (Retail Counter

Service) : P. O. Box 569. London S. E. I. (Post orders),-Mauch ester 2 : 39-41 KingStreet.-Edinburgh 2 : 13a Castie Street.-Cardili : 1 St Andrew's Crescent.-Bristol I : Tower Lane.-Belfast : 80 Chichester Street.

Greece : Eleftheroudakis, Librairie Internationale, Athens.Hungary :"Ibusz"Akademia-u. 10, Budapest V.India : Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House, New Delhi.Israel : Leo Biumstein, Book and Art Shop, 35, Allenby Road, Tel Aviv.Italy : Messaggerie Italiane, Via Lomazzo, 52. Milano.Lebanon and Syria : Librairie Universelle, Avenue des Francois, Beirut.Mexico : Libreria Universitaria, Justo Sierra 16, Mexico DF.Netherlands : N. V. Martinus Nijhoff, Lange Voorhout 9, The Hague.Norway : AIS Bokhjornet, Stortingsplass 7, Oslo.Peru : Libreria Internacional del Peru, S. A. Girn de la Union, Lima.Philippines : Philippine Education Co"Inc"Corner Tanduay and Vergara Streets,

Quiapo, Manila.Portugal : Uniao Portuguesa de Imprensa, 198 Rue de S. Bento, 3 Esq. Lisbon.Sweden : C. E. Fritzes Kungl. Hovbokhandel, Fredsgatan 2, Stockholm.3Switzerland : Europa Verlag, 5 Ramistrasse, Zurich.Union of South Africa : Van Schaik's Bookstore, Pty. Ltd., P. O. Box 724, Pretoria.United States of America : Columbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New

York 27, N. Y.Uruguay : Centro de Cooperacin Cientificc para Ie America Latina, Unesco, Bulevar

Ar'igas. 1320-24. Montevideo.*For France : Retail sales : Unesco Sales Service, 19. Avenue Kleber, Paris (l6').

movements of such tremendous scopethat they were not equalled againuntil the fifteenth century. What isbelieved to be the proto-Indian script,for instance, has been found as fareast as the Oceanic islands-a remark-able achievement of colonization forpeople with the most primitive sea-faring equipment.

MUSIC-A UNIVERSAL MEDIUM

But if artistic and linguistic studiestell of a universal inheritancefrom the past, how much more

universal a medium is music. InJanuary of this year, the InternationalMusic Council was formed underUnesco's auspices to co-ordinate thework of independent musical groups.At present, with the aid of such mem-ber organizations as the InternationalSociety for Contemporary Music andthe International Society for MusicalResearch, the Council is working ontwo Unesco projects, a world catalogueof recorded music, and the establish-ment of a universal musical pitch.

Even though we may never havestudied music and can hardly tell onepitch from another, we would realizethat something was wrong if we heardinstruments at a concert playing atdifferent pitches.

Before a concert, we hear one ins-trument, usually the oboe, sound anote, and the other instruments tuneto the same pitch. But the"A"ofParis is not quite the same as that ofLondon, and it is still slightly differ-ent in Vienna. An internationally-established pitch would not only easethe work of musicians playing withforeign orchestras, but would alsohelp instrument builders.

A CHANCE FOR YOUNG COMPOSERS

Each of the international musicalorganizations working withUnesco was originally founded to

bring together men in specializedfields of musical work. The Interna-tional Society of Musical Research isa group of musicologists, who special-ize in such studies as the history andtheory of composition, counterpointand harmony. Their bulletin, regu-larly published in the various langua-ges of the members, contains articlesand reviews of new books on music,and lists new musical publications.

Another group, the InternationalSociety for Contemporary Music wasformed in 1922,

Successful concerts have been givenin Salzburg, the birthplace of Mozart,and Vienna, Venice, Geneva and Ox-ford, where young composers conducttheir own music. This Society ismaking a choice of the works ofworth-while contemporary composersfor Unesco's projected record-library,which will give young composers,whose music is not yet played extensi-vely by large orchestras, the chance tobe heard.

The history of music and art is arecord of talent enriched and deve-loped through exchange of work andideas. These are the foundations onwhich the independent internationalorganizations contributing work fromtheir specialized fields to Unesco arebuilt.

RECENT UNESCO

PUBLICA TlONSINDEX TRANSLATIONUM

(International Bibliography of Trans-lations 421 pages)

Originally a quarterly publicationof the International Institute of In-tellectual Co-operation (1932-40)Index Translationum has now beenrevived by Unesco as an annual vo-lume.

The former Index began its exis-tence with bibliographies of transla-tions from 6 countries and endedwith 14. The Index just published,covering the year 1948, has beengreatly expanded, and contains thetitles of 8, 750 works published in 26countries.

Translations listed in the Index in-clude literary, scientific, educationaland cultural works which are arrang-ed, under each national heading, bycategories corresponding to the largedivisions of the Universal DecimalClassification system. It is complet-ed by cross-indexes of authors, trans-lators and publishers and by a statis-tical table presenting the total num-bers of works translated within eachcategory and country.The Index will provide current in-formation about works which havebeen translated, indicate workswhose translation might usefully beundertaken and generally constitutea record of one of the most valuablemeans of cultural exchanges betweencountries.

Pre/ace, notes etc. in English andFrench.Price : $ 3. 00-i8/M.-900 francs.

A HANDBOOK FOR THE IMPRO-VEMENT OF TEXTBOOKS ANDTEACHING MATERIALS AS AIDSTO INTERNATIONAL UNDER-

STANDING (172 pages)The improvement or revision of

textbooks, especially of history andgeography, has been an importantproblem since the first world war.This volume describes the historicalbackground to the problem and inparticular the efforts of the Leagueof Nations and of the InternationalInstitute of Intellectual Co-operation,in this field.

Part Two of the publication out-lines the development of Unesco'sprogramme and presents a mode)plan for the analysis and improve-ment of textbooks and the third partincludes recommendations for actionby teachers, authors, publishers, edu-cational organizations and publicauthorities. An extensive bibliogra-phy is also included. (172 pages.)

Price : $ 0. 45-2/6d.-i25/nMcs.SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THE

TEACHING OF GEOGRAPHY(Towards World Understanding.

Vol. VII.) (98 pages.)This handbook is an adaptation in

English of a document prepared atUnesco's request by a small group ofFrench geographers to assist geogra-phy teachers in primary and secon-dary schools. Its aim Is to impresson teachers the part that geographycan play in general education, andto suggest specific ways in which itcan be used as an aid to betterunderstanding between peoples.

/'I'ice : $ 0. 40-2s.-100 francs.

Pace 3-UNESCO COURIER

w

* FTER four weeks of frequently heated discussions, the Fifth General/\ Conference has come to an end. If the debates of this Assemblyhave presented a new aspect,'it is this : Unesco finds that it mustface up to one of those contradictions of which our age gives so manyexamples. The tasks undertaken are in the interests of a more stablepeace, but they will on) v reach fruition during peace. It is a questionof long-therm projects : will there be sufficient time ? Will those threatswhich weigh so heavily on the world today allow, the forces of peaceenough time to become established and to triumph ?

However difficult the solution, the problem confronting the GeneralConference of Unesco, was neverthe-less very clear : \Vas its duty to conti-nue as if nothing was wrong, to confineitself to technical projects, unquestion-ably useful but producing results onlyin the distant future ? Or, on the con-trary, was its duty to accept the worldas it is, admit its division, its problems,and to take immediate steps to fightthose dangers imposed by the constantthreat of war ? The final decisions ofthe General Conference were inspiredby the need to reply to such questions ;questions indeed which constantly ab-sorbed the representatives of all the59 member states of the Organisation.

For this reason, though still continu-: its long term projects, Unesco hasat the same''me launched itself on anew path. The Conie't0e has chargedthe Executive Council and the lJ ! rectorsGeneral to submit a certain number 0 :special projects which will attempt"more directly and in the frameworkof the United Nations and its partieutardepartment, to support and consolidatepeace".

Positive ActionFor World Stability

IT was foreseen that the importanceand scope of these projects wouldbe so great that the ordinary budget.

of Unesco would not be sufficient tofinance them. The Conference there-fore decided that they could be Jlnanced"by voluntary contributions 01'Titoneyfrom private and public sources or'/ !,'el'l'ices trom as many countries as pos-sidle". By such projects Unesco willtake positive steps toward immediaterelief for the world's present intellec-tual and moral instability, in propor-tion to the means put at its disposaland in the framework of its competence.

