A History of Sind From 710-1590

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A HISTORY OF SIND,

EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM A.D. 710 TO A.D. 1590

BY

MAHOMED MASOOM

CONTENTS.

PAGETITLE PAGE

ALPHABETICAL INDEX iiiTITLE viiNOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR OF THE HISTORY OF SIND 2PREFATORY REMARKS BY THE AUTHOR, MAHOMED MASOOM 3CHAPTER I.Conquest of Sind 5Summary of the life of the son of Abdool Mulik ib.His title 6Summary of the circumstances of Rais Suheeris, the son of Sahsee, King of

Alore 7Made four laws 8The 1st on the Army ib.The 2nd on the Ryuts ib.The 3rd on the Merchants 9The 4th on the Trades ib.The placing of Chuk on the throne of the kingdom, and his marriage with the

Queen 10The ascending of the throne of his father by his son Daher 12The relation of the Conquest of Sind by Ameer Imad-ood-deen Mahomed, theson of Kasim Suyfee; and the destruction of Rais Daher 15

A description of when Mahomed the son of Kasim was in the province ofSehwistan 16

CHAPTER II.A recital of those Kings who, after the Government of theAgents of the Khaliphs of Bunee Abbas, ruled the country of Sind 23

An account of the Sultan Shuhab-ood-deen Mahomed, the son of SamGhoree 24

An account of Sultan Kootb-ood-deen Abeek 25

An account of Aram Shah, the son of Kootb-ood-deen Abeek ib.An account of Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis 26An account of Sultan Musood Shah ib.


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An account of Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed, the son of Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis 27

An account of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Balbun 28A history of Sultan Julal-ood-deen Khuljee 29An account of Sultan Ula-ood-deen 0

An account of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen 31An account of Sultan Mahomed Shah, the son of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deenShah 32

An account of Sultan Pheroz Shah 33An account of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Tughlug Shah, the son of FuttehKhan, the son of Pheroz Shah 35

An account of the reign of Aboo Bukur Shah Ghoree 36

An account of Sultan Mahomed Shah, the son of Sultan Pheroz Shah 37

An account of Sultan Ula-ood-deen Sikunder Shah 38

An account of Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed Shah ib.

An account of the rules of the men of Soomrah and Summah 40

An account of Jam Oonnur, the son of Babuniyuh 47An account of Joonuh, the son of Babuniyuh 48An account of Jam Babuniyuh, the son of Jam Khair-ood-deen 49An account of Jam Nizam-ood-deen, the son of Jam Sulah-ood-deen 50An account of Jam Ali Sher ib.

An account of Jam Tughlug Shah, the son of Sekunder 52An account of Jam Sekunder, the son of Jam Tughlug Shah ib.An account of Jam Roydhun 53An account of Jam Sunjur 54An account of Jam Nizam-ood-deen, who was commonly called Jam Nindah,the son of Babuniyuh 55

An account of Jam Pheroz, the son of Jam Nizam-ood-deen 56

CHAPTER III.An account of the Reign of the Urghooneeyuhs; of the times

of their Government; of their Wars; and an abridged History of AmeerZoonoon Urghoon 59

An account of how the friendship existed between Meer Zoonoon Urghoon,and Budeen-ooz-Zuman Meerza, the son of Sultan Hoosain Shah ib.

An account of the going of Meerza Budeen-ooz-Zuman, of Kandahar 62

A narrative of the imprisonment and killing of Mahomed Momin Meerza, theson of Meerza Budeen-ooz-Zuman ib.

An account of the march of Sultan Hoosain towards Kandahar, and of histurning back when on the road 64


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An account of the expedition of Meerza Budeen-ooz-Zuman, accompanied byShah Beg Urghoon, against Meerza Sultan Hoosain 65

An account of the peace-making between Sultan Hoosain and Budeen-ooz-Zuman 66

An account of the raising of the standard of departure by Meerza Budeen-ooz-Zuman Shah-Zadah, to take Herat 67

An account of Budeen-ooz-Zuman Meerza obtaining the Sultanut of Balkh,and of the return of Meer Zoonoon and Shah Beg to Kandahar 68

An account of Ibn-i-Hoosain Meerza going to Seestan; of the march of MeerZoonoon to the assistance of his brother; and of the battle between theparties 69

An account of the capture of Kabool by Mahomed Mokeem, the Son of MeerZoonoon, and other incidents 70

An account of the martyrdom of Meer Zoonoon Urghoon 71

An account of some of the circumstances of Shah Beg, and MahomedMokeem, Urghoons 73

An account of Shah Beg going to take Seebee, and of the flight of thedescendants of Peer Wullee Burdas 74

An account of some of the circumstances of Shah Beg 76

An account of Mahomed Babur Badshah going against Kandahar 77

An account of Shah Beg sending his son Shah Hoosain from Shawul andSeebee to expel Jam Sulah-ood-deen 81

An account of Shah Begs sojourn at Baghbanan, and of his going fromthence to Sehwistan 82

An account of the destruction of the people of the tribe of Dhareja 83An account of the departure of Shah Beg from this world, in which there is

trouble 86A short account of some of the circumstances of Shah Beg 87

Some account of the wonders of Seebee ib.An account of the wonders of Kandahar 89An account of Syud Mahomed, called Syud Shere Kulundur 92An account of Khwaja Mulik 94An account of Khwaja Ali Naitaz ib.An account of Khwaja Ali Naishapooree ib.An account of Khwaja Waiyoob Unsaree, who was the brother of Khwaja

Abdoola Unsaree ib.An account of the sitting on the throne of the kingdom of Meerza Shah

Hoosain, and of the reading the name of Babur Badshah in the sermon 95An account of the coming of Jam Pheroz to Chachgan, and of the victory ofShah Hoosain over him ib.


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An account of Baba Ahmed being sent by Shah Hoosain to punish the Duhursand Machees 96

Some mention of Babur Badshah going to Hindoostan; also of the Marriage ofMeerza Shah Hoosain with Goolburg Begum; and an account of thecircumstances of the Kings of Mooltan 97

An account of Meerza Shah Hoosain turning his face towards Mooltan 100

An account of Meerza Shah Hoosain fighting with the Lungahs at Ooch 101

An account of Meerza Shah Hoosain going to take the fort of Dilawur, andagainst Ghazee Khan 103

An account of Meerza Shah Hoosain going against and capturing Mooltan,and of the massacre of the inhabitants 104

An account of Shah Hoosains war with Khungar, in the direction of

Kutch 106

An account of Hoomayoon Badshah going against Guzerat, and of the marchof Meerza Shah Hoosain in that direction, agreeably to his orders 108

An account of Badshah Hoomayoon (the son of Babur Badshah) going toSind, and of Meerza Shah Hoosains enmity with him 109

An account of the expedition of Bukshoo Lungah against Bukkur 119

An account of the coming of Meerza Kamran to Sind 120

An account of the Urghoons and Turkhans becoming rebellious, and of thedeath of Meerza Shah Hoosain 121

A summary of the life of Meerza Shah Hoosain 128

An account of the Soduts, the men of learning, the Priests, the Judges, andthe Poets, in the time of Meerza Shah Hoosain 129

An account of Mukhdoom Rookhn-ood-deen, commonly called MukhdoomMutoo 130

An account of Kazee Kazin 130

An account of Kazee Abdoolla, the son of Kazee Ibrahim ib.An account of Musluh-ood-deen Laree 131An account of Syud Taj-ood-deen ib.An account of the most perfect, the most eloquent of poets, Shah Jahangheer

Hashimee ib.

An account of Meerza Eesa, the son of Meer Abdool Ali Turkhan 132

An account of the men of learning in the times of Meerza Eesa and MeerzaMahomed Bagee 136

An account of Miyan Syud Ali 137


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An account of Sultan Mahomed Khan, from the beginning of his life to hisdeath ib.

An account of the dissensions in the Government, and of the death of SultanMahomed 144

A short description of Sultan Mahomed 147CHAPTER IV.An account of Sind coming into the hands of the Agents ofJulal-ood-deen Shah 148

TRANSLATORS NOTE 157

SELECTIONS FROM THE RECORDS OF THE BOMBAY GOVERNMENT.

NO. XIII.NEW SERIES.

A HISTORY OF SIND,

EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM A.D. 710 TO A.D. 1590;

WRITTEN IN PERSIAN, AT THE CLOSE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY,

BYMAHOMED MASOOM;

AND TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH, IN THE YEAR 1846,

BY

CAPTAIN GEORGE GRENVILLE MALET,

3RD REGIMENT BOMBAY LIGHT CAVALRY,

RESIDENT AT KHYRPOOR.

ASSISTED BY PEER MAHOMED,

RESIDENCY MOONSHEE.

EDITED BY R. HUGHES THOMAS, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, POLITICAL

DEPARTMENT,

Bombay:

PRINTED FOR GOVERNMENT

AT THE

BOMBAY EDUCATION SOCIETYS PRESS, 1855.


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ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

A

PAGEAbdool Mulik, son of 5Aboo Bukur Shah Ghoree 36Ameer Zoonoon Urghoon 59Aram Shah 25BBaba Ahmed 96Babur Badshah 95Badshah Hoomayoon 109Balkh, Sultanut of 68Budeen-ooz-Zuman, Meerza 59Bukkur 119Bukshoo Lungah 119CChachgan 95Chapter I. 5Chapter II. 23Chapter III. 59Chapter IV. 148Chuk 10Conquest of Sind 5DDaher 12Destruction of Daher 15Dhareja, tribe of 83Dilawur 103Duhurs 96G

Ghazee Khan 103Goolburg Begum 97Guzerat 108HHerat 67Hindoostan 97Hoomayoon Badshah 108IIbn-i-Hoosain, Meerza 69

Imad-ood-deen Mahomed 15JJam Ali Sher 50


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Notes by the Translator 2, 157OOoch 101PPeer Wullee Burdas, flight of the descendants of 74

Poets 129Prefatory remarks 3RRais Suheeris 7SSeebee 74, 87Shah Beg { 73, 76, 82, 86, 87Shah Beg Urghoon 65Shah Hoosain 81, 95

Shah Jehangheer Hashimee 131Soduts 129Soomrah and Summah, rules of the men of 40Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen 31Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Balbun 28Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Tughlug Shah 35Sultan Hoosain 64, 66Sultan Julal-ood-deen Khuljee 29Sultan Kootb-ood-deen Abeek 25Sultan Mahomed Khan 137, 144, 147Sultan Mahomed Shah 32, 37Sultan Musood Shah 26Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed 27Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed Shah 38Sultan Pheroz Shah 33Sultan Shuhab-ood-deen Mahomed 24Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis 26Sultan Ula-ood-deen 30Sultan Ula-ood-deen Sikundur Shah 38

Syud Mahomed, called Syud Shere Kulundur 92Syud Taj-ood-deen 131TTurkhan 121UUrghooneeyuhs, reign of 59Urghoons 121


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A HISTORY OF SIND,

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EIGHTH TO THE END OF THESIXTEENTH CENTURY;

BY

MAHOMED MASOOM NAM.

