A Guide to Tactical Appreciation 1987 (1)

8/12/2019 A Guide to Tactical Appreciation 1987 (1)

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3.T.IA g u i d e t o t h e

T a c t i c a l A p p r e c i a t i o n987


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J 23- 007 J AN 88LAND WARFARE CENTRE

J UNI OR STAFF W NG

3. T. 11988

A GUI DE TO THETACTI CAL APPRECI ATI ON

Re f er e nc es : A. J SP ( AS) 102 ( Sec ond E di t i o n) - Ser v i c e Wr i t i n g, 1984B. ML W One 5. 1 - St af f Dut i es i n t he F i e l d, 1986C. MLW One 5. 2 - Ai de- memoi r e, 1987

T hi s manual r epl ac es al l pr ev i ous ha ndout s f r om t he J u ni o rSt af f W ng on t he s ubj ec t of m l i t ar y appr ec i at i ons .The manual does not r epl ace Ref er ences A, B and C. Rat her i tbi nds t oget her t he phi l os o phy and di r e ct s t he s t ude nt s ' a t t e nt i o n t oi nt er pr et at i on appl i c abl e t o t he appr ec i at i on at uni t l evel .The manual i s publ i shed under t he aut hor i t y of t he Ch i e fI ns t r uc t o r of J uni or St af f W ng f o r us e by s t u dent s a t t endi ng t he J uni orSt af f Co ur s e .


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. 123- 008 I J AN 87

AMENDMENT CERTI FI CATE

Pr oposal s f or amendment or addi t i ons t o the manual shou l d ber e f e r r ed t o t he Modu l e Mast e r f o r Oper a t i ons . Such p roposa l s shoul di nc l ude a dr af t of t he suggest ed amendment .Amendment Li s tNo Dat e Amendment Made By Dat e


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J I 9- 001 J AN 88LAND WARPARK CENTRE

J UNI OR STAFF W NGMI LI TARY APPRECI ATI ONS

' At t he begi nni ng of 1944, L i eut - Gener a l Scoones wascommandi ng 4 Cor ps on t he Ass am f r ont . He was ani nf or med, t hought f ul s ol di er wi t h a cl ear m nd oft he ana l y t i ca l t ype . My s t a f f somet i mes compl a i nedt hat he pr oduced l engt hy apprec i a t i ons i n whi ch a l lf ac t or s and cour ses of ac t i on were consc i ent i ous l ycons i der ed. I a l ways poi nt ed out t hat t heseapprec i a t i ons coul d be r e - r ead af t er t he event andf ound uncanni l y accur at e. A Gener al whoseappr eci a t i ons can s t and t hi s t es t i s not pe rhaps asr ar e as a pol i t i c i an whose speeches can equal l y bearr e - r eadi ng, but such f a r s i ght edness i s one of t hef oundat i ons of r eal Genera l sh i p and i s not t oocommon a gi f t . Scoones had, t oo, a s t ead i ness i nc r i s i s t hat was , f or t he ba t t l e he was t o f i ght , ani nval uabl e qual i t y . '

Def eat i nt o Vi c t o r yF i el d Mar s hal Vi s c ount Sl i m

J SP ( AS) 102, Ser v i c e Wr i t i ng ( Sec ond Edi t i o n) , 1984,Chapt er 16ML W One. 5. 1 - S t a f f Dut i e s i n t he F i e l d, 1986Chapt er 5MLW One. 5. 2, A i de- Memoi r e, 1987 Chapt er 10

I NTRODUCTI ON '1. An es t i mat e or appr ec i at i on of a s i t uat i on i s t h e m l i t ar y t e r mdef i ned as a ' l ogi cal pr ocess of r easoni ng by whi ch a commanderc ons i der s al l t h e c i r c ums t anc es af f ec t i ng t he m l i t a r y s i t uat i o n anda r r i v es at a deci s i on as t o t he cour se of ac t i on t o be t aken i n o rder t oaccompl i sh hi s m ss i on' ( Re f e rence A, Chapt e r 16, par agr aph 1601) .