Two proposals (presented by the U. S.delegation) relating to matters such asthese, have been approved by the Con-feren". The first charges Unesco to or-ganise and put) mC eet a major pro-gramme"/Lith a view to a' : : : cHlg 1/1-ternational understanding in German ? i".The other requests Unesco to set up re-

gional centres of scientific research thefirst of which will be in Western Eu-rope. These centres, established bymeans of funds collected by Unescooutside its normal budget, will help toremove that monopoly of scientific re-search which the present high cost ofmodern apparatus gives to countriesrich enough to afford its construction.

The moral and intellectual instabilitywhich Unesco is trying to remedy, par-tially originates in the differences thatbecome more and more apparent bet-ween industrial countries and less fa-vouredregionsof tile globe. Thelatterare becommg more impoverished everyd2y and their resources continually di-minisll ; the power of the former growsall the time and modern techniques en-sure a way of life that, becomes in-creasingly easier.

The United Nations'plan of tech-nical assistance to countries thatare insufficiently developed has beenconceived to answer this problem.In 1951, L'nesco will play an importantrole in putting this plan into effect. Inaddition, it will undertake specificworks of its own. in this field. Thus, aninternational conference on"The COII-quest of the desert"is going to meet inIsrael, in collaboration with the Inter-national Institute of the Arid Zone,which Unesco is at present setting up.

However, despite the great importanceof these matters, they do not representa full solution. many conflicts arisefrom the inequality of'man. Others re-sult ; ; ; : ! ! l different causes. There are,

"Wha't is not good for Humanity as a whole cannot be

good for any nation, race or individual"

Jaime Torres odt, t

Addressing the final session

of UNESCO's Fifth General

Conference, M. Jaime Torres

Bodet, Unesco's Director-

General, summed up his im-

pressions of results achiev-

ed. Below, we reproduce

the full text of his speech.M. Jaime Torres Bodet, Unesco's Director-General, speaking at a plenary session of the

Fifth General Conference. in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.

MAY I say how pleased I am at the adoption of theresolution you have just passed unanimously. Inall sincerity, I believe that this is the perfectcomplement to that approved by the Programme

and Budget Commission yesterday evening on themotion of a number of Delegations and confirmed byyourselves this morning. Taken together, the tworesolutions. reveal a will to peace which does honour tothis Conference and testifies to the fidelity of all of usto Unesco's supreme ideal.

At this stage, when you are bringing your work to aclose, I feel it to be necessary to give you my absolutelyfrank opinion on the results achieved. I had hoped thatthis session of the Conference might mark a decisivestage in the development of our Organization. It wouldbe going too far to suggest that that hope has been fullysatisfied. The characteristic note of this Conference hasbeen less one of decision than of heart-searching and,in certain matters, of clarification. That, of course, isnot all that we could have wished, but it is a great deal.

As trees are judged

YOU have defined a basic programme which hadnever previously been explicitly stated. You havedefined a list of methods, which had not previously

been made. You have defined a policy of recc-mmend-ations and conventions which will, I am convinced, befruitful in the years to come. An excellent instance ofwhat we can secure by these means is the agreementon the free importation of educational, scientific andcultural material, whose ratification you are recom-mending to your governments. You have recorded yourintention of inceasing Unesco's resources and havep : omised to do it by trying to overcome the financialdifficulties arising from arrangements necessarily tem-porary, but which could not be better in view of thecriteria adopted regarding the establishment of a budgetceiling.

It would be premature to express any views as to thewo'th of these results. As trees are judged by their

fruit, so the resolutions of an international conferenceare judged by the action in which they issue. Whathappens in the year which lies before us will, in myview, be of vital importance to this Organization. Wemust be vigilant to ensure that the work of the Secre-tariat and the activities of Member States in matterswithin Unesco's sphere are more effectively integratedthan they have so far been. We must plan bo ! d amdsimple tasks, for the better service of peace througheducation, science and culture. We must secure actionwithin each Member State to spur rulers and privatebodies to augment the slender financial resources at ourdisposal.

All defiitioD is difficult

FOR all this two things are essential : mutual trustand mutual understanding. But can we really doubtthat we shall find that spirit of trust and under-

standing ? We are met in a country which, in itsgreatest epoch, was governed by a sage, the philosopher-emperor Marcus Aurelius, the author of the profoundepigram :"What is not good for the hive, cannot begood for the bee". Its application to our own age isobvious. What is not good for humanity as a wholecannot be good for any nation, race or individual. That,surely, is an exact definition of the intellectual andmoral solidarity of the peoples to which Unesco is dedi-cated.

This has been a difficult Conference, because alldefinition is difficult. Let us, then, pray that the diffi-culties may lead to a more conscious effort to see clearlyin the future so that we may all more effectively servethe noble aims of Unesco.

It is with that prayer in my heart that I thank youfor your work and offer to Italy, in the person of Sena-tor Jacini, our warmest gratitude for the generous hospi-tality she has afforded us.

. The texts of the two resctutions refen-ed to by theDtrector-GeTter'aZ will be sound on page 7 of this issue.

u mple, conflicts, whose originremain ulJscu'"vhich occur evenwithin a nation, between dlC :'"'sth-nic groups. Unesco, in pursuing en-quirks into various states of social ten-sion, is making a study of these obscurecausal factors. It is important to knownot only the obstacles which opposeharmonious relations betvveen differentgroups, but also the factors which havebrought about good relations in certainregions.

Unesco has decided to u ! Hlc'. lake, ; syear an enquiry into economic, politi-cal, cultural and psychological factorswhich"aid or hinder harmonious rela-tions betu ; een races and ethnic groups",< ! o/ : f< t

UNESCO COURtER-Pe 4

One 01 the most important decisions taken by Unesco's Fifth QensruiConference was to establish a long-range bc :. : ; i" programme for ther. ext several years as distsyisned from the work plan for 1951.Tr'UE, Unesco's ol : > ! : : : ; ves for next year are part of a long-term plan,cov : : ; y itle policies and main lines of work of the Organization.

InclUded in the basic programme is a 10 point list of tasks fo ;Unesco. These are :

1. To eliminate illiteracy and encourage fundamental education :2. To obtain for each person an education conforming to his aptitudes

and to the needs of society, including technological training andhigher education :

3. To promote respect for human rights throughout all nations :4. To remove the obstacles to the free flow of persons, ideas and

knowledge between the countries of the world ;5. To promote the progress and utilization of science for mankind :6. To remove the causes of tensions that may lead to war ;7. To demonstrate world cultural interdependence ;8. To advance through the press, radio and motion pictures the cause

01 truth, freedom and peace ;9. To bring about better understanding among the peoples of the

world and to convince them of the necessity of co-operatingloyally with one another in the framework of the United Nations :

10 To render clearing-house and exchange services in all its fieldsof action, together with services in reconstruction and relief assis-tance.

The basic programme resolutions are grouped under seven differentheads : Education, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Cultural Activities,Exchange of Persons, Mass Communications and Relief Services. As lackof space prevents publication of these resolutions in full, the Courier pre-sents on this page a summarized version of the basic programme.

B E'l7ER ethds of education 8 : wider diffusion of o ; ;- ; : : cy arenot. end_ ; 1 themselves. The

fiji object must be to equip manl> play his part harmoniously in themodern world. It is not enough forhim to know his own land and hisown people ; he lives in a network ofrelationships that go beyond frontiers.Today, all nations are interdependent,and they must learn to recognize it.1. IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATION

THROUGH THE EXCHANGE OFINFORMATIONMore progress can be achieved, and; rakp .'a'1} J ! t : : ;."vi. tG.. if ine experi-

ments being made throughout theworld in education and psychology arebetter known. Unesco collects inform-ation about such experiments, ana-lyses it, and promotes its distribution,to help improve methods of teachingand to further the international pur-poses of Unesco.2. EXTENSION OF EDUCATION

Unesco has the duty of helpingMember States to ensure for everybodywhose education has been neglected,interrupted or impeded, the chance toovercome his handicaps. Unesco mustpay special attention to fundamentaland adult education, and to the train-ing-of handicapped children.3. EDUCATION FOR INTERNATION-

AL UNDERSTANDINGConsciousness of the unity of man-

kind is still rudimentary. Teachers areonly beginning to discover suitablemethods ; textbooks need to be im-proved. Schoolchildren know littleabout the international organizationsof today and the services they canrender to world peace and prosperity.Unesco must therefore help to promoteeducation In world citizenship.