TRANSLATED, IN THE YEAR 1846, FROM THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN,

BY

MAJOR GEORGE GRENVILLE MALET,

3RD REGT. BOMBAY LIGHT CAVALRY,

RESIDENT AT KHYRPOOR,ASSISTED BY PEER MAHOMED,RESIDENCY MOONSHEE.

NOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR.

THIS History of Sind affords the following information relative to its Author:

His name was Mahomed Masoom, with the titular name of Nam: his fathersname was Sufaee Hoosainee, who, leaving his native place Tirmaz, came toBukkur, where he died and was buried. His descendants are now to be foundliving on a limited portion of the lands which were presented in Jageer by theEmperor Akbar Shah to the Historian, on the occasion of his visiting andpaying his respects to His Majesty in the district of Bukkur.

He is a fool who lends a book he is a greater who returns it!is an Eastern saying. Acting up to this, the Natives in general have a greatrepugnance to lend their MSS.; but I had the good fortune to obtain the loanof a copy of this work from His Highness Meer Ali Morad Khan Talpoor,another from Peer Ali Gohur, and a third from Goolam Ali Shah (these twolast-named are Syuds of respectable families in Upper Sind): with thesebefore me I executed this translation.

PREFATORY, REMARKS BY THE AUTHOR,

MAHOMED MASOOM.


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BE it known to the hearts of those having knowledge: this book is such, thatby it is shown how Sind was conquered; also how the Musulmans fought withthe Kafirs of the country; also how, and for how many years, the agents of theKhaliphs, Bunee Oomaiyuh and Bunee Abbas, governed it; likewise how theHakeems, who succeeded these agents, ruled over it. There is also described

in this the government of the Urghooneeyuhs, and the times of their rule, theirbattles, the districts and towns which they took, and all that they did till thetime of their departure; after which the country came into the possession ofJulal-ood-deen Mahomed Akbar, Badshah; and it is also shown who of hisAmeers came to Bukkur, Sehwistan, and Tatta.

This book is divided into IV. Chapters.

In the I. Chapter, is mentioned the conquest of Sind, and the times of thegovernment of the agents of the Khaliphs, Bunee Oomaiyuh and BuneeAbbas.

In the II. Chapter, is mentioned the Kings of Hindoostan, in whose agentshands the government of Sind was placed; also how Soormah and Summahgoverned it.

In the III. Chapter, is mentioned how the Urghooneeyuhs ruled this country.

In the IV. Chapter, is shown how this country came into the hands of AkbarShah, and what Ameers and Hakeems were appointed to, and came togovern, this country, by and from him, till the date of the commencement ofthis book.

This book is named THE HISTORY OF SIND.

God is the giver of help to all; all have confidence in Him!

Praise is due to the Ruler of all the world; by whose wisdom the good of thepeople of the earth is secured by the justice of kings, the proof of which is,that if there were no kings in the world, of course some men would devoureach other!

God is such, that there is no other like Him.By His omnipotence, He is King above all other kings.He is such a God, that there is no other like Him.Everything on earth gives evidence that there is a God.He has given the arrangement of things on earth to kings.He has given the justice of kings to be the ornament of the world.If there were no kings on earth, this world would become desolate by

misfortunes!Offer sincere prayers to Mahomed!

The elevation of the flag of Mahomeds prophecies is known from the

following:I was the Prophet when Adam was in the earth and water!


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The high flag of his prophecy is known from this:

I do not send you, were it not for mercy to the world!

The blessing of God on him, his family, all his friends, and his posterity, aslong as the world exists, until the Resurrection:

Mahomeds existence comes from the first. By his kindness the world wascreated.All the world, he took, and to heaven, by his majesty.For upon high heaven he beat five Nobuts.Earth and heaven; honour is from him.His exaltation exalted the world.To the foundation of religion he gave such strength, that it will flourish to the

last day!The Writer of this Book, Mahomed Masoom, whose Titular Name is Nam,

the son of Sufaee Hoosainee. The original place of residence of my fatheris Tirmaz; his house and tomb are at Bukkur; related to Syud Sher Kulundur,the son of Baba Husun Abbal, who was born at Subzwar. He lived and wasburied at Kandahar. It has been my intention for a long time to write a shortaccount of the conquest of Sind, describing the doings of the Hakeems of thatcountry, and to gather and select such information as I could obtain; but onaccount of bad fortune, and the displeasure of Heaven, there was all the will,but the power was wanting. Everything takes place at its proper time;therefore it was delayed until the days when I wrote it on account of my son,the cooler of my eyes, the flower of my heart, Meer Boozoorg! O God, makehim after yourself! On his account I wrote this book. Another final cause of mywriting this book was, that by reading it my son may learn what the good menof old did, that he may know what is good, what is bad; that which isadvantageous, that which is the contrary; so that he may follow the paths ofgood men; that, following the ways of good men, by that means he may avoidthe ways of bad men. From God we obtain the completion of our wishes,protection, and assistance!

THE HISTORY OF SIND.

CHAPTER I.

THE CONQUEST OF SIND.

IN this appears the ordering of the Musulman armies from Bagdad to Sind, inthe time of the Khaliph, the son of Abdool Mulik, and the circumstances of the


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wars of the Musulmans with the Kafirs; also the times of the governorship ofthe agents of Bunee Oomaiyuh and Bunee Abbas, Khaliphs.

It is proper to give the greatest praise to the glory of the Maker, that He hasmade a difference in the attributes and natures of men; and the intentions ofthe heart He has made different in the hearts of kings: from some of these

kings injury comes upon themselves, and others send their good deeds inadvance!

Men of understanding will know, that all historians are agreed that Sind wasconquered in the Khaliphat of the son of Abdool Mulik, by the exertions ofHujjaj the son of Yoosoof Sukafee, as Ali the son of Hamed, the son of AbooBukur Koofee, wrote in the Chuk Nam, which is a history of Sind. The writerof this book has omitted to include that which was useless in that work; hetakes out only that which is useful and necessary.

A SUMMARY OF THE LIFE OF THE SON OF ABDOOL MULIK.

Some historians say that the son was an oppressor: a few think he was such;but the greater number say, that of all the Bunee Oomaiyuh Khaliphs he wasthe most excellent, because he made the Jooma Musjid at Damascus, that is

called the Bunee Oomaiyuh Musjid; and in the Goozeeduh history it appearsthat he spent 1,000 Dinars six times over on this Musjid, and that every day1,000 men were employed on this building. At Medina he enlargedMahomeds Musjid, and in Jerusalem he built up anew the Musjid Aysa, andthose who were blind he fed in charity; those who were holy men he selectedfrom the crowds, arranging for their food. In the days of his Khaliphat manycities of Mawraun Mehr (beyond the river Oxus), and to Furghunah, and tothe countries of Kabool and Mooltan, were conquered.

In the Mirat-ool-Jenan history it is written, that notwithstanding his oppression,

he was a great reader of the Koran, as every third day he read it through, andin the month of Rumzan he read it through seventeen times.

It is also written in the Goozeeduh history, that in the Khaliphat of the son ofAbdool Mulik, on the Badeeuh road he made many reservoirs for water; inDamascus he built a hospital and a Karavanserai. He was the first inventor ofthese places; and amongst all the other things which he did, he pointed outthe proper position of the Minars, from the tops of which the summons toprayer is called.

His death took place in the month of Jumad-ool-Awul, Hijree 96 (A. D. 714).He lived on earth forty-nine years; out of that he reigned nine years and eightmonths.


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The title of the son was MOOSTUKEEM BILLAH (the Faithful to God).

God only knows the truth of this! I now describe some of the events, andsome of the reasons why the Musulman forces came from Bagdad.

It is written in the histories of Sind, that in the time of the Khaliphat of AbdoolMulik, he gave orders to some of his servants to go to Sind to buy Hindoostanfemale slaves, and other things. Some merchants of Egypt having joinedthem, they came to Sind. They bought and collected female slaves, and otherthings, as ordered, and having made their arrangements, started on theirreturn by the sea route. When they got to Daiwul Bunder (now called the Tattaand Luheree Bunder), a band of highway robbers came upon them, killingmany, taking a few prisoners, looting the whole of their property; and theremaining few escaping, they returned to, and made their complaint before,the Khaliph, who was so incensed, that the perspiration issued from his body:he warned an army to go to that country, and then he died, the forceremaining stationary, when his noble son succeeded to the Khaliphat. Hujjajthe son of Yoosoof was sent by him to govern Koofa. He arranged affairs inBagdad and Koofa, and then in Karmania, Khorasan, Sejistan (Sehwistan).He then heard some of the circumstances of Mukran and Sind, which hereported to the Khaliph: That formerly some of the Khaliphs servants went tobuy things, and that the people of Sind had looted them of all they had, killingmany of the party, keeping some as prisoners; and that the deceased Khaliphhad warned a force to go and take revenge. In the mean time the Khaliph wastaken ill, and died: thus to this time the Mahomedans are still in confinementin the hands of Kafirs. If ordered, it is possible that these people shall bereleased, and the property which was looted recovered.