Re f e rences : A.

B.

C.


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2. T he a ppr ec i a t i o n i s e s s ent i a l l y t he pr o c es s whe r e by o per a t i o na li nf o rmat i on i s co l l e ct ed and t hen used t o p roduce out l i ne p l ans . Ther e f er enc es c over t he appr ec i at i on as i t r e l at es t o s t r at egi c , t ac t i c al ,and a dm ni s t r a t i v e pr obl ems at f o r ma t i o n l ev el . Whi l e t he ba s i c s r ema i nt he s ame f tr al l l ev el s , t her e i s a need f or ampl i f i c at i on of t he uni tl evel appr ec i at i on.3. T he pur po s e of t hi s ma nu al i s t o ex pl a i n t he s t e ps i nher ent i nan a ppr ec i a t i on appl i c abl e t o uni t l ev el t a ct i c al pr obl ems .4. I n cons i de r i ng t hi s pur pose s t udent s shoul d be awar e o f t hef ol l owi ng:

a . Thi s manual does not r epl ace the Ref er ences i n any way butr a ther bi nds t oge ther t he phi l osophy . St udent s a reencour aged t o read t he Ref er ences t o gai n a br oaderv i ewpoi nt .

b. T her e a r e no dr i l l s or s i mpl e k ey s t o s uc c es s . T heapprec i a t i on i s s i mpl y one pe rs on' s t hought pr ocess onpape r . Each pe rs on' s appr oach i s goi ng t o var ypar t i c ul ar l y on poi nt s of det ai l and i nt er pr et at i on ofwha t i s of r el a t i v e i mpo r t a nc e. T hi s ma nua l gi v esdet a i l ed expl anat i on but DOES NOT encour age s l av i shadher ance t o ever y exampl e*5. Thi s ma nua l i s s et out i n s i x par t s as f ol l ows :

a . Par t 1. ( Whi t e ) . Par t 1 encompass es some backgr oundr ea di ng by gi v i ng:( 1) s ome ex pl a na t i o n of t he l o gi c i nher ent i n t heappr ec i a t i on pr o ces s ,( 2) a r eadi ng l i s t wi t h ex pl a na t o r y no t e s , and( 3) s o me hi nt s o n t he c o l l e ct i o n and l ay out ofi nf or mat i on.

b. P ar t s 2 t o 5. ( Par t 2 Y el l o w, P ar t 3 Bl ue , Par t 4 and 5Wh i t e ) . P ar t s 2 t o 5 c ons i s t of a s t ep by s t ep gui de t ot he f ac t o r ana l y s i s appr o pr i a t e t o o f f ens i v e and de f e ns i v eoper at i ons .c * Par t 6. ( Gr een) . Par t 6 i s a gl os s a r y of def i ni t i o ns andex pl anat i ons of t ac t i c al t er ms .

6. Par t s of t hi s ma nua l wi l l appear r epet i t i v e. T hi s i s nec es s a r ybecause of t he var i at i on i n needs among st udent s. Some can under st andt he pr oc es s f r om a l ogi c di a gr a m Ot her s pr ef er a gener a l o ver v i ew ofeach sect i on of t he process and what i t does. Agai n ot her s need adet a i l ed f ac t o r gui de. Mo s t s eem t o ga i n f r o m e xa mpl e s . One ma yt her ef or e f i nd t he s a me i nf o r ma t i o n pr es e nt ed i n f o ur d i f f e r e nt wa y s .7. The i nf o rmat i on g i ven i n t hi s manual shoul d be exam nedcr i t i ca l l y . The emphas i s and many of t he exp l anat i ons a r e based on t hea ut ho r ' s vi e wpo i nt . T he c ov er a ge i s pa r t i c ul a r l y gea r e d t o t he J S C andi s t her ef or e not a n ex haus t i v e o ver v i ew of t he m l i t ar y a ppr ec i a t i o npr o ces s . T he a ppr e ci a t i o n i s a c r eat i v e a nd a t hi nk i ng e xe r c i s e ands t udent s ubm s s i ons s houl d r ef l ec t t hi s .