The natural and exact sciences,being objective and impartial,of offer a particularly suitable fieldfor action by Unesco.

Laboratories and research institutesinfluence the development of humancommunities. All men should benefitfrom discoveries that can raise stan-dards of living. Once men are in aposition to improve their living condi-tions, they are able as never beforeto grow in mutual understanding.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFICCOOPERATIONScientific research benefits from a

widespread exchange of information.Unesco must help international orga-nizations of scientists by encouragingthe meeting and movement of experts,to help in the co-ordination of inter-national scientific congresses, to pro-mote the classification and analysis ofspecialized publications and to over-come difficulties of language by stan-dardizing scientific terminology and byencouraging multilingual dictionaries.To ensure speedier exchanges betweenscientists, Unesco maintains Scientificcooperation offices in areas where thevare most needed.

2. AS$ISTANCE Tn nSEARCH FOR"t"UVEMENT OF THE LIV-&.. ti CONDITIONS OF MANKIND.Unesco can render genuine service

by detecting gaps in the developmentof research and helping to fill them.Thus, for example, it encourages insti-tutes for the study of biological factorsin different climates or the develop-ment of certain wide areas, and it par-ticipates in the plans for creatingUnited Nations laboratories.3. TEACHING AND POPULARIZ-

ATION OF SCIENCEAll men need access to basic scien-

tific knowledge in order that they hiitybetter understand their world. Theyshould also know that such knowledgedepends in large measure on the resultof international cooperation. The ob-ject should be to develop an attitudeof mind and an understanding of theeffects of applying science to modernconditions and to the development ofhuman society.

No attempts to better the lot ofman can meet with success un-less they take account of his en-vironment. Unesco must there-

fore place social science in the fore-ground of its field of study. Inter-national cooperation is itself a pheno-menon deserving scientific study.

The major international organiz-ation established in the first half ofthe twentieth century are especiallyworth studying. In a world becomingmore complex, and more highly organ-ized, the study of international coo-peration may make it possible both toimprove that cooperation and to ex-tend it to new fields.1. AID TO INTERNATIONAL SCIEN-

TIFIC COOPERATIONThere are three ways in which

Unesco can help in the teaching anddevelopment of the social sciences.These are by meetings which may re-sult in new contacts and exchanges ofviews, through translation and docu-mentation services, and through thestandardization of technical termi-nology.2. STUDIES OF SOCIAL TENSIONS

International Cooperation must bebrought to bear on particular studiesrelated to the purposes of Unesco-such as that of social tensions. Re-search results must be disseminatedas widely as possible to prevent orarrest the growth of mass mental atti-tudes that endanger peace.3. STUDIES OF INTERNATIONAL

COOPERATIONThe organs of international cooper-

ation have sufficiently developed tomake a study of them by the methodsof Social Science worth while.

UNESCO'S first task is to fosterinternational relations by ar-ranging for thinkers, writers,artists and their ideas to move

freely across national frontiers. Unes-

cn forms a meeting ground for thecultures of the world. It stimulatesnations to develop their literature, artand science and see them as parts ofa world heritage. It helps MemberStates to protect works of art fromneglect or violence and from the ra-vages of time, and it assists in bring-ing artists and writers before the world.It uses every means to ensure that allpeople shall have access to the bestworks of every land and every age.1. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Gatherings of experts or of interna-tional associations of scholars, can doa great deal for cultural cooperation.Unesco accordingly aids and encou-rages such meetings, at the same timeassociating these experts and associ-ations with its own programme. Theexchange of specialized information de-pends largely on documentary andbibliographical services : here againUnesco can do much useful work.2, PROTECTION OF CREATIVE

WORK AND ITS AUTHORSFor the preservation of works of art

and historical monuments every Stateis responsible both to its own peopleand to mankind. But international co-operation is also necessary to spreadwide the knowledge of method. Unescoencourages and helps this activity,offering technical assistance and, inexceptional cases, where resources areinadequate, aid in the raising of funds.

The creation of new : : sophical,artistic or lite : ; work, should befoster,,"DY the assertion and defenceof the independence of the thinker,writer and artist. Unesco seeks topromote international cooperation inorder to ensure respect for this inde-pendence throughout the world. Unes-co is endeavouring to bring about theconclusion of a universal conventionthat will give equal consideration tothe interests of the authors, the in-dustry, the workers and the generalpublic.3. DISSEMINATION OF CULTURE

The Universal Declaration of HumanRights affirms that"everyone has theright freely to participate in the cultur-al life of the community". Unesco willassist Member States by providing in-formation, carrying out studies, mak-ing recommendations and, where ne-cessary, itself taking practical action todirect the education of both youth andadults towards a better understandingof the culture of mankind. Finally,means should be found for improvingthe quality of the reproduction andtranslation of artistic and literaryworks and for their wide dissemin-ation.

STUDY abroad not only gives in-sight into new discoveries andtechniques but also helps the in-habitants of one country to adapt

themselves to the ways of life andthought of another. Accordingly,Unesco encourages people with differ-ent national, social and cultural back-grounds to visit other countries eitherfor general education or for profess-ional training.

The world today suffers from ashortage of experts and technicians inalmost every field of activity. Unescois accordingly doing its best to multi-ply fellowships as well as facilities forshort periods of study. It is itself ableto award annually a limited numberof fellowships.1. CLEARING-HOUSE

The Clearing-House makes inform-ation available to Member States, go-vernmental and other organizations,institutions and persons concernedwith education in order to advise thosewishing to study abroad, to ensure acloser co-ordination of already existingactivities, and to stimulate new pro-grammes. In the publication of thevolume"Study Abroad"a methodicalattempt is made to list all facilities forstudy abroad available to students :2. PROMOTION

To encourage interr. ational exchangeof persons, Unesco seeks to increasefacilities for those requiring financialassistance and to promote broader andmore varied programmes. It also sug-gests how programmes of study abroadcan serve the cause of internationalunderstanding.3. FELLOWSHIP ADMINISTRATION

The award of fellowships enablingqualified candidates to study abroadhelps Unesco to implement its ownprogramme, inasmuch as holders oftravel fellowship financed by Unescocan be associated with its projects andactivities. Unesco can also give helpand advice to institutions planninginternational fellowship programmes

and it furthermore organizes interne-ships for students

TRESS, radio and film can do muchto help international understand-ing. Understanding depends oninformation, and in a free world

the right to this is part of the right toeducation.

Unesco's first task is to make a sur-vey of the present resources for masscommunications, as the basis for im-prOVIng them. Unequal technical de-velopment in various countries hasoften led to such disparities that whatshould be normal for all is oftenin fact the privilege of the few.Unesco is therefore building up aclearing-house for the exchange ofdata on public information systems sothat all may benefit from one an-other's experience. Unesco must alsoencourage the scientific study of theproblems of mass communication andpromote professional training to meetmodern needs. Nor do knowledge ortraining solve all the problems, so longas ideas and technical materials can-not freely cross national frontiers.Unesco in its survey of present resour-ces also collects data about such obsta-cles to a free flow, and sePU o sur-mount them by International agree-ments or l otlier ways.

according to its Constitution, Unescocollaborates"in the work of advancingmutual knowledge and understandingof peoples through all means of masscommunication". Throughout theworld, consequently, it stimulates theuses of press, film, radio and relatedmedia to promote social progress andinternational understanding and usesthem to enlighten the public about itsactivities and objectives.1. IMPROVEMENT OF MEANS AND

TECHNIQUES OF INFORMAT10NUnesco has set up an information

clearing-house to deal with all pro-blems concerning mass communic-ations, including professional an\technical training and the techniquesand influence of the press, radio andaim. Exact information is collectedby field surveys.2, REDUCTION OF OBSTACLES TO

THE FREE FLOW OF INFORM-ATIONProgress in the field of mass com-

munication requires the reduction and,if possible, the removal of certain ob-stacles. Means of overcoming themmust be investigated and adequatemeasures recommended to MemberStates, to whom appropriate inter-national conventions must be submittedfor ratification. The free flow, whichUnesco thus seeks to promote, shouldcover not only ideas and news of aninformative nature but all audio-visualmaterial serving educational, scientificand cultural purposes.3. ACTION THROUGH PRESS, FILM

AND RADIOWhile encouraging, within the scope

of its capacities and the limits of itsprogramme, the practical activities ofthe press, cinema and radio. Unescointends also to employ the facilitiesthey offer for the purposes laid downin its Constitution. It encourages di-rectors and producers through dis-cussion and the supply of material, totake due account of the services to berendered to international understand-ing in the fields of education, scienceand culture. It also keeps them in-formed of its own activities and sup-plies them with appropriate materialready for immediate use.