It is the custom of good, clever men, first of all to gain intelligence of thecircumstances of their enemies, and their condition. Previous to receiving areply to his petition, Hujjaj warned two clever men to go as spies, to ascertainthe circumstances of Sind, and the strength of its armies. He gave them aFirman, as if from the Khaliph, and dismissed them. At that time, Daher, theson of Chuk, was the King of Sind: they gave the Firman to him, he receivingit with much honour; he read, and understood its contents. He denied that hismen had done as alleged, saying that he was clear of the matter. His tonguewas full of enmity, but with it he spoke in terms of friendship before thesepersons: asking his attendants about the occurrence, he said he would sendpeople to find out who had behaved in this way towards the Khaliphsservants, declaring, that if caught, he would punish them; that he would

recover the stolen property from them, and send it to the Khaliph. He sent hispeople to inquire into it, detaining the two men for some time by cunning


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struck Suheeris in the neck, and he died. The army of Neemroz looted theenemy till midnight, when they proceeded to return. The Sind army, whichwas dispersed that night, collected and went to Alore. When they got there,they all agreed to place Rais Sahsee (the son of Suheeris) on the throne. Hegave great festivals, distributing in charity much gold and pearls. He made no

alteration in the mode of ruling the country: he governed with justice. He hada good disposition, treating all with kindness: full of mildness and humility, ashe sat in judgment he displayed these qualities. All his subjects were veryhappy under his rule. After he had reigned one year, he took his army forexercise, and went to see the districts of his country. Wherever he found anydisobedient, he took them out by the roots.

When he had satisfied himself with regard to the state of his country, he cameto Alore, and he and all his people lived very happily.

He made four laws, relating to the country, and to property:

The first Law, on the Army. To whom pay is due, he receives it at once;there must be no delay.

The second Law, on the Ryuts. The proper rent which is fixed is to bebrought by the Ryut in three instalments, without his being sent for. The sign

of his great justice is this, that the Ryuts are ordered to be excused payingduty on grain, and money, on condition that they build six forts Alore,Sehwistan, Ooch, Mattehlath, Mode, Suvraee. These were built of mud, andsome of them are standing at the present time.

The third Law, on the Merchants. Whatever tax has been fixed on these,they are to pay it to the collector of taxes, without his asking for it.

The fourth Law, on the Trades. Whatever duty for the Sirkar is imposedupon each of these, they have done it.

Rais Sahsee had a Wuzeer, by name Rais Ram, to whom he gave the reins,placing everything, large and small, in his hands. In all his arrangements hedisplayed such tact, that the most minute thing did not escape him. On thisaccount, Rais Sahsee was at his ease, spending his days and nights in thebedchamber of happiness, and passing his life there. If at any time there werematters of consequence, or if any letters came from the rulers of theboundaries, then Rais Ram, going to the door of the Harem, represented it.

One day Rais Ram had an assembly, at which many Bramins and men ofgenius were collected. In the mean time a very handsome, clear-spoken,

eloquent young man came in. Those who composed the assembly wereastonished at the eloquence of his tongue. Asking him from whence he came,and what his name was, he said his name was Chuk, that his fathers name


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was Seelaj (Seelaj was a Bramin of note in that city). Rais Ram approved ofhis conversation, taking him into companionship, giving him great presents;and he took him to assist him in the affairs of the State. He was well versed inaccounts, clever in speaking and writing the Hindee language. Day by day heattained great knowledge in the business of the country, and property, and his

arrangements in these were very good. His good fortune was so great, thathe conducted all the duties of the Wuzeer; the name of Rais Ram aloneremained. Suddenly, Rais Ram was prostrated with sickness. At that timeRais Sahsee gave a festival in his Harem: he was sitting there very happy. Inthe mean time many letters came from Daiwul, which, being very important,the Chobdars went and at once gave them to the king. He was unwilling torise, so he gave orders for a curtain to be placed before the throne, and tosummon Chuk. The queen then remarked that he (Chuk) was a Braminwhy have a curtain with him; it is better to have him as it is. Chuk approached

the kings throne, offering benedictions, and scattering praises. He then readthe letters which had come, and making known their contents, the king gavehis replies. He (Chuk) then wrote such a letter, that on hearing it the kingpresented him with a valuable Khilat, giving directions, that when anybusiness of importance occurred, he should bring it into the Harem. But fromseeing him the queen had become distracted. Wishing to have a meeting withhim, she sent a procuress to Chuk, acquainting him with her hearts desire.He stood on the ground of denial, saying he was a Bramin, and could notcommit such perfidy, particularly in the kings house, from which there wasfear for his life, and the destruction of his family. But the god of love wasstrong in the breast of the queen. On this account happiness left her heart,and from unhappiness she rolled about like a half-killed bird. In a short timethis matter was known to every one. Some tale-bearers mentioned it to RaisSahsee: he replied that Chuk was a faithful Bramin, and would not commitsuch an act. In short, matters remained in this way some time. Rais Sahseethen became sick: many doctors did all in their power, but without effect. Thequeen then saw that the king would die, so she sent to call Chuk. When hecame, she told him of the condition of Rais Sahsee, and to get him (Chuk)named as vicegerent, formed this stratagem: calling all the Chobdars, she

told them that it was Rais Sahsees order that they should make it known toall, that there would be a grand Durbar the following day, when all, great andsmall, must be present. On the morning of the next day, the queen gaveorders that Rais Sahsees throne should be placed in the Hall of Audience,and it was done as she directed. The Chobdars, being instructed by her, thenwent and told the people that the king said, that in consequence of weaknesshe was unable to come forth; for this reason he had put Chuk in his place,having given to him the royal seal. Helpless, all the people obeyed this order,and a few days afterwards Rais Sahsee died. Then the Ranee, calling Chuk,

said: The time has now come when we can be one; we must arrange to getrid of those who may not approve of this. Chuk replied that he was willing todo as she wished. The queen said: Rais Sahsee has no son, but there are


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many of his relations who will lay claim to the heritage of his country andproperty: it is better to make arrangements before they do so. She theninstantly collected fifty chains, which she had placed in one of the rooms ofthe Harem. She then sent word separately to each of the relations ofconsequence, that Rais Sahsee was calling them to bequeath his country.

Such of these as came, and went inside, were seized, and made secure withthe chains. Having done this, she gained confidence, and calling the morehumble relations, she said to them: Those who were perverse towards you Ihave in confinement; such of you as destroy any of them shall become themasters of their property. They each killed such as had been unfriendlytowards them; the whole were destroyed. After this, the following day thequeen had the coffin of Rais Sahsee taken out, and, according to custom,burnt his remains; and Chuk succeeded him as king.

THE PLACING OF CHUK ON THE THRONE OF THE KINGDOM, AND HIS

MARRIAGE WITH THE QUEEN.

When Chuk, with the concurrence of the Ameers, sat on the throne of thekingdom, he opened the doors of the treasury, announcing to all that largess

would be given. He made the nobility and the mobility rich, so these becamehis, obliged by favours; he increased the pay of the army, and he lowered therents of the Ryuts on this account cultivation increased. He married thequeen according to the forms. When the news of this went abroad throughthe country, the relations of Sahsee about Jodhpoor and Jetpoor prepared toattack the country, to obtain their heritage. They collected a large force, andmade arrangements for fighting. The chief Sirdar of this army was RanaMuhurut. When this force got near Jaisulmere, he (Rana Muhurut) wrote aletter to Chuk, saying: You are a Bramin, and not calculated to be a king; youwill not be able to fight: for you it is more fit that you go and sit in a corner,and do not bring yourself into a field of battle. Chuk, taking this letter to thequeen, explained its contents to her, saying A very strong enemy hascome; what is your advice? The queen said Men are best acquainted withthe councils of war: if you are afraid, give me your clothes, and you shall takemine; then I will go to fight the enemy. Chuk, becoming ashamed, bent hishead downwards. At that time the queen said: Great wealth and muchhidden treasure came to you; it is proper that you now give it to the people,that they may be your well-wishers, and all shall come beneath your crown.Chuk, upon this, again opened the treasury, giving much money to the troops,

preparing them for war. He also put in proper order a field of battle. By thistime Rana Muhurut approached Alore. Chuk, hearing of this, took his army to


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the field of battle. The two armies fronted each other. Then Rana Muhurut,raising his voice, exclaimed: O Chuk! why do you bring this force to bedestroyed? The dispute is between you and me; it is better that we both comeinto the plain and fight with each other: if you kill me, you will obtain yourdesire all who are with me shall become yours; if I am victorious, the

country and property shall be mine. Chuk agreed to this the foot of hisbravery was in front. Rana Muhurut, advancing in front of his army, dis-mounted from his horse. Chuk likewise got down from his horse, giving ordersto his stirrup-holder to bring his horse gently after him. When the two drewnear each other, and were thinking of drawing their swords, at that momentthe stirrup-holder brought up the horse, and Chuk, quickly mounting, drew hissword, and slew Rana Muhurut with one blow his death came. The army ofRana Muhurut, seeing this, the thoughts of flight entered their breasts, andthey fled. Chuk pursued them, killing great numbers; those who escaped

might be counted. Chuk, returning that day, halted on the field of battle. Theday following, the people of the city dressed up the town, and Chuk came intoAlore with great state. From that time he became the sole ruler of thekingdom, and property. That same year, taking his army for exercise, hevisited the limits of his country. Seeing that all was settled, he became freefrom apprehension, and, coming to Alore, he remained there. Chuk had twosons by the queen one called Daher, the other Daher Seyn. He had also adaughter by her. Some years after this, Chuk folded up the carpet of his life,and his eldest son succeeded him.

THE ASCENDING OF THE THRONE OF HIS FATHER BY HIS SON DAHER.