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J 19- 002 J AN 87

PART 1BACKGROUND TO THE APP RECI ATI ON P ROCESS

The Tac t i ca l Dec i s i on and Mi l i t a r y J udgement1. To make a t ac t i cal dec i s i on r equi r es sound m l i t a ry j udgement .I nherent i n j udgement i s exper i ence and ana l y t i ca l t hought . These t woaspect s r equi r e pe r spec t i v e as bot h a re c l ear l y evi dent i n eve rydeduct i on i n t he appr ec i a t i on pr ocess .2. The ana l y t i cal pr ocess i s based on pr opos i t i ona l t hought ( t hel ogi c al c onnec t i on of gi v en t r ut hs or f a ct s ) a nd i s t h e ba s i s of t he' s ci ent i f i c ' s ol ut i on. I t i s c har a c t e r i z ed by a c omput er s t yl e bi nar yopera t i on where f act o r s e i t he r f i t a pr ogr amme o r bl ue pr i nt ( ofdo ct r i ne ) or t hey do not . I t i s t he pr oc es s of l ogi c whi c h t ends t ol ead t o t he ' bl ack or wh i t e and no gr ey ' so l u t i on.3 . The concept ual process i s based on appos i t i ona l t hought ( t hepl aci ng of t he compl e t e pr obl em next t o so l ut i ons f ound i n t he pas t f ors i m l a r p robl ems) and opera t es on t he bas i s of exper i ence and i sc har ac t e r i z ed by ' gut f ee l i ng' . I t d oe s not oper at e on t he bui l di ngb l ocks of dat a or pr opos i t i ons but r a ther on whol e i mages dr awn f r omwhat t he br a i n has been exposed t o or exper i enced. The expr ess i on oft hi s t hought pr oc es s i n any endea vour i s of t en r egar ded a s ' ar t i s t i c ' .Rommel c al l ed i t ' f i nger s pi t z enf uhl ' ( f i nger f eel i ng) .4 . Ar ms o f f i cers f r equent l y oper at e i n t he concept ual mode mor et han t he a nal y t i c al and t e nd t o ar r i v e at a s o l ut i o n o n f i r s t s i ght o ft he pr obl em Thi s ac c or ds wi t h uni t t r ai ni ng. The t e mpt a t i on i s t hent o s i t uat e t he appr ec i at i on.5 . Bot h t he ana l y t i ca l and t he concept ual process must be broughtt oge t her . The concept ua l p r ovi des i nsp i r a t i on or hypot heses f or t heana l y t i cal t o t es t . Of f i ce r s who do opera t e wi t h a concept ua l bi a s mus tex er c i s e ex t r eme s el f di s c i pl i ne t o s ubj ec t t he ' gut f eel i ng' t o a nobj ec t i ve anal ys i s . Ser v i c e of f i c er s f r e quent l y do not s uf f er f r o m t hi sdi s t r ac t i on and t her e f o re t end somet i mes t o pr oduce bet t e r t echni ca lappr ec i at i ons t han t hei r ar ms c ount er - par t s . Thei r ana l y s i s , ho we ve r ,s uf f er s f r om l ac k of d et ai l ed hy po t h es e s and s ound pr a ct i c al pr e m s e s .6. Bot h ar ms and s er v i c e of f i c er s c ur r ent l y s uf f e r f r o m a l ac k ofoper at i onal exper i enc e. I t i s onl y by t he appl i c at i on of t he di s c i pl i nei nhe rent i n a sound appr ec i a t i on t hat bot h t he concept ual and ana l y t i ca ls k i l l s c an be t r ul y dev el oped i n pe ac e- t i me .