ALL those things we hold valuablein education, science and cultureare from time to time threatenedby disaster-whether natural or

at the hands of man. Help for thevictims of such misfortunes, if it is tobe really effective, must be co-ordinat-ed and directed where it is mostneeded. Unesco has undertaken, with-in the sphere of its competence, tocollect, analyse and distribute inform-ation about the nature and extent ofthe help required.

This documentary service providesa basis for three types of action : first-ly, Unesco gives direct aid to devastat-ed countries by gifts of material or bythe provision of services, drawing forthis purpose on a Relief Fund to whichit contributes from its own budget.

This direct aid is supplemented bycampaigns for voluntary aid in whichUnesco unites its efforts with those ofother organizations pursuing similaraims. These campaigns are capableof producing substantial results.

Lastly, Unesco encourages voluntarywork camps conducted in accordancewith the aims of Unesco and engagedin reconstruction tasks to becomecentres of international understanding.

Page 5-UNESCO COURIEft

, ,

EDUCATION

UNESCO during 1951 will stimulateshe movement for mass educa-tion in many parts of the worldchiefly by helpinq member statesto develop and improve their work insuch fields as fundamental and adulteducation. Unesco will therefore pre-pare teaching materials, organize se-minars and educational conferences,help to train teachers at regional cen-tres and develop educational co-opera-tion through missions and the exchan-ge of information.

Three educational missions will besent to member states and inquiriesinto language and science teachingwill be continued with the Internatio-nal Bureau of Education. The probiemof expanding and lengthening freeeducation and the effect of this onlabour and industry will be discussedwith the International Bureau of Edu-cation and the International LabourOffice.

Unesco will give advice and providetechnical facilities for the United Na-tions Technical Assistance Program-me. The pilot project, started in Hai-ti between 1948 and 1950, will befurther developed. The Governmentof India plans a pi10t project in as-sociation with Unesco. A seminar onfundamental and adult education isplanned for the Near East.

Unesco will continue a comparativestudy of curricula in use in the va-rious countries of the world in theteaching of history, geography and so-cial studies. It will issue a publica-tion on the teaching of history anda Teacher's Guide to the Declarationof Human Rights. Studies on historyand geography textbooks used in va-rious countries will be continued, andan international seminar on theteaching of history in primary andsecondary schools will be held.

To meet a request from the UnitedNations and its specialized agencies,Unesco will investigate measures toreduce illiteracy, to use native langua-ges in teaching, and to stimulate in-ternational action to break down bar-riers to the access of women to edu-cation.

Special efforts will be made to de-termine and encourage the applicationof the most effective ways of teachingchildren about the Universal Decla-ration of Human Rights and about theUnited Nations and its SpecializedAgencies.

NATURAL SCIENCES

THE 1951 activities of Unesco inthe field of Natural Sciences willparticularly concern the develop-ment of international scientific co-operation, assistance to research forthe improvement of the living con-ditions of mankind, and the teachingand popularization of science.

Approval has been given to study aplan to set up regional research cen-tres, with funds to be obtained out-side Unesco's budget. One examplesuggested was for a centre of researchin physics and other sciences in

ON this and the following page, the Courier presents a sum-mary of the main Unesco projects for 1951 approved bythe Fifth Session of the General Conference. From this

programme, M. Jaime Torres Bodet, Unesco's Director-Generalhas been authorized to select immediate priority projects so asto carry out Unesco's work in the most effective and concen-trated manner.

The Unesco work plans for 1951 have been allocated a budgetof $8, 200, 000, but in addition to the regular annual budget, finan-cial resources may be increased through voluntary contributionsfrom member countries. These extra funds would be used tofinance special projects outside the ordinary programme, whichare to be worked out by the Director-General and the ExecutiveBoard.

Western Europe as an attempt to over-come difficulties arising out of thehigh cost of research into higher phy-sics.

Grants-in-aid and services will begiven to international organizations inthe fields of engineering, science, me-dicine, agriculture, biology and theprotection of nature. Discussions willbe promoted on scientific problems ofregional importance ; and action takento organize the exchange of scientificinformation, personnel and material.

Recognizing the value of Unesco'sField Science Co-operation Offices, theConference voted to increase the bud-get allotted to them. These officeswill help the execution of the Plan ofTechnical Assistance to under-deve-loped areas.

Unesco will also make a special ef-fort to encourage scientific and tech-nical research and development of aridand semi-arid areas, in co-operationwith the International Arid ZoneResearch Council and with the UnitedNations.

Unesco also aims to bring scienceinto the lives of ordinary men andwomen by fostering science clubs,scientific exhibitions, discussionsamong workers'groups about the ef-fect on their work of scientific pro-gress, and world-wide discussions onthemes related to the inter-action bet-ween Science and Society. The Orga-nization will help publishers to pro-duce cheap attractive books on science,and will distribute popular scientificarticles to newspapers and magazines,and filmstrips for use by lecturers tonon-scientific groups. It will help as-sociations for the advancement ofscience in war-devastated and otherneedy areas.

Finally, Unesco will promote closerinternational collaboration betweenscience teachers, particularly in scienceteaching methods and the develop-ment of a scientific attitude in pri-mary and secondary schools.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

UNESCO'S Social Sciences program-me has three main sections : aidto international scientific colla-boration, studies of social tensions,and studies of international co-oper-ation.

The studies of social tensions will

include an investigation of race con-tacts in Brazil, to determine factorscontributing to harmonious race rela-tions.

Unesco plans a study of populationproblems in countries in process of in-dustrialization, win organize a studyof tensions resulting from over-popu-lation, and will continue the enquiryinto tensions resulting from shifts ofpopulation. Unesco will also arrangea"tensions"investigation among Ja-panese youth.

Unesco will encourage the develop-ment of international associations inthe branches of sociology, politicalscience, economics, comparative law,and international studies, and willentrust them with work correlated toits programme. It will publish a perio-dical for social scientists and will en-courage the development of socialsciences'documentation services.

Studies will be made in the field ofinternational co-operation. In one ofthese Unesco will seek to determinehow greater public support can be ob-tained for the United Nations.

Finally, Unesco will study the tech-nique of international conferencesbased upon exploratory surveys car-ried out during 1949-50, and will pu-hlish the'results.

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

WITH the aid of the Internatio-nal Council of Philosophy andHumanistic Studies, UNESCOwill assist studies already in progresson the native cultures of America,Africa and other regions. Anotherplan to be carried out is the pre-paration by an international groupof experts of a history of the scien-tific and cultural development of hu-manity, showing the exchanges whichhave taken place throughout the agesbetween different peoples and culturesin science, technology, philosophy, thearts and other branches of culturallife.

In addition to assisting the develop-ment of modern cultural relations,UNESCO helps to preserve the cultu-ral heritage of the past through themaintenance of libraries and museumscontaining Books and works of artwhich constitute this heritage. Therights and the material and moral in-

terests of the authors of literary andartistic creation must be defended.UNESCO will also endeavour to bringthe most important works and expres-sions of world culture to all peoples.

UNESCO will continue its efforts toco-ordinate fii1iographical services onan international basis. Furthermore,it will study the problem of the mi-crophotographic reproduction of rareperiodicals an the practical aid to begiven to certain States for the repro-duction of important documents.

In the field of the visual arts,UNESCO will conduct an enquiry onthe place held by the arts in the edu-cational system of various countries.In order to famiIiarise the masseswith art, impulse will be given to thephotographic reproduction of theworks of art of all countries.

Under the auspices of the Interna-tional Council of Music, internationalmusic festivals will be held, scholar-ships and grants awarded, and music-al scores of special importance co-pied, reproduced, and lent from onecountry to another. The work of ca-taloguing recorded music will be con-tinued, and UNESCO will increase itby a collection of important musicalworks which have not yet been record-ed on a commercial scale. It willalso encourage the recording of folkmusic.