When by universal assent Daher sat on the legitimate throne of his father, hefollowed the path of justice. By giving much money to the troops, and byprotecting the Ryuts, he pleased them. All the people of the country bowed

their heads on hearing his orders; they girded the waist-belt of obediencearound their loins. When he had been on the throne one year, Daher went tothe east country. On the eastern boundary he placed a man in whom he hadconfidence, and setting his mind at ease, he went to Jetpoor. From thence hewent to the west, where he did that which he had to do, and then he came toBraminabad, stopping there some days, and leaving his younger brother,Daher Seyn, the son of Chuk, as its governor. He remained six months on itsboundary, making friendship with the Governor of Karmania. He then returnedtowards Alore. When he drew near Alore, the great and small of the city came

in front to meet him, and to offer their congratulations to him, on his return.They made their obeisances, and he distributed largess amongst them. TheBramins and astrologers were present, and discovering the fortunate hour for


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the king to enter the city, made it known to him, saying We have seenyour fortune, and that of your brother, as also that of your sister: now, in thefuture fortune of you and your brother there is no bad presage, but in that ofyour sister Baee Ranee, it appears that she will be the wife of the man whowill be the king of this country, and this throne, and she (Baee Ranee) will not

go out of this city. Rais Daher, on hearing this, became much oppressed. Inthe end, he entered the city. For many successive days he held Durbars, andputting in order the affairs in the neighbourhood of the throne, he became atleisure; but when the thorn of the astrologers word pricked his heart, he wasunhappy. He again called the astrologers, asking them the situations of thegood and bad stars, and the fortunes of his sister and brother. Theastrologers showed him their exact state by explanations. Rais Daher, all hisfathers ministers, and his men of note, came before the astrologers, layingbefore them the carpet of inquiry, saying: It is a very difficult matter to part

with country and government: to my understanding it would seem that Ishould take my sister in marriage thus my government will remain in myhands, and no dissensions will arise in the country. Immediately on hearingthis, his relatives turned away their heads, vehemently exclaiming, and callingout, saying Never go near to such a desire, for by such means a spot willcome upon our family; the whole world will curse and reproach us; they willturn us out of our religion, and from under our laws: besides, from this therewill be such dissensions in the whole country, that they will never be allayed.Rais Daher did not approve of what they said. A few days after this, RaisDaher, summoning his nobles, got them to be of his opinion, and then theyagreed to give his sister to him in marriage. After this, on a certain night, RaisDaher collected the Bramins secretly in retirement, and, according to thecustom, he tied with a knot the corner of his sheet to the corner of that of hissister; they then both walked in a circle round fire, and, ascending, sat on thethrone. Rais Daher then drawing his sword, he saw both their faces on theblade. He then gave away much gold and pearls. They remained there thewhole night, but there was no consummation of the marriage. When the daybroke, Baee Ranee was taken to her house. When his brother Daher Seyn, atBraminabad, heard of what had taken place, he wrote a letter to him, full of

cursing and reproaches, saying: I have heard that you have committed thisbad act; you have given the name of our family to the winds. Rais Daherwrote to him thus in reply: To avoid the predictions, this has been done byme; if it had not been for these, I would never have agreed to such a bad act.Daher Seyn wrote another letter, saying Leave this business alone. RaisDaher said in reply It is impossible to turn our destiny by deliberation.After this, the custom of writing letters was left alone, and the fire of enmitybegan burning between them. Daher Seyn placed the thoughts of fightingwith his brother before his mind. He prepared a large army, and went with it

towards Alore. When this news reached Rais Daher, the sweat of his angerbroke out on his body: he collected a large force, prepared a battle-field, andlooked for his coming. After waiting for some days, he went to the jungle to


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hunt. Some days after this Daher Seyn approached Alore. He was anxious toget into the fort at once; but the people of the city shut the gates, taking theirfighting weapons in their hands. Some men then went between, and inducedDaher Seyn to desist, showing him a place for his camp to the eastward ofthe town. They also sent a man to Rais Daher, to give him the news of the

arrival of Daher Seyn; on hearing which, Rais Daher left his hunting, andquickly returning, reached the fort. The next morning, he had prepared all therequisites for a feast and for a dwelling, sending them to his brother by hismen of consequence. Daher Seyn rejected these, and sent them back,turning his head from the agreement to accept them. In the afternoon, hismother, and the nobles of the city, went to visit Daher Seyn, comforting himby counsel, saying: Sensual pleasures were not the intention of Rais Daher,but that he had adopted this stratagem to escape from the imagination ofmisfortune, which the artrologers had foretold in the fortune of Baee Ranee.

All approved of this excuse; do you also agree to it, leaving the jungle of yourbrothers enmity, and turning your heart to obey his orders, as formerly.Daher Seyn agreed to what his mother and relations said, and on thefollowing day, mounted on an elephant, he went underneath the fort, andstanding opposite the palace of Rais Daher, made his Salaam, and showedhis respect for him. Rais Daher called him inside. Daher Seyn replied, that hehad sworn an oath never to enter his house, nor to sit down with him, adding if you will come to me, and do me the honour to sit by me, it will bekindness. Rais Daher was anxious to go at once to meet him, but the timewas unseasonable, so he determined on the following day for the meeting. Inthe morning Rais Daher went out with many people to meet his brother. WhenDaher Seyn heard of his approach, he went forth to meet him in front, andwhen he was close to him, he dismounted from his horse, and kissed his(Rais Dahers) foot. Rais Daher also did such acts of kindness as are usualbetween brothers: getting off his horse, taking him in his embrace, kissing himon the face and head, and taking his hand, went inside the tent. They sattalking together for some time, laying open particular subjects. In theafternoon Rais Daher returned to his house, and after he had left, signs offever were felt on the body of Daher Seyn. These increased every minute to

such an extent, that blisters came over his whole body. On the fourth day hequitted the house of sickness, going to that other country where sicknessnever comes. When the news of his brothers death reached Rais Daher, hebecame very sorrowful; and quickly getting up, hasted to the place where hewas, sending messengers on in front, to find out the true news, and come andtell him. When these arrived at the tents of Daher Seyn, they saw theprincess with her head uncovered. The attendants took the messengersinside the curtain, and lifting the covering from off the face, displayed thecorpse. Upon this, seeing he was dead, they cried out loudly, running to meet

Rais Daher. Rais Daher, uncovering his head and feet, entered the tent of hisbrother, and, lifting up his body, took it to the place set apart for the purposeof burning their dead, and there burned it. He performed all the necessary


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mournings, and after these, he went to the place of residence of Daher Seyn,at Braminabad. Taking away with him all his (Daher Seyns) servants, andleaving those of his own in whom he had confidence, he returned, and cameback to Alore.

For many years he held the reins of government in his hands, with absolute

power.

THE RELATION OF THE CONQUEST OF SIND BY AMEER IMAD-OOD-DEEN MAHOMED, THE SON OF KASIM SUYFEE; AND THEDESTRUCTION OF RAIS DAHER.

Kazee Ismael, the son of Ali, the son of Mahomed, the son of Moosa, the sonof Taiee, has written as follows of the history of Sind. That in the Khaliphat ofthe son of Abdool Mulik, Hujjaj, the son of Yoosoof Sukfee, sent Mahomed theson of Haroon, with a body of men, from Darul Islam (the Mansion ofIslamism), Bagdad, to Mukran. This force took all the country around Mukran,and about the sea side. It was also their intention to take Sind. On thisaccount, they were always inquiring about the people of that country; andthose people who had formerly come from Bagdad to buy slaves, and otherthings, and who had escaped, as I have previously mentioned, these were

with them; they were their guides. In short, in the year Hijree 92 (A. D. 710),Mahomed the son of Kasim (the cousin of Yoosoof, and the son-in-law ofHujjaj) left Bagdad with a very fine army, to take revenge on Sind. He came toKarmania, where he halted a short time, to prepare the arms, set the army inorder, and get ready the implements for opening forts. He then came to Kuchand Mukran. From thence he intended to take Sind. When the news of theapproach of the Mahomedan force reached Rais Daher, he proposed to go tothe borders of Mukran to fight them. His nobles said: This is an Arab force;they have come on account of the enemies of their religion: it is right to bepatient. If they make excursions here and there, and in this way leave ourcountry, it will be good; if not, we must deliberate, and it will be necessary togive them much money from the treasury, to save our country from theirmischief. Rais Daher approved of this advice, deferring his march until they(the enemy) came to Neerunkot,* where they set a light to the war,surrounding the fort, and after much fighting they were victorious, slayingmany Kafirs. The remains of the sword fled, turning their heads to Alore. TheMahomedan armies, with victory, turned the bridle of their intentions to takeTatta. In a short time they subjected Tatta, and taking out the Musulmanprisoners, sent them to Hijaz (Arabia). From thence, proposing to go to the

royal residence of Alore (Darul Moolk Alore), they came to Sehwistan, wherethere was so much fighting that it is not possible to describe it. In short, theKafirs were the victors in two battles; but in the third fight the wind of victory


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struck the tassels of the Mahomedan flags, and the Kafirs, being overcome,fled. Mahomed Kasim, after taking the fort of Sehwistan, made arrangementsfor the surrounding country. He sent Boodhnum, Wuzeer (who had asked for,and received quarter from, the forces of Islam,) with some of his own people,to Tatta, and Neerunkot, placing in his hand all the matters of those countries.

The men of Chinuh, hearing the news of the forces of Islam, brought greatand fitting presents for, and met Mahomed Kasim; and having agreed to obeyhis orders, and to pay tribute, they were given their leave and went away.This is the reason why the theologians of Islamism called the country on thatside of the river, which was in the hands of the Chinuhs, Ooshree (the landwhich pays one-tenth as yearly tribute.

A DESCRIPTION OF WHEN MAHOMED THE SON OF KASIM WAS IN THEPROVINCE OF SEHWISTAN.