UNESCO will continue to collabo-rate with the International P. E. N.Club. It will also publish informationon the translations of foreign bookspublished in each country and in theIndex translationum, an internationalanalytic catalogue of translations.

The translation of the chief literaryand cultural works of every countryinto the greatest possible number oflanguages will be chiefly concerned, in1951, with Italian, Arabic and Latin-American literature.

UNESCO will also work for the esta-blishment of a Universal CopyrightConvention, and will prepare the con-vening of an inter-governmental con-ference to decide on the text of thisconvention.

EXCHANGEOF PERSONS

UNESCO will continued an enquiryinto means of removing obsta-cles to the free movement of

persons. A new edition of a spe-cial supplement to"Study Abroad"onstudy opportunities during vacationswill be published. The basic work,"Study Abroad", of which successiveeditions were published in 1948, 1949and 1950 constitutes a general guide toexisting openings of study abroad. In-tended originally to provide a fun listof international fellowships, the con-tents have been progressively augment-ed to include other categories of ex-changes as, for example, industrialand agricultural workers, and youngpeople.

While assembling information fromMember States and from non-govern-

(Continued on page )

Some of the delegates to Unesco's Fifth General Conference. Above (left) are members of the United States delegation. From left to right : Dr Howland H. Sargeant(Chairman of the Delegation) ; Mrs. Charles Reed (wife of the U. S. Consul General) ; Mr. Charles Reed, Miss Bernice Baxter. Dr. George D. Stoddard, Dr. L L Rabiand Dr George F. Zook. In the photo (above, right), are : H. E. Dr. Jose Pezet (Panama) Dr Riazuddin Siddiqui (Pakistan) ; Dr. J. C. Beaglehole (New Zealand) and

Mr. Hans Mohr (Norway).

UNESCO COURIER-PACE 6

UNESCO'S PROGRAMME FOR 1951

(. 0 N'I'1 N Ii t It.

(Continued tram page 5.)mental organizations on the grantingand administering of internationalstudy grants, and making this infor-mation available to individuals, groupsand governments, UNESCO will alsohelp to bring about adoption of com-mon methods and techniques in theadministration of scholarships andthe planning of new programmes.

As budgetary limitations preventUNESCO from allocating large sumsfor the creation and administration ofscholarships, the programme for 1951aims to encourage exchanges of per-sons by co-ordinating activities of or-ganizations which award fellowshipsand study grants.

Help to intellectual refugees is cov-ered by an International Student Ser-vice proposal sponsored by the Ne-therlands Conference delegation, pro-viding for the creation-with UNESCOhelp-of a fund for the use of refugeestudents.

UNESCO will itself during 1951grant 55 fellowships for citizens of itsMember States. These will allow spe-cialists to study activities related tothe UNESCO Programme. After thebeneficiaries have finished their workand returned to their home countries,UNESCO remains in close contact withthem so that the knowledge they haveacquired may be used in the applica-tion of UNESCO's programme.

MASSCOMMUNICATIONS

To bering about the widest possiblepublic participation in its pro-gramme and an understandingof its aims by action through theworld's press, radio, films and othermedia of communications will be oneof the main Unesco tasks for 1951.

REPRESENTATIVES FROM THE FAR EAST THE MIDDLE EAST, LATIN AME.

RICA AND EUROPE AT UNESCO'S FIFTH GENERAL CONFERENCE

The aim will be to present theseactivities so as to focus them upon theUniversal Declaration of HumanRights and within this framework, tohighlight the right to education, thebenefits of scientific progress and in-formation. Emphasis will be put onmaterial illustrating : Fundamentaleducation for all people and educationfor international understanding ; theright of all peoples to enjoy the bene-fits of scientific progress and the rela-tionship of the work of scientists topeace and human welfare ; the strug-gle to resolve racial and other pro-blems, and the methods and achieve-ments oi international co-operation ;the part played by creative artists insuch co-operation ; freedom of infor-mation and the free exchange of ideas.

The organization will examine thepossibility of creating an Internatio-nal Institute of the Press and Infor-mation through consultations withnational and international organiza-tions.

The replies from these groups willbe discussed by an experts'committeeset up by Unesco. On the basis of thereplies, Unesco will be able to decidewhether a conference to create theInstitute should be called.

The General Conference also ap-proved a number of projects to helpUnesco's efforts to reduce obstacles tothe free flow of information. One ofthem is to secure from the contractingparties of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade further reductionsof customs barriers to the internatio-nai circulation of educational, scienti-fic and cultural materials.

Unesco will also co-operate with theRegional Economic Commissions ofthe United Nations in the encourage-ment of the domestic production, thepromotion of the exchange, and thefacilitation of trade agreements in-volving educational, scientific and cul-tural materials. It will seek, in con-junction with these commissions, spe-cial dispensations for categories ofpersons engaged in educational activi-

ties with regard to visa and frontierformalities, labour permits and simi-lar facilities. Unesco will work forwider application of schemes initiatedby the Universal Postal Union to per-mit payment in national currenciesfor subscriptions to foreign newspa-pers, and for a 50 per cent reductionon postal charges for printed matter.

The preparation and disseminationof a study such as"World Press Co-verage of Educational, Scientific andCultural Information"will also be un-dertaken.

An international agreement reduc-ing or abolishing economic controls onthe movement of books, newspapers,works of art, documentary films and awide range of other educational mate-rials, was adopted by the Conference *

During 1951, Unesco will also carryout intensive work as a clearinghouse for the collection, analysis, diss-emination and exchange of informa-tion and experiences in the techniques,uses and effects of the press, film, ra-dio and allied media in the fields ofeducation, science and culture.

Expert aid missions will be underta-ken to advise and assist in the im-provement of mass communications inunder-developed or war devastatedcountries.

The world survey of technical faci-lities, already carried out in 52 coun-tries or territories, will be completedand extended to 33 other countriesand territories. The Member Stateswill be invited to set up within theframework of their National Commis-sions standing consultative commit-tees on technical and professionnalproblems.

Finally, Unesco will continue its ef-fort to bring about world unificationin Braille. A world Braille Councilwill be created and conferences will beheld for experts in Arabic and Spa-nish-Portuguese Braille.

. See page 7 of this issue for areport on this agreement.

RELIEF SERVICES

THE Relief Assistance Service ofUNESCO, set up five years agoas the Reconstruction Depart-

ment to help war-hit countries, hasnow extended its programme to meetthe needs of any country requiringrelief.

War damage is being repaired, butnew emergency situations requiringthe assistance of an international or-ganization such as UNESCO still arise.The wars in Palestine and Greece leftmany refugees to be cared for as didthe earthquakes in Ecuador last yearand in Peru this year, when numerousschools and buildings of great histo-ric and artistic value were destroyed

The General Conference consideredtwo such problems in particular : tesituation of refugee children in Greeceand the Near East, which continues tobe extremely serious. As no really ef-fective help could be given fromUnesco's limited budget, the Confe-rence decided to appeal to the govern-ments of the 59 Member States tocontribute funds sufficient for effec-tive action.

Unesco's Relief Service will continueto assemble information on the needsof countries and use it to prepare forthe provision of direct assistance orthe organization of voluntary aid cam-paigns. It will also allocate creditsfrom the Relief Fund to needy coun-tries and will assist them to purchaseand transport equipment and help tosecure import and export licences andcustoms exemptions.

As UNESCO's funds are insufficientfor this work, the Service will workwith Member States to focus publicopinion and sympathy en the needs ofdevastated areas and organist cam-paigns for voluntary assistance. Fi-nally, it will aid co-ordination inter-nationally-and, through NationalCommissions, nationally-of the ef-forts of the voluntary associationsparticipating in UNESCO's relief work.

Pace 7-UNESCO COURIER

ON May 23rd, 1950. Director-General Jaime Torres Bodet askeddelegates to the Fifth Session of the Unesco General Conferenceto act in the interest pf world peace-in the future and in our

times as well. On June 17. he described certain ultimate conclusionsof the delegates as expressive of"a will for peace"and testimony to"the fidelity of all of us to Unesco's supreme ideal". In his sum-

mation, the Director-General referred particularly to two resolutions

passed by the conference-one of them proposed jointly by the

RESOLUTION

PRESENTED BY THE DELEGATIONS OF

BRAZIL, CANADA, ECUADOR, EGYPT,

FRANCE, INDIA, ITALY, UNITED KINGDOM,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THE GENERA. L CONFERENCE,

HA VING HEARD the statements of V01'OUS delegations and ofthe Director-General,

NOTING that the programme of the Organization, as decidedupon by the present Conference, constitutes a m01'ie direct andimportant contribution to the cause of ace than the programmes'of previous years,,

CONSIDERING that all the activities of Unesco must, inaccordance with its Constitution, be directed towards the peaceand prosperity of mankind, within the framework of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights,

CONSIDERING that these activities, to be fully effective, mustpostulate a truly and Sincerely universal outlook that shall eschewall thoughtlOf aggression and shall be based on recognition of theprinciples of justice and freed01n on which the Constitution of theOrganization is based,

INSTRUCTS the Executive Board and the Director-General tocarry out the programme for 1951 in the most effective andconcentrated manner possible, b, earing prominently in mind theguiding T ! rinples laid down in the preamble to th basic pro-qram, me,

INSTRUCTS the Executive Board and the Director-General toprepare, for the Sixth Session of the General Confierence, a draftprogramme in which the various activities involving internationalco-operation in the fields of education, science and culture shalltend more directly, within the framework of'the United Nationsand its other Specialized Agencies, towards the maintenance andconsolidation of peace,

REQUESTS the Executive Board and the Director-General tostudy, for that purpose, projects that can be financed apart ?'owtthe regular programme, by voluntary contributions of money ofwerviees from the greatest possible number of, countries,

INVITES Member States, with a view to te successful exe-cution of a concentrated programme of this nature, to consider thepossibility of increasing in this way the resources of the Organiz-ation in the future.

A T its closing meeting on June 17th, the General Conference approveda resolution proposed by France to authorize Unesco's ExecutiveBoard to finance, by a transfer of funds from the 1950 budget, pre-

liminary studies in 1950 of special projects aimed at the maintenance andconsolidation of peace proposed for the 1951 programme.

delegations of Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, Egypt, France, India, Italy,the United Kingdom and the United States of America ; the other bythe delegation of Belgium. These resolutions are reproduced on this

page. The Conference also approved proposals by Norway and byFrance, aimed to define thy duties of member states in carrying outtheir obligations under the Unesco Constitution and to provide fundsfor the execution of priority projects.

RESOLUTION

SUBMITTED BY

THE BELGIAN DELEGATION

THE GENERAL CONFERENCE

REAFFIRMS ITS DECISION that Unesco, within the limits ofs competence, co-operate closely and actively in the programmeof peace of the United Nations ;

NOTING that, as one of the Specialized Agencies of the UnitedNations, Unesco flufters from the effects of the difficulties whichar>e compromising the harmonious workings of tl/, e system of theUnited Nations and its Specialized Agencies,.

EXPRESSES the hope that these difficulties will be rapidlysolved,

AND CALLS ON Member States to make every efforts to this

effect in the framework of their action within the United Nationsand its Specialized Ag : encies,

RENEWS an urgent appeal to its Member States in order thateach, on thle national level, continues and intensifies its action inthei'fields of. education, science and culture with a vw tofacilitating and developing understanding between the peoples,

AFFIRMS that Unesco's contribution to the cause of peaceconsists in giving an example of toerance and mutual under-standing'as well as freedom of exchange and fredom of expressionof ideas within the widest diversities of viewpoints,

INVITES all those in the world who arle devoted to education,science and culture as well as those who dispose of means of masscommunication to assist in the development of this action,

INSTRUCTS the Director-General to bring this resolution toattention of the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Norwegian proposal on Education}

Scientific and Cultural duties of the State

1-'HE following resolution, submitted by the delegation of Norway, wasunanimously adopted at the closing session of the General Confer-ence :

"The Director General is authorized to consider the constitution of acommittee charged with the preparation of a charter of the duties of theState in regard to education, science and culture for the purpose of ensur-ing a better understanding between peoples, and to prepare a report onthis subject for the next session of the General Conference."

GENERAL CONFERENCE ADOPTS V1/ORLD AGREEMENT

FOR DUTY-FREE IMPORT OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

IN some countries books comingfrom abroad are taxed as muchas 300 per cent. Scientific equip-

ment needed in research laboratories,! is taxed with equal severity. Education

exhibitions, destined for schools andmuseums, remain in customs'ware-houses while their sponsors try to raisethe heavy bond often required by theauthorities.

These tariff and trade regulationsmake it costly, difficult and sometimes

impossible for people in many coun-tries to obtain the works of art, andthe scientific and educational materials

they need.

To remedy that situation, Unesco'sFifth General Conference adopted

unanimously a new internationalAgreement allowing a wide range ofeducational, scientific and cultural ma-terials to move across frontiers free of

duty. Governments adhering to thisAgreement will abolish duties on books,newspapers, magazines, musical scores,maps and charts. They will grantimport licences and foreign currencyfor publications needed by publiclibraries.

The Agreement will also permit thefree importation of paintings, drawingsand sculpture. Approved institutions,such as museums, laboratories andschools, will enjoy sweeping privilegesfor the free importation of everythingfrom documentary films to scientific

apparatus. One provision, for exam-

pie, eliminates barriers to the move-ment of everything required for theeducational advancement of the blind.

"Free Trade"

in Culture

'\T'3W that the Agreement has beenunanimously adopted, it will beopened shortly for signature at

Lake Success. The British Govern-ment has announced that it will signthe Agreement and submit it to Par-liament for ratification. Many othercountries have also indicated that theywill seek quick legislative approval ofthe pact. There is little doubt that itwill obtain, within a short delay, the

ten ratifications needed to bring itinto force.

This is the second international

Agreement to be sponsored by Unesco.The first is designed to abolish duties,quotas and other trade barriers to themovement of films, recordings andsimilar audio-visual aids to education.It has been signed by 17 countriesand ratified by one, Norway.

When these Unesco Agreementsenter into force, bringing a"freetrade"in culture, people in each coun-

try will find it much easier to obtainbooks, paintings, documentary filmsand all types of educational materialsfrom other countries-a significant,

practical step towards internationalunderstanding.

UNESCO COURIER-Page 8

THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR HUMAN UNITS

Unesco Publishes Declaration By World's Scientists

The following statement was published by Unesco on July y) 8 th.) t was prepared by the Unesco Committeeof Experts on Race Problems, at Unesco House in Paris, and was drafted by the following scientists : Ernest Beagle-hole, New Zealand ; Juan Comas, Mexico ; L. A. Costa Pinto, Brazil ; Franklin Frazier, United States ; MorrisGinsberg, United Kingdom ; Humayun Kabir, India ; Claude Levi-Strauss, France ; Ashley Montage, UnitedStates. The text was revises. by Professor Montagu after criticisms submitted by Professors Hadley Cantril, E. G. Conklin,Gunnar Dahlberg, Theodosius Dobzhansky, L. C. Dunn, Donald Hager, Julian S. Hux ! ey. Otto Klineberg, Wi ! bert Moore.H. J. Muller, Gunnar Myrdal, and Joseph Needham.

SCIENTISTS have reached generalagreement in recognising thatmankind is one : that all men belongto the same species, Homo sapiens.

It is further generally agreed amongscientists that all men are probablyderived from the same common stock ;and that such differences as exist betweendifferent groups of mankind are due tothe operation of evolutionary factors ofdifferentiation such as isolation, the driftand random fixation of the materialparticles which control heredity (thegenes), changes in the structure of the : eparticles, hybridization, and naturalselection. In these ways groups havearisen of varying stability and degree ofdifferentiation which have been classifiedin different ways for different purposes.

From the biological standpoint, thespecies Homo sapiens is made up of anumber of populations, each one of whichdiffers from the others in the frequencyof one or more genes. Such genes,responsible for the hereditary differencesbetween men, are aiways few when com-pared to the whole genetic constitutionof man and to the vast number of genescommon to all human beings regardless

choose to describe as a race. Thus, manynational, religious, geographic, linguisticor cultural groups have, in such looseusage, been called"races", when obviouslyAmericans are not a race, nor are En-glishmen, nor Frenchmen, nor any othernational group. Catholics, Protestants,Moslems, and Jews are not races, nor aregroups who speak English or any otherlanguage thereby definable as a race ;people who live in Iceland or England orIndia are not races ; nor are people whoare culturally Turkish or Chinese or thelike thereby describable as races.