The men of Chinuh sent a man as a spy to the army of Mahomed Kasim. Hearrived at the force at the time of the summons to prayer. He was noticing thecondition of the troops. At that time the congregation was drawn up in lines forprayers, and Mahomed Kasim was conducting the duties of chief priest; theimitators were all following the motions of the chief priest. The spy, seeing this

occurrence, returned, and, explaining to the men of Chinuh, said By theoath of God! I have seen those people so united, that to whatever businessthey turn their heads, they will assuredly accomplish it. He also told them thecircumstance of the imitation of the priest by the people at prayers. Onhearing this, the Chinuh people had a wish to go to them; so they came, andsubmitted to the orders of Islamism. Of the people of Sind, the first to becomeMusulmans were the Chinuhs. It is said, that when the Chinuh people cameto submit to Mahomed the son of Kasim, they brought trays full of victuals asa banquet for Mahomed Kasim. He said: These people provided for(Murzoog). On this account the Chinuhs are called Murzoog.

When Mahomed Kasim had accomplished the conquest of the province ofSehwistan, some people said that he should now go to Braminabad (now thisis called Bramin, or Bahna-ka-Thool), and that after overcoming that fort heshould proceed to Alore. Mahomed Kasim said that it was better first to go totake Alore, and, after overthrowing Rais Daher, then to proceed to take othercountries. All approved of this, and they crossed the river opposite toTuluhtee, and marched towards Alore.

When Rais Daher heard of this, he made preparations to march forth. Then

the astrologers and magicians collecting, went to him, and explained, thatfrom the appearance of the stars, it appears your destiny is very weak, andthe strength of the fortune of Islam is in the ascendant. At this time it is not


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proper for you to go forth. Then Rais-Daher, preparing many troops, sentthem in front of the forces of Islam. They halted on the bank of the KuchhureeKolab (lake). The following day Mahomed Kasim, at Rufyan, gave orders toAbdoola the son of Ali Sugfee to go to fight the Kafirs. Abdoola, agreeably toorders, went against the Kafirs. The two armies met on the banks of Kuch-

huree, and the fire of battle commenced burning between them. In short,there was much fighting, after which the Kafirs ran away. Of them many mendied in the waters of death.

Some historians say, that the reason why the Kafirs fled from the battle is this,that in the middle of the fight the commander of their army lost his presenceof mind the reins of his will left his hands. In such a state, his horse threwhim on the ground, and ran amongst the troops. The men of the army, seeingthe horse without his rider, thought that he had been killed. On this account,leaving the fight, they turned their heads in the direction of the jungle of flight.

In short, Abdoola returned to Mahomed Kasim with victory. After this,Mahomed Kasim, leaving that place by successive marches, without halting(Billa Fusul), drew near Alore. Rais Daher retired into the fort with fear.Mahomed the son of Kasim did what was necessary for the investment of thefort. He brought into play the battering rams (Munjneeg), and he threw fire inthe manner the Musulmans had seen it in done in Turkey and Persia. On bothsides there was constant fighting, so much so, that in ten days there wereseven battles. In all these battles, the breeze of victory struck the flags ofIslam, and the Kafirs, discomfited, ran away. On Thursday, the 10th day of

Rumzan, in the year Hijree 93 (A. D. 711), Rais Daher, having prepared all hiselephants, and all his forces, went forth to battle against the Mahomedans. Itis said that 10,000 men in armour were with him, and 30,000 footmen: thesewere in front. Rais Daher sat in a litter with a canopy on an elephant, wearingon his head a crown, covered with gold. He placed his troops on his right andleft hand, and the foot of his courage advanced into the plain. In his litterthere were two female slaves of great beauty with him: one of these handedhim cups of wine, the other helped him with Pan.

The battle raged from the morning till the evening: then the Musulmans, fixing

their feet firm on the ground, and drawing their blood-drinking swords fromthe scabbard of revenge, slew many Kafirs.

Mahomed Kasim, with his ferocious spirit, taking a body of men, went againstthe troops in front of the elephants, driving them away. At that time, a fewMusulmans in the rear threw rockets in the direction of the litters on theelephants. When the fire began to ignite the litters, the elephants, breakingtheir ranks, fled towards the water. When they got near it, there was mud, inwhich Rais Dahers elephant sat down. At this time, the Musulmans wereshooting arrows, and of these one arrow struck Rais Daher in the throat. The

bird of his life, being freed from the cage of his body, flew away. This tookplace at that time when the sun had set. When Rais Daher was dead, thoseBramins who were in the litters on the elephants behind him took him out of


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his seat, and hid him in the mud, and then they fled towards the city. But theMusulmans had so securely guarded the approaches to it, that, if a bird hadwished to go there, it could not have done so. Thus these Bramins wereendeavouring to pass, when by chance they fell into the hands of Kais, whosecured them. Kais intended to kill them, but they begged for quarter, giving

intelligence of the death of Rais Daher; so he gave them quarter.At that time, some people of the force brought the two slaves who were in thelitter with Rais Daher to Mahomed Kasim. On seeing them, it came into hismind that Rais Daher had escaped. With this idea, he gave orders to have itproclaimed to the troops, that Rais Daher the accursed had got away, andthat it was not known that he was dead: therefore that by no means they (thetroops) should occupy themselves in plundering, lest he comes and takes usby surprise. At the time of hearing this proclamation, Kais took the Braminsto Mahomed Kasim. When he heard their news, he said God is great!

(Allah-ho-Akbar.) On the troops hearing this, the exclamations of those whofight against the infidels reached the heavens. Mahomed Kasim, taking a fewbrave men, went with the Bramins to near the water. He ordered the body tobe taken out, and when it was taken out, he had the head cut off, and placedit on the point of a spear. He first showed it to the slaves, who, recognising it,said it was the head of Rais Daher. Mahomed Kasim gave orders to hisforces to stop all around the fort, and it being the night of Friday, the men ofthe army kept awake, spending it in prayer, and calling upon God.

When it was morning, Mahomed Kasim sent the head of Rais Daher, with the

two slave girls, in front of the gate of the fort, the people of which, seeing it,denied it. When the news reached the ears of Rais Dahers wife Ladhee, sheinstantly ran to the gate, and asked the slaves concerning Rais Daher. These,weeping, pointed out his head, on seeing which she threw herself off from thegateway. There was then great lamentation through the fort, and the Kafirs,being helpless, opened the gates.

On that day, which was Friday, the 11th of Rumzan, the Mahomedan armyentered this fort; and Mahomed Kasim took possession of the treasure, andall the hidden wealth; the army and servants giving them in charge to Kais.

In the court-yard of a temple the Musulmans made a pulpit, a sermon wasread, and then prayers. In the beginning of Shuwal, Mahomed Kasim took aninventory (written) of the treasure, and property of all sorts, also of theprisoners, and sent the whole in charge of Kais, with 200 horsemen, by theway of Kuch and Mukran, to Darul Islam (Bagdad). Hujjaj, hearing of this, wasexceedingly happy, and he sent everything on to the Khaliph in Syria. WhenKais reached the Khaliph, and gave him the news about Rais Daher, and allconcerning the fights and victories, separately, he became very happy, andpresented him with a sumptuous Khilat, and a valuable present for MahomedKasim; and he wrote him a Firman, saying: It is not proper for the armies ofIslam to be content with the conquest of Sind alone; they must now proceed


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to the countries to the east. It is necessary for you to take possession of allthe territory held by Rais Daher. When this Firman reached MahomedKasim, he marched to Braminabad, and, conquering it, he settled the taxes ofthe people of Sind.

The Bramins he placed, as before, in charge of the revenues, and appointed

them to listen to suits of law.

The Summah people, who resided about Loharee, collected, and came toMahomed Kasim, with drums beating, and blowing horns. He, inquiring whothese were, was told by the Bramins that they were a tribe of the country, andthat it was customary with them, on approaching the ruler, to go in this way.Mahomed Kasim, fixing a settlement for them, gave them their leave.

Then the Loharees, the Suhtuhs, the Chundars, the Machees, the Halas, theGhorachas, also came bare-headed and bare-footed, through the introductionof Abee, the son of Abdoor Rayman, Suhleetee, to Mahomed Kasim, forsafety. He gave them protection, issuing orders, that upon these peopleshould rest this business, that whenever any Musulman went from this to theresidence of the Khaliph, or when any should come from thence to Alore,these should show them the road.

In the beginning of the year Hijree 94 (A. D. 712), the sons of Rais Dahercollected some men in the fort of Sekunder (this was a strong fort), and fromthis they looted the villages of Sind. When this news reached MahomedKasim, he went there, surrounding the fort. After some time, there was greatdistress from a scarcity of provisions; there was nothing to be got to eat butflesh alone. Mahomed Kasim then sent a good man to the sons of RaisDaher, telling him to say, that if they wished for his friendship, he would give itto them. They sent back for answer that they were certain that Rais Daherwas still alive, and that they expected he would shortly come with an army

from Hindoostan to take his revenge. When Mahomed Kasim heard this, heordered the wife of Rais Daher to be brought from Alore to her sons, whenthis absurd idea would leave them. She was brought, and sent in front of, andclose to the gate. The garrison got on the walls; when the wife of Rais Dahertold them all the circumstances of the fight, and of the death of Rais Daher,also of that of the Sirdars, separately. She then wept. The people, saying shespoke false, commenced throwing stones and mud at her, declaring she wasin league with the enemy and not worthy of credit. She was then taken away.

In a short space, by the battering rams and other implements for breaking

down walls, this fort was conquered. Mahomed Kasim destroyed numbers ofthe Kafirs; some few of them came under the rules of Islamism. Much moneyand other things fell into the hands of the Mahomedans. There was in the fort


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a large temple, which they destroyed: from it they obtained great riches,which Mahomed Kasim put on one side for the Khaliph, and one-fifth of all theprize he took and spent in building Musjids; then he returned to Alore.

In the beginning of the 3rd month of the year Hijree 94 (A. D. 712), he madeAhnuf, the son of Kais Ussudee, Governor of Alore, and, leaving him there,

he himself turned his face to take Mooltan; the leading men of which, hearingof his approach, went to the front to meet him; and getting an interview, heexecuted a treaty with, and arranged what articles of produce andmerchandize should be paid by them yearly to the State. He left this, placingDaood, the son of Nusseer, the son of Ummanee, as governor of it. He alsoplaced Huzeen, the son of Abdool Mulik Bunee Tumeem, as governor at thefort of Burumpoor, on the bank of the water of Jhelum (this fort is also calledShiewpoor).