National, religious, geographic, lin-guistic. and cultural groups do not ne-cessarily coincide with racial groups ; andthe cultural traits of such groups haveno demonstrated genetic connection withracial traits. Because serious errors ofthis kind are habitually committed whenthe term"race"is used in popular par-lance. it would be better when speakingof human races to drop the term"race"altogether and speak of ethnic groups.

Now what has the scientist to sayabout the groups of mankind which maybe recognized at the present time ? Hu-man races can be and have been dif-

RACIAL HARMONY-NEW ZEALAND In New Zealand the Maori population morethan doubled between 1896 and 1936 andtoday Maoris number about one twentieth 01 the total population. Not more than half ofthe Maoris are 01 pure Maori descent and the number 01 those of mixed blood appears tobe increasing rather more rapidly than those of unmixed race. Maoris made an importantcontribution to New Zealand's war effort and to-day are participating more and more inthe economic and political life of the country, one important development being the increas-

ing number entering the teaching profession.

of the population to which they belong.This means that the likenesses amongmen are far greater than their diffe-rences.

A race, from the biological standpoint,may therefore be defined as one of thegroup of populations constituting thespecies"Homo sapiens."These popul-ations are capable of interbreeding withone another but, by virtue of the isolat-ing barriers which in the past kept themmore or less separated, exhibit certainphysical differences as a result of theirsomewhat different biological histories.They represent variations, as it were, ona common theme.

In short, the term"race"designates agroup or population characterised bysome concentrations, relative as to fre-quency and distribution, of hereditaryparticles (genes) or physical characters,which appear, fluctuate, and often disap-pear in the course of time by reason ofgeographic and/or cultural isolation. Thevarying manifestations of these traits indifferent populations are perceived indifferent ways by each group. What isperceived is largely preconceived, so thatea h group arbitrarily tends to misinter-pret the variability which occurs as afundamental difference which separatestr> ! t g-roup from all others.

These are the scientific facts. Unfor-tunately, however, when most people usethe term"race"they do not do. so in thetense above defined. To most people, arace is any group of people whom they

ferently classified by different anthropo-logists, but at the present time mostanthropologists agree in classifying thegreater part of present-day mankind intothree major divisions, as follows :

i\longoloid, Negroid, CaucasoidThe biological processes which the clas-sifier has here embalmed, as it were, aredynamic, not static. These divisionswere not the same in the past as theyare at present, and there is every reasonto believe that they will change in thefuture.

Many sub-groups or ethnic groupswithin these divisions have been deserio-ed. There is no general agreement upontneir number, and in any event mostethnic groups have not yet been eitherstudied or described by the physicalanthropologist.

Whatever classification the anthro-pologist makes of man, he never includesmental characteristics as part of thoseclassifications. It is now generally reco-gnized that intelligence tests do nof inthemselves enable us to differentiatetafely between what is due to innatecapacity and what is the result of envi-ronmental influences, training and educ-ation. Wherever it has been possibleto make allowances for differences inenvironmental opportunities, the testshave shown essential similarity in men-tal characters among all human groups.In short, given similar degrees of cul-tural opportunity to realise their poten-tialities, the aVel'aj ; e achic\'ement,) f

the members of each ethnic group isabout the same. The scientific investig-ations of recent years fully support thedictum of Confucius (551-478 B. C.)"Men'snatures are alike ; it is their habits thatcarry them far apart".

The scientific material available to usat present does not justify the conclusionthat inherited genetic differences are amajor factor in producing the differencesbetween the cultures and culturalachievements of different peoples orgroups. It does indicate, however, thatthe history of the cultural experiencewhich each group has undergone is themajor facter in explaining such differ-ence. The one trait which above allothers has been at a premium in theevolution of men's mental characters hasbeen educability, plasticity. This is atrait which all human beings possess. Itis, ind'ed, a species character of"Homosapiens."

So far as temperament is concerned,there is no definite evidence that thereexist inborn differences between humangroups. There is evidence that whatevergroup differences of the kind there mightbe are greatly over-ridden by the indi-vidual differences, and by the differencesspringing from environmental factors.

As fer personality and character, thesemay be considered raceless. In everyhuman group a rich variety of personalityand character types will be found, andthere is no reason fer believing that anyhuman group is richer than any other inthese respects.

Biological Facts and Racial Myths

WITH respect to race-mixture, theevidence points unequivocally tothe fact that this has been going

on from the earliest times. Indeed, oneof the chief processes of race-formationand race-extinction or absorption is bymeans of hybridization between races orethnic groups. Furthermore, no con-vincing evidence has been adduced thatrace-mixture ef itself produces biolo-gically bad effects. Statements that hu-man hybrids frequently show undesirabletraits, both physically and mentally, phy-sical disharmonies and mental dege-neracies, are not supported by the facts.There is, therefore, no biological justi-fication for prohibiting intermarriagebetween persons of different ethnicgroups.

The biological fact of race and themyth of"race"should be distinguished.For all practical social purposes"race"is not so much a biological phenomenonas a social myth. The myth of"race"has created an enormous amount ofhuman and social damage. In recentyears it has taken a heavy toll in humanlives and caused untold suffering. Itstill prevents the normal development ofmillions of human beings and deprivescivilization of the effective co-operation ofproductive minds.

The biological differences betweenethnic groups should be disregarded fromthe standpoint of social acceptance andsccial action. The unity of mankindfrom both the biological and socialviewpoints is the main thing.

To recognize this and to act accordinglyis the first requirement of modern man.It is but to recognize what a greatbiologist wrote in 1875 :"As man advancesin civilization, and small tribes are unitedinto larger communities, the simplestreason would tell each individual that heought to extend his social iilstincts andsympathies to all the members of thesame nation, though personally unknownto him. This point being once reached,there is only an artificial barrier toprevent his sympathies extending to themen of all nations and races."

These are the words of Charles Darwinin"The Descent of Man" (2nd ed., 1875,pp. 187-188). And, indeed, the whole ofhuman history shows that a co-operativespirit is not only natural to men, butmore deeply rooted than any self-seekingtendencies. If this were not so we shouldnot see the growth of integration andorganization of his communities whichthe centuries and the millennia plainlyexhibit.

We now have to consider the bearingef these statements on the problem ofhuman equality. It must be assertedwith the utmost emphasis that equalityas an ethical principle in no way dependsupon the assertion that human beingsare in fact equal in endowment. Obvious-ly individuals in all ethnic groups varygreatly among themselves in endowment.Nevertheless the characteristics in whichhuman groups differ from one anotherare often exaggerated and used as a basisfor questioning the validity of equality inthe ethical sense. For this purpose wehave thought it worth while to set out ina formal manner what is at presentscientifically established concerning indiv-idual and group differences.

(The fmal conclusicns of the scienUstsare published on page 1.)

RACE AI

TOWARDS the end of the last century,a French anthropologist. Lapouge,declared that the day was drawingnear when men would slaughter

one another for a few millimetres'differ-ence in cranium size. What may thenhave seemed only a whimsical theory hassince become harsh reality with the per-petration of appalling massacres duringthe last decade in the name of racialsuperiority. Thus our age has been giventhe sorry privilege of verifying prophe-cies, which not long ago would have beenregarded as ludicrous.

Unfortunately the evils of racialdiscrimination have not disappeared withthe suppression of Nazi political power.Although not applied in such ruthlessfashion it still causes immeasurablesuffering every day and continues toaffect the lives and futures of millions ofpeople.

Racism is one of the most disturbingphenomena of the great revolution of themodern world. At the very time whenindustrial civilization is penetrating to allpoints of the globe and is uprooting menof every colour from their age-old tradi-tions, a doctrine, treacherously scientificin appearance, is invoked in order to robthese men of their full share in theadvantages of the civilization forced uponthem.

There exists in the structure of Westerncivilization a fatal contradiction. On theone hand it wishes and insists that cer-tain cultural values, to which it attributesthe highest virtues, be assimilated byother people. But, conversely, it will notadmit that two-thirds of humanity iscapable of attaining this standard whichit has set up. Ironically, the worstsufferers from racial dogma are usuallythe people whose intellect most forciblydemonstrates its falseness.