When Mahomed Kasim marched from Mooltan to go to Delhalpoor, 50,000men, horse and foot, were under his standard. To whatever country he went,he fixed a force there. In this manner he carried the armies of Islam as far asKanoge. The Rajas and Hakeems in all that space came under the orders ofIslam, agreeing to pay yearly tribute in money and produce, and to convey itto Darul Islam. Mahomed Kasim, having quieted his mind, by placing men ofconfidence and troops in all places of importance, turned homewards. At thattime a letter came, written agreeably to the order of the Khaliph Wulleed, tothis effect:

After taking Alore, you sent two daughters of Rais Daher, and someprisoners, in charge of Mahomed the son of Ali Tohman, Humdanee, withSeedee servants, to Darul Khaliphat. The Khaliph called these two sisters tothe Harem one night, and gave them in charge of the eunuchs, that theymight pay them attention. They were to produce them when they hadrecovered from the toils of travel. Two months afterwards, they wereproduced before the Khaliph, and an interpreter attended. The two sistersthrew back their veils, and the Khaliph, on seeing them, became distractedwith their great beauty. He then asked them their names. One said her namewas Purmul Dewe, the other said hers was Sooruj Dewe. The Khaliph

ordered the attendants to leave one of them there. Then she, rising, said: Weare not fit for the bed-chamber of the Khaliph, because Mahomed Kasimplaced both of us by himself for three days, and he afterwards sent us to theKhaliph.

The interpreter explaining this, the fire of anger was lighted in the body of theKhaliph, who gave orders, that as a punishment for this want of respect,Mahomed Kasim should wrap himself up in the raw hide of an ox, and bepresent at Darul Kaliphat. To show his great anger, and by way ofintimidation, the Khaliph wrote in the margin of this letter in his own hand, thatWhenever this reaches Mahomed Kasim, he is to come from thence to Darul


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Khaliphat, wrapped in the hide of a cow. There is to be no delay in obeyingthis order.

At that time Mahomed Kasim was at Oodeypoor. When the Chobdar broughtthis letter (Firman), Mahomed Kasim, on reading it, to obey the orders itcontained, said to the Chobdar: That which you have been directed to do,

do it. He wrapped Mahomed Kasim in a raw hide, and departed. Three daysafterwards the bird of his life left his body, flying to heaven. The Chobdar,seeing this, put the body into a box, taking it to Darul Khaliphat. He arrivedthere on a Durbar day, and took the box to the Khaliph, who, seeing it,inquired if he were alive or dead. The Chobdar replied, that he had wrappedhim in a raw skin, but three days afterwards he died. The Khaliph thendirected the box to be taken into the Harem, and that it should be opened inhis presence. The Khaliph went to the Harem, and calling the daughters ofRais Daher, said, come and see how penetrating my orders are; come and

see Mahomed Kasim. They both went forward, and, looking at, recognisedhim. Offering great praises to the Khaliph, they said: Kings of great justiceshould not do great things in a hurry; they should not use that which is toldthem by their enemies. The Khaliph asked what was the meaning of this.They replied: We raised this suspicion against Mahomed Kasim in enmityto him, because our father was killed at his hands: country and wealth havedeparted from our fathers house, and we have come as prisoners to the landof travellers. The king, in his anger, did not weigh our words, he did notdistinguish between our truth and our falsehood, and issued such an order.

The truth is, this man was to us as a father or a brother; his perfidious handnever touched the skirts of our purity: it was in our heart to revenge ourfather; on this account we raised this suspicion upon him. Our wishes havebeen fulfilled, but in the house of judgment of the king there is great sorrow.

When the Kahliph heard this, for one hour his head was in the pocket ofrepentance; then the fire of anger became alight in his breast. He gave orders the two girls were tied to the tails of two horses, and after having beendragged round the city, they were thrown into the Dijlah (the Tigris).

Mahomed Kasim was buried at Damascus. It is said, that two years after the

death of Mahomed Kasim, the people of all the countries he had conqueredrefused to obey orders; only those from Daibulpoor to the salt sea remainedunder the hands of the agents of the Khaliph.

In the year Hijree 96 (A. D. 714), Khaliph Wulleed went to the country ofheaven, and his successor, Sooliman the son of Wulleed, sat on the throne ofthe Khaliphat. He sent Ahmir the son of Abdoola as the Governor of Sind.

After the death of Sooliman, Murwan the son of Mahomed, whose title wasKadir Billah (the Strong by the power of God), succeeded to the Khaliphat. He

sent Abdool Khuttab to take the government of Sind.In the year Hijree 133 (A. D. 750) Abdoola the son of Mahomed, the son ofAli, the son of Abdoola, the son of Abbas (commonly called Sifah), having


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taken the Khaliphat from the Khaliph of the Bunee Oomaiyuh, became thefirst Khaliph of the Bunee Abbasee. He sent a force from Darul Khaliphat toSind, which drove the agents of the Bunee Oomaiyuh out from that country.

Four years after this Junfur Munsoor Abbasee sent an army to Hindoostan;and in the year Hijree 170 (A. D. 786) the Khaliph Haroon Reshid, the son of

Muhdee, sent Abool Abbas to govern Sind, who stayed there a long time.END OF CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II.

A RECITAL OF THOSE KINGS WHO, AFTER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE

AGENTS OF THE KHALIPHS OF BUNEE ABBAS, RULED THE COUNTRYOF SIND.

The historians have written, that after the monarchy of all of the denominationBunee Oomaiyuh, the agents of the Khaliphs of Bunee Abbas, having cometo Sind and Mooltan, held the government in the time of the KhaliphsHurroom and Mamoon. A portion of the country of Hindoostan came into thehands of their agents.

At the termination of the rule of the agents of the Khaliphs of Bunee Abbas,

came the time of the Khaliphat of Kadir Billah Abool Abbas Ahmed, the son ofIshay, the son of Mooytedir Billah.

In the middle of the month of Rumzan, in the year Hijree 410 (A. D. 1019),Sooltan Mahomed Gazee left his seat of government, Ghuznee, to takeHindoostan. On reaching Mooltan, he took it, also Ooch, dismissing the agentof Kadir Billah. He appointed the Wuzeer, Abdoor Ruzay, to take a force toconquer Sind. In the year Hijree 417 (A. D. 1026), he (the Wuzeer) hadarranged everything at Bukkur, and departed for Sehwistan and Tatta, fromwhence he sent away many Arabs. Those who had families, and those of

learning, he placed in the law offices, and having done this, he settled theirrates of pay.

When, in the year 422 (A. D. 1030), Sooltan Mahomed Gazee died, his sonSooltan Musnood, brought up in the ways of God, sat on the throne ofGhuznee. He took into his hands all the hereditary possessions of his father,as well as Hindoostan and Sind. The people conveyed to Ghuznee the yearlytribute of produce and property, which had been laid upon them, as bycustom. When, in the year 433 (A. D. 1041), he left this transitory world, andturned his face to the world of life, his son, Sooltan Mondood, adorned the

throne of the kingdom, by sitting upon it. He took into his hands all thehereditary possessions. In the year 441 (A. D. 1049), turning his face to theworld of futurity, Sooltan Mujdood succeeded him, who held all the hereditary


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lands. When the angel of death sought to take his life, then at Lahore, theapparatus of his being was taken to heaven.

After him, the turn of sovereignty came to Khoosruwi Moolk (he was of thefamily of the Kings of Ghuznee). The cup of prosperity remained with him fora long time; till the year Hijree 583 (A. D. 1187,) when Sooltan Ghuyas-ood-

deen Ghoree came to Lahore with conquest, and, taking prisoner KhoosruwiMoolk, sent him to be confined at Ghuznee. After this, if any of the family ofthe Kings of Ghuznee came into the hands of Ghoree, he gave them to drinkthe sherbet of death.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE SOOLTAN SHUHAB-OOD-DEEN MAHOMED, THESON OF SAM GHOREE.

After Sooltan Ghuyas-ood-deen had turned his face from Hindoostan, andreached Khorasan in the year Hijree 599 (A. D. 1202,) he died at Herat. Hewas buried in the tomb which had been made for him in the Jooma Musjid ofthat city.

In this good garden, two doors are placed. These two doors are not closed.You come in at one door of the garden, and you go out at the other door.

In the year Hijree 591 (A. D. 1194), Sooltan Shuhab-ood-deen (the brother ofGhuyas-ood-deen) came to Hindoostan with an army, as the vicegerent of hisbrother. He took Mooltan and Ooch, and he sent a force, under Kooth-ood-deen Abeek, to take Sind, who, having in three months taken possession ofall that country, and leaving Sasfool Muloog there, he went towards Delhi.Shuhab-ood-deen was at that time marching gently from Mooltan toHindoostan. He took all the forts and cities as far as Delhi (the seat of thegovernment of Hindoostan), which he conquered, and from that date Delhibecame the royal residence.

Shuhab-ood-deen, appointing Kootub-ood-deen as his successor, went toKhorasan. In the mean time, the news of the death of his brother SooltanMuz-ood-deen reached him. At hearing this he was very sorry, and at oncepushed on. After reaching Ghuznee, he issued orders to all his troops toprepare everything requisite for three years, to go to Toorkistan. He thenheard that a body of men of the Khokur tribe was on the road of violence nearLahore. Thinking it best to root these out, he marched in that direction, andafter killing numbers of them, as he was on his return, he fell a martyr to theknife of one of the Khokur robbers, at Doomyuk encampment.


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Shuhab-ood-deen, the king of earth and water from the beginning no onehad been like him! he fell a martyr on the 3rd of Shuban 602 (A. D. 1205). Itoccurred at Camp Doomyuk, on the Ghuznee road.

His reign to the time of his death was thirty-two years and some months. Heonly left one daughter as his heiress. It is said that he had collected vast

treasures of gold, silver, and precious stones. Of this there were five hundredmaunds of diamonds, the most valuable of all stones from this may beinferred the quantity of other treasure. He came to Hindoostan nine times: hewas beaten twice, the other times he was victorious. He was a just king,fearing God, kind to the people, giving honour to the learned and good, andfull of charity.