No"Pure"Races

FOR nearly a century, all genuinej'anthropologists have insisted on thepurely conventional character of the

features chosen to classify the human

Page 9-UNESCO COURIER

D CIVILIZATION

by Dr. Alfred METRAUX

species. They have reiterated that thereis no such thing as a pure race, thatracial differences are biological and pro-bably do not affect character and mentalfaculties, and that from the anthropolo-gical point of view the human species isone. But little attention has been paidby the majority to their words.

How many cultivated, intelligent andkindly people believe in all good faiththat Negroes inherit at birth an exu-berant and primitive nature and thatrhythm and dance are theirs from thecradle ? How many others, who believethemselves to be free from any taint ofracial prejudice, credit the Jews withintellectual qualities superior to those ofChistians ? Every day, all too manyattest to the belief that racial groupshave hereditary virtues and defects, abelief which is a commonly acceptederror, and which, if not discredited, comesto be accepted as the truth.

Race prejudice thrives on the inabilityof most people to make a clear distinctionbetween facts pertaining to civilizationand culture on the one hand and biolo-gical facts on the other. Men are dis.tinguished by their respective cultures,which is that"complex whole whichincludes knowledge, belief, art, morals,law, custom, and any other capabilitiesand habits acquired by man as a memberof society."As cultural differences arefrequently associated with. physicaldifferences, the latter have been regardedtoo often as the cause of the former.

Culture Confused With Instinct

SOCIAL prejudice will not diminishuntil it is generally rec8gnized thatthe real differences between human

societies are not due to biological here-dity but to cultural environment. Theinfluence of culture on the individual isat once so subtle ant strong, and it isexerted from such an early age, that it isapt to be confused with instinct.

The cultural factor plays a highlyimportant part in the workings of theintellect. A poor. isolated group whichdoes not receive much stimulus from theoutside world may easpy be taken to becongenitally inferior ; but another one inthe favourable atmosphere of a differentmoral and economic environment, may beregarded as a privileged specimen ofmankind.

Psychology and criminology havetaught us that delinquency is related tosocial conditions. If we are convinced ofthe importance of family and socialenvironment, why should we refuse torecognize the part played by culture ? Itis too easily forgotten that there aremany cultural specializations and manychoices open to every culture.

Take for example the Australian abori-gines. Their tools and economy arethose of our prehistoric ancestors. Likeseveral species of fauna in the countrythey seem to represent an early stage ofevolution. Nevertheless, these primitivepeople have developed a social organiz-ation and a system of relationship ofsuch complexity and refinement that itrequires an able brain and a degree ofmathematical ability to unravel all itsintricacies. In comparison, some of oursystems are simple, even crude. Examplesfrom other sccieties could be multiplied.

Doubts About The Nordics

ONE of the essential features of culturesis their malleability. They changerather rapidly and only remain static

in certain exceptional cases.The racial composition of Europe has

probably varied very little in the courseof the last two or three thousand years,but would anyone venture to affirm thatEuropean mentality has always been thesame ? Would Englishmen of todayfeel at home among the subjects ofEdward IlL ? In Japan the 19th centurysaw the tremendous cultural revolution ofa people whose racial type was in no waychanged, for it is obvious that, biologic-ally speaking, the Japanese of 1950 isthe same as his great-grandfather in thedays of Commodore Perry.

The United States of America providea very good example of the fact thatculture is more important than race.Who has not been impressed by the"typically American"mentality, gesturesand behaviour of persons springing fromthe most varied races ?

It is a gross error to believe historycan be explained by race. Westernindustrial culture does not owe its greatdevelopment and power to any innatesuperiority of the white race. The Gauls,as Julius Caesar describes them, werescarcely superior to Western Africantribes, whom some people glibly declareincapable of progress. Writers of theancient Mediterranean peoples frequentlyexpressed doubts about the capacities ofthe Nordics, some of whom are inclinedtoday to disdain other races.

There is nothing hereditary or evenspontaneous in the antipathy felt bymembers of one racial group for those ofanother. Observations on the behaviourof children show very clearly that theyexpress aversion for people of anothercolour only under the influence of thefamily milieu. The millions of half-castes in the world are witness thatdifferent races have in fact a particularattraction for one another. Relationsbetween races are generally determinedby cultural tradition. History is there toteach us that this tradition-has variedgreatly in the course of the centuries.

No Escape From Heredity

RACISM is a relatively new myth,dating back to only two or threecenturies ago. Before the colonial

expansion of the European powers, mendespised or hated one another for culturalor religious differences, but did not claimto be superior to one another because ofthe colour of their skin or the shape oftheir skull or their nose.

Morally, slavery was just as damagingto the whites as to the blacks. Thewhites made skin colour and other phy-sical characteristics indelible distinguish-ing marks. The Inquisition burnt theJews because they had crucified Christand because they were supposed to be theenemies of the faith ; the Nazis did thesame because the Jews were said to belongto a species which was inherently harm-ful. The difference is of little importanceto the victim, but it means much from

RACIAL OPPRESSION-GERMAN-OCCUPIED POLAND. ce : : patioo :"ol ndtNazis decided to herd all Jews together in special walled-off parts 01 Warsaw and other largecities. In Warsaw an eight loot wall (shown in this photo) topped with broken glass wasbuilt to define the limits 01 a revived mediaeval ghetto. By 1941. over 450. 000 people werecrowded into the area, many being forced to share a room with a dozen other people.

the point of view of history. It is pos-sible to change one's religious convictions ;but nobody can escape heredity.

There is in this concept of race some-thing implacable. The barbarity of ourtime is more ruthless and more absurdthan that of the so-called Dark Ages ; forracial prejudice is an un-intelligent andunattractive myth. Its fiourishing deve-lopment in the twentieth century will nodoubt in future ages be regarded as oneof the most shameful episodes in history.

Science versus Prejudice

RACIAL hatred and conflict feed onJ\. mistaken scientific notions and anti-rational dogma. To show up these

errors and lessen their harmful effect, wemust use the means supplied by science,culture and education. Unesco. betterthan any other institution in the world.is thus qualified to combat racial preju-dice.

Any campaign for an ideological object-ive must be based on a declaration ofprinciples. As regards race, what is

needed is not dogma or moral conviction.but scientific data, in view of the factthat the system of race discriminationclaims to derive from actual experienceand alleged biological laws. Beforemaking an appeal to common sense, tocharity, and even to the self-interest ofthe groups affected by this plague, it wasnecessary to ascertain the results ofscientific observation.

That is why a commission of anthro-pologists and sociologists met towardsthe end of last year at Unesco House forthe purpose of preparing a document inwhich the attitude of science to theracial problem would be clearly set forth.This declaration, reproduced elsewhere.leaves not a shadow of doubt, that thespecialists look upon racial dogma as amyth.

The fight against race discrimination,which figures in the Unesco Constitu-tion, will be long. To combat an emo-tional attitude as deep-seated and dan-gerous as racial prejudice is not easy. butby depriving it of. all scientific andrational justification a great step forwardwill have been made.

UNESCO COURIER-Pile 10

BALZAC

AND THE HUMAN COMEDY

FEW writers ha'Ye had such a great influence on the literature of all countries as Honorde Balzac, who died in Paris, on August 18th, 1850.Balzac's true literary career started in 1829 after ten years of trying and discourag-

ing apprenticeship. It had exactly twenty. one years to run, yet during this time Baltic,working with a furious energy, produced an immense and'Yaried total of nO'Yels and phil-osophical and analytical studies in which, using his gifts of obser'Yation and imaginationand on a scale ne'Yer achie'Yed by any other nO'Yelist, he portrayed the life of his time.

Balzac openly, publicly and proudly pursued fame and money. He affected at timesto hold mankind in contempt. Some critics have asserted that these attitudes were thewhole basis for his work. That work itself, howe'Yer, in its profundity and integrity, giyesa sufficient answer to the lesser critics-and e'Yen to Balzac himself-for contendingthat it could bave had so mean an origin.

In 1842, Balzac carried out the idea of building his work into one structure to whichhe gave the name"La ComMie Humaine", and in a preface written for the first'Yolumeof this"Human Comedy", he ga'Ye his own interpretation of his books.

As a tribute to Balzac on the centenary of his death, the Courier publishes on this

page extracts from the preface in which the nO'Yelist, explaining his title for the work,sets out to"state its purpose, relate its origin and gave some explanation of its plan."

HONORE DE BALZACA portrait