AN ACCOUNT OF SULTAN KOOTB-OOD-DEEN ABEEK.

Sultan Shuhab-ood-deen, leaving Kootb-ood-deen Abeek in his place atDelhi, marched towards Khorasan. On the news of his death reaching Kootb-ood-deen, he raised the royal standard, and read his own name in thesermon (Khootbah). From that date he was styled Sultan Kootb-ood-deen.The whole country of Hindoostan and Sind came into his hands, and thus

they remained until the year Hijree 607 (A. D. 1210), in which year, at Lahore,he was engaged in games on horseback in the plain, when, being thrownfrom his horse, the ready money of his life was won by death. For four yearshis name was read in the sermon.

AN ACCOUNT OF ARAM SHAH, THE SON OF KOOTB-OOD-DEEN ABEEK.After the death of his father, at the suggestion of the Ameers, Aram Shahascended the throne of Delhi; but on account of his want of ability, he did notfind ease (Arain) on the throne of royalty. The Ameers, seeing that he was notfit to govern the kingdom, sent a man to Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis, tosummon him, and having called him to Delhi, they gave the kingdom to him.At that time all the countries of Hindoostan became divided into four shares:

Sultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis took the seat of government, Delhi.

Ooch, Mooltan, and Sind came into the hands of Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh.


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Luknootee* went under the rule of the Kings of Khuluge.

The agents of Taj-ood-deen Yulzur took possession of Lahore and its districts.

Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh was from among the purchased slaves ofSultan Shuhab-ood-deen; but his wisdom and knowledge were great. He was

well acquainted with the duties of kings, and versed in the matters of thecountry: on this account, after the death of Shuhab-ood-deen, being fixedfirmly in Ooch and Mooltan, he took possession of Sind.

In the year 621 (A. D. 1224), a Sirdar brought a force from Gungeez orJinghez Khan to fight against Nasir-ood-deen, who, not having strength tomeet this force, on this account he sat down in the fort of Mooltan, which theenemy surrounded. Thus matters remained for forty days. Mulik Nasir-ood-deen having opened the doors of his treasury, gave money to all; and, withthem, showing opposition to the enemy, they retreated without gaining a

victory.When Nasir-ood-deen took possession of Sind, many Sirdars of Khorasan,Ghore, and Ghuznee, on account of the oppression of Gungeez Khan, cameto him, to all of whom he gave great honour, and money.

In the year 623 (A. D. 1226), Mulik Khan Kailchee and his brethren cameagainst Sehwistan. Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh marching against these,there was a great battle between them, in which Mulik Khan was slain.

As the time drew near for the termination of the Sultan of Mulik Nasir-ood-

deen Kebachuh, in the year 624 (A. D. 1226), Sultan Shums-ood-deenElthemis himself marched an army against Ooch, but Nasir-ood-deen ranaway, and got into the fort of Bukkur. On hearing of this, Sultan Shums-ood-deen ordered his Wuzeer Nizam-ool-Moolk Mahomed, the son of Usu-ud, tobesiege Ooch, and he himself went to Delhi.

On Tuesday the 28th day of Jumadee-ool-Awul, in the year Hijree 625 (A. D.1227), Nizam-ool-Moolk entered Ooch without opposition. He then wenttowards Bukkur, hearing of which, Mulik Nasir-ood-deen Kebachuh, gettingon board a boat, fled. When he reached the ocean, the boat of his life fell into

the whirpools of death.

AN ACCOUNT OF SULTAN SHUMS-OOD-DEEN ELTHEMIS.

When, in the year 624 (A. D. 1226), Wuzeer Nizam-ool-Moolk came to Sindby order of Sultan Shums-ood-deen, he made such arrangements for thecountry as were necessary. He took great pains to people cities, and to dogood to the Ryuts. In the year 630 (A. D. 1232), having placed Noor-ood-


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deen Mahomed in the government of the country, he returned to Delhi. OnMonday the 26th of Shaban, in the year 633 (A. D. 1235), Sultan Shums-ood-deen, at Delhi, turned his face to the country of life.

AN ACCOUNT OF SULTAN MUSOOD SHAH.

When Sultan Musood, the son of Rookn-ood-deen Pheroz Shah, the son ofSultan Shums-ood-deen Elthemis, in the year 639 (A. D. 1241), sat upon thethrone of Delhi, he took possession of all hereditary countries. One day, in themonth of Sufur 643 (A. D. 1245), the news of the Mogul armies havingcrossed the river of Sind, and surrounded Ooch, reached Delhi. MusoodShah went forth against his enemies. The Moguls, hearing of this, broke upfrom Ooch, and taking the way of Bukkur, retreated to Khorasan. SultanMusood Shah came to Bukkur, and removing Noor-ood-deen Mahomed fromthe government of Sind, gave it to Julal-ood-deen Husun, and from thence hemarched towards Delhi. When he arrived at Mooltan, some young men,addicted to drinking wine, found their way into his assemblies. These talkedof the pleasures of drinking; and he, who was always in the habit of indulging,from what these said drank more. On this account, dissensions arose in hiscountry. Then the Ameers, seeing this, sent a Kosid secretly to his uncle,Sultan Nasir-ood-deen Mahomed, who was at Buhraiyuch, inviting him tocome. Sultan Nasir-ood-deen, with all speed, proceeded to Delhi, and having

ascended the throne on Sunday the 23rd day of Mohurrum, in the year Hijree644 (A. D. 1246), he seized and confined Musood Shah, whose remainingdays of life were spent in prison.

AN ACCOUNT OF SULTAN NASIR-OOD-DEEN MAHOMED, THE SON OFSULTAN SHUMS-OOD-DEEN ELTHEMIS.

On Tuesday the 25th of Mohurrum, 644 (A. D. 1246), Nasir-ood-deenascended the throne of the kingdom of Delhi, in the Kusre Pherozuh. Formany years he ruled with great power. On Monday the 22nd Shuwal, 649 (A.D. 1251), he marched with the intention of going towards Lahore, Mooltan,Ooch, and Bukkur. When he left Ooch, and entered Sind, he appointedKulugh Khan to the district of Sehwistan, and Mulik Sunjur to Ooch andMooltan; he himself returned to Delhi. He then proposed going to the country

of Luknootee; but the Ameers were averse to his proceeding in that direction:therefore a force under Mulik Julal-ood-deen was sent there, to punish thebreakers of the law. In the latter months of 656 (A. D. 1258), a Mogul force


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came towards Ooch and Mooltan. The king, hearing of this, marched fromDelhi to expel them, but the Mogul army went away without fighting. TheSultan then returned back again. It is said that Sultan Nasir-ood-deen wrotewith his own hand two Korans every year. The money realized by their salehe expended on his food. Besides this, he did not spend any other money on

his food. At one time, this incident occurred: the king, having written a Koran,an Ameer on this account gave more money for it than the usual price. Theking was displeased on hearing of this, and he gave orders to his servants,that from that time, the Korans which were written by him should be soldwithout making this known, and that nothing above the usual price should betaken for them. It is also said, that in the royal palace there were no femaleslaves, or any female domestics for his wife, who always cooked the kingsbread with her own hands. One day she said to the king, that there would benothing wrong if one female slave was brought to cook the food. He replied

that the public revenue was the right of Gods poor and humble, that it wouldnot be becoming in him to expend any of it in buying female slaves, and that ifshe (the queen) would have patience, the Almighty would reward her afterdeath.

The world is a dream in front of open eyes; with such a dream the hearts ofthe good will not mingle!

In the year 663 (A. D. 1264), Sultan Nasir-ood-deen became sick, and on the11th Jumadee-ool-Awul, 664 (A. D. 1265), from this world he went to the otherworld. He had no offspring. He reigned nineteen years, three months, and

some days.

AN ACCOUNT OF SLUTAN GHUYAS-OOD-DEEN BALBUN.

This king was from among the bought Chihulganee slaves of Sultan Shums-

ood-deen Elthemis. After the death of Sultan Nasir-ood-deen, in the year 664(A. D. 1265), he ascended the throne of Dehli. He conducted the affairs ofstate in a way similar to foreign kings. He brought into his hands all thecountry that Sultan Shums-ood-deen had held; he spread the carpet of

justice, giving justice according to Mahomedan law. He fixed the orders ofgovernment so securely, that no one could move them. In a short time all hiscountry became flourishing; on the highways there was no fear; the sepoysand Ryuts lived happily. He was a very good king. With great honour, he wasstrong in experience, and he did everything well.

How good a thing is wisdom! Oh God! do not deprive this world of it.


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At the commencement of his reign, he gave Lahore, Mooltan, and Sind, incharge of his son, Sultan Mahomed, whose heart was much given to mix withreligious men. On this account he always visited Shaikh Buha-ood-deenZukreeya, and Shaikh Fureed-ood-deen Gunj Shukur. He was a most valiantman; his disposition was bountiful; he was the friend of the wise, such as

Ameer Khusrow, and Ameer Husun, inhabitants of Delhi. These two menwere always present in his service. They received pay and presents in therank of courtiers. The Sultan greatly approved of their poetry and prose.Sultan Mahomed was so well bred, that if he sat the entire day and night inthe assembly, he would not raise one leg above the other. His oath was, ByGod! (Hukka!) His heart was always upon the priests and men of learning. Itis said that Shaikh Oosman Murwundee was among the priests of Sind. Hewent to Mooltan, when the Sultan showed him great respect, making him anoffering. He asked him to settle in Mooltan; to this the priest would not agree.

It is related that one night Shaikh Oosman, and Shaikh Sudr-ood-deen theson of Shaikh Buha-ood-deen Zukreeya were in an assembly, where, by theextacy occasioned by hearing the song of poetry, they became transported,and all commenced capering. The Sultan, arising, put his hand to his breast,and cried. They say that a daughter of Sultan Shums-ood-deen was his wifeat that time, and in this condition he (the Sultan) three times declared herdivorced. After divorce, marriage with her could not again be performed withthe Sultan, until she had been married to some one else (Untalah.) On thisaccount she was married to Shaikh Sudr-ood-deen. After she had gone to his

house, the kings attendants told him to declare the divorce. The lady thensaid to him: I have left the house of that bad man, and come near you: it willnot be proper before God for you to place me in his hands again. Sudr-ood-deen replied: I will not be inferior to a woman; and he did not declare thedivorce. The Sultan, being angry, determined to be revenged upon him.

Sultan Mahomed twice sent men to Shaikh Sundee Shirazee, saying that inMooltan he would make him a place of residence; that he would buy a villagefor him, which he might dedicate to pious uses: but Shaikh Sundee, onaccount of his old age, would not come; and each time he sent his reply in

verse, written by his own hand; and he recommended Ameer Khusrow to him.In his time, many good, clever men attended the royal assemblies.

The Sultan went every three years to his father at Delhi, and after remainingthere one year he returned.

In the year Hijree 683 (A. D. 1284), Gungeez Khan sent Kutlugh Khan andTaimoor, with a large force, towards Hindoostan, which, having crossed theriver Neelab, entered the boundary of Lahore. Sultan Mahomed, with 30,000horsemen, went towards Lahore. A battle was fought by the two armies. Bythe desire of God, in that battle Sultan Mahomed drank the sherbet of death,and he went to the Garden of Paradise. Notwithstanding this, defeat came toTaimoor and Kutlugh Khan, and they fled.


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Sultan Balbun then appointed Kaikhusrow, the son of Sultan Mahomed, toMooltan and Sind. The Sultan always remained in sorrow for his son; somuch so, that in the year Hijree 685 (A. D. 1286) he departed to the worldabove.

A HISTORY OF SULTAN JULAL-OOD-DEEN KHULJEE.

He was the son of Pheroz Kuluj, and in the service of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen. The tribe of Kulaj came from the race of Khalij Khan, and he was theson-in-law of Gungeez Khan.

Julal-ood-deen was superior to all in bravery and generosity; in wisdom anddeliberation there was no one equal to him. By degrees he ascended and satupon the kings throne. In the year 688 (A. D. 1289), in Delhi, his name wasread in the sermon; and by their own free will, or by force, he got the Ameersunder him. In 693 (A. D. 1293), Julal-ood-deen having gone to Lahore, hegave Mooltan and Ooch to Urkulee Khan, his centre son. He appointedNusrut Khan to Sind, settling the revenues of that country upon UrkuleeKhan. Urkulee Khan was of happy temper, and a brave man. During his stayat Mooltan, he twice visited Sind, where he punished with his own hands all

robbers and disturbers of the peace. The whole of Sind remained under him.In the year 695 (A. D. 1295), he drank the sherbet of martyrdom at the handsof Sultan Ula-ood-deen, his nephew and son-in-law.

AN ACCOUNT OF SULTAN ULA-OOD-DEEN.

In the latter days of the year 695 (A. D. 1295), he sat on the throne of theSultan of Delhi, reading his name in the sermon. He distributed jewels,horses, and elephants, to so many, that the people, struck with his generosity,became submissive to him; but he having slain his uncle and father-in-law,they looked upon him with disgust. In the beginning of the year 696 (A. D.1296), putting everything else on one side, he turned his mind to Mooltan,because Urkulee Khan was there. He sent his brother Ulug Khan, with 40,000horse, there by forced marches. On his arrival, he surrounded the city. Afterthree months, the people of the town became much alarmed from distress,

and one night the Mooltanees, leaving Urkulee Khan, went outside the city,and had a meeting with Ulug Khan. Urkulee Khan, driven by compulsion,asked for quarters through a priest, Shaikh Rookn-ood-deen, and he left


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wealth of the family of Ula fell. Kootb-ood-deen (the son of Ula-ood-deen)was of weak intellect. By some of his attendants, his head was cut off, at theinstigation of Khusrow Khan, and he sat in his place on the throne. KhusrowKhan gave great honours to the Kafirs, and debauched men. He gaveamongst these the treasuries of Sultan Ula-ood-deen and Kootb-ood-deen:

on this account the Kafirs in Delhi became very strong, oppressing theMusulmans. Then Fakeer Mulik, secretly leaving Delhi, turned his facetowards Mooltan. In a few days he got over the road, and finding his father,opened all the condition of Delhi to him. Ghazee Mulik and Fakeer Mulik wereboth brave men. To give assistance to Islam, and to take revenge on theKafirs, they drew the sword of battle from the scabbard, and bound the girdleof war round the loins of their lives. They asked God for victory, and collectingthe troops in Mooltan and Sind, they marched on Delhi. They arrived near itwith 3,000 horse, all of whom had seen much service. When Khusrow Khan

heard that they had come so near, collecting a large force, he sent it forth.The two bodies came in front of each other. The secrets of God are revealed! that is to say, God gave the victory to Ghazee Mulik. The force of theKafirs was beaten, and fled: many were killed; a few with great difficultyreached the fort. The following day Khusrow Khan, with a large force, wentout, and drew up his men in battle array. The force of Ghazee Khan, to fightwith their enemies, drew the sword of retaliation from the scabbard, andfought. In about one hour the army of the Kafirs was made grass by thesword of revenge; so much so, that the dead were in heaps. Khusrow Khan,with broken heart, turned his face in the direction of flight. Ghazee Mulik andFakeer Mulik, from the field of battle, went near the city. At midnight, thegovernor of the town, the nobles, and the Kutwal, came and delivered thekeys of the fort to Ghazee Mulik. The next morning he, with a largeattendance, entered the city. In the Dewan Huzoor Sitoon he spread out thebedding of lamentation, in sorrow for Ula-ood-deen and Kootb-ood-deen. Forthree days he did this, agreeably to custom. He had it proclaimed in the town,that if any of the family of Ula-ood-deen or of Kootb-ood-deen were left andwould come to him, he would place him on the throne; adding that he himselfwould bind the girdle of service round the loins of his life, and do service.

After much inquiry, none being found, then the Ameers, the army, the Syuds,the men of letters, the priests, and all the people, agreed that Ghazee Mulikwas worthy of the kingdom, because he had erased so many letters ofdissension and trouble from the pages of the country, and he had givenstrength to Islam. In the year 720 (A. D. 1320), the title of Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen Tughlug Shah was conferred on Ghazee Mulik. All the Ameers agreedto obey him. They placed him on the throne of the Sultanut of Delhi, and hisname was read in the sermon. The title of Sultan Mahomed Shah was givento his son Fakeer Mulik. When Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen left Mooltan to go to

Delhi, the Soomrah tribe came and took Tatta. Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen sentMulik Taj-ood-deen to Mooltan, Khwaja Khuteer to Bukkur, and Mulik Ali Sherto Sehwistan.


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In the year 723 (A. D. 1323), Sultan Ghuyas-ood-deen appointed his sonSultan Mahomed Shah as his heir, resigning the throne to him. He obtainedfrom the Ameers a written deed, by which they agreed to be obedient toSooltan Mahomed Shah. In the year 725 (A. D. 1324), the lamp of life ofGhuyas-ood-deen was blown out by the cold wind of death.

AN ACCOUNT OF SULTAN MAHOMED SHAH, THE SON OF SULTANGHUYAS-OOD-DEEN SHAH.

When Sultan Mahomed Shah sat upon his hereditary throne, he spreadjustice throughout the country. On this account, his goodness was spoken ofin all the land. In 727 (A. D. 1326) he appointed Khusrow Khan to Sind. Afterthat he went to Dowlutabad, making his throne there. He remained there twoyears, during which period Khusrow Khan came to Mooltan from Bukkur, and,assembling the Mooltanese and Beloochees, intended to be rebellious. WhenSultan Mahomed Shah heard of this, in the year 728 (A. D. 1327), he quicklyarrived at Mooltan. Then Khusrow Khan, who was thus full of ingratitude,went to fight with its patron. When the forces met, that portion of the royalarmy which was in advance attacked and defeated Khusrow Khan, andcutting off his head, brought it to the Sultan. From fear of the Sultan, allKhusrow Khans troops dispersed. The Sultan gave orders to make a river ofthe blood of the Mooltanese. The foot soldiers drew their swords to slay them;when the priest of Islam, Shaikh Rookn-ood-deen, to intercede for them, wentto the Sultans Durbar, and uncovering his head, he stood there. In about onehour the Sultan acceded to the priests wishes, excusing the blood of theMooltanese, as a punishment. The Sultan, placing men in whom he hadconfidence, in Mooltan, Bukkur, and Sehwistan, returned in the latter days ofthat year. In the year 744 (A. D. 1343) it entered the understanding of theSultan, that it was not fit for him to reign as the King of Delhi, without the

orders of the Abbasee Khaliph. He therefore secretly made homage to him.He exaggerated this subject greatly, directing the Musulmans not to say thespecial prayers for Friday on that day, until he had sent Mulik Rufeen to theKhaliph in Egypt. When the Khaliph sent him a standard and a Khilat, theSultan was very happy at this, giving the people who came much honour, andgreat presents; he had the Khaliphs name read in the sermon, and hedirected that his own should follow this.

In the year 751 (A. D. 1350), Sultan Mahomed Shah left Delhi, and turningthe reins of his intention towards Guzerat, he quickly came to Gurnal.* There

a royal slave, named Tuin, who was in rebellion, ran away, and went toCambay. When the Sultan, following him, reached that place, he fled to the


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people of Jhareja. The Sultan, intending to pursue him, went towards Tatta.He halted at Hukree, on the sea side, to collect his troops. He was then takenwith fever, and all the difficulties of the road came before his mind. LeavingHukree, he reached Koondul, and stopping there, the disease left him. AtKoondul some of his household joined him, by way of the river. The Sultan

was very much pleased at their arrival, giving quantities of many things to hisarmy, and, accompanied by many people, he marched towards Tatta. Tuin,who had fled to, and remained at Tatta, hearing of this, became confused,and at a loss what to do. When the Sultan got 14 kos from Tatta, by chancethe Mohurrum commenced. The S

A History of Sind From 710-1590

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