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Compl e t e t he f o l l owi ng r eadi ng i n t he sequence g i ven :fa. St udy the r emai nder o f Par t 1, l ess Annexes A , B and C.

b. Scan t he r emai nder of Par t 1.c . St udy the desc r i p t i on of t he f o l l owi ng te r ms and ensur et hat you under s t and them t horoughl y :

( 1) Ai m See Par t s 2 and 3. See a l so Par t 6 Gl ossa ryf or t he words :( a ) a i m( b) c l ear , )( c ) de f e nd, \( d ) de l a y, ) Thes e wo r ds a r e l i s t ed( e ) deny, )) i n t he gl os s a r y unde r( f ) des t r o y, ) ' Tas k Ver bs ' .Cg) c ont ai n, j)( h) s ec ur e, )\( i ) suppor t , and( j ) l i m t a t i o n .Key Ter r a i n. See Par t 6 Gl ossa r y . Asi ndi c at es , t he i dent i f i c at i on of t hi s t er r ai n i s t hek ey t o t he a ppr e ci a t i on. Key T er r a i n i s o f t en o nappr oaches but may not al ways be so. Wher e a pi eceof Key Ter r a i n out s i de an appr oach i s used i n anenemy def ence and t her ef or e becomes an obj ect i ve, apr el i m nar y ope r a t i o n ma y be r e qui r e d.

( 3) Obj ec t i ve. See P ar t 6 Gl os s a r y .( 4) Vi t al Gr o und. See Par t 6 Gl o s s ar y .( 5) Appr oach. See Par t 6 Gl ossa r y .( 6) T i me and Space. See Par t s 2 and 3.( 7) Assessment o f Tasks . See Par t s 2 and 3.


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( 8) Cour ses Open t o Own and Enemy. See Par t s 2 and 3.Not e t hat cour ses shoul d be f ul l y s t a t ed. Enemycours es shoul d be kept br oad but ar e not si mpl y r e-s t at ement s of doc t r i ne. Fr o m t hes e des c r i pt i onsef f ec t i s der i v ed ( s ee P ar t 6 Gl o s s a r y ) whi c h i n t u r nl eads to own cours es. Own cour ses are descr i bed i ndet a i l and i nc l ude suppo r t a spec t s .( 9) Mi s s i on. When exam n i ng t he s t a t ement of t he m ss i oni n t he out l i ne pl an be aware of t he r e l a t i onsh i pbet wee n i t , t he or i gi nal t as k and t he a i m T hel i m t at i ons a r e not ex pr es s e d i n t he m s s i o n bec aus et hey ar e a l r eady i nc l uded i n cour ses and wi l l ber e f l ec t e d i n t he out l i ne pl an. Of t e n, but nota l wa ys , t he m s s i o n wi l l be t he f unda ment al t a s kgi ven by t he super i or commander . I t may be t hat t hef undament a l t ask was t o deny penet r a t i on i n s t r engt ht hrough an ar ea and t hat t he best met hod of achi ev i ng

t hi s ( f r om c our s es ope n) i s t o at t a ck t he enemy . I nsuch cases t he wor di ng of t he m ss i on may be qui t edi f f er ent f r o m t he t as k or t he ai m even t hough i t i sac hi evi ng bot h. Thus t h e ai m ' t o def wi t hi n bdr y'becomes t he m ss i on ' t o def HI LL X' , HI LL X be i ng t hevi t al gr ound. Check t he t ask v er bs i n t he Gl ossa ry .( 10) Out l i ne P l an. I t i s her e t hat y ou appl y wha t wast aught f or ope ra t i on o rder s i nc l udi ng p recedence ,doubl e ent r y book- keepi ng, use of Annex A t o Chapt er6 of Ref er ence B f or command st at us and i t s wor di ng,and t he s t a t ement of t a sks . I f a pl a t oon i s t ocapt ure obj ect i ve one i n phase t wo t hen that becomesi t s t as k ' ( Phas e 2 : c apt ur e Obj ec t i v e 1) ' . Seepar agr aphs 2, 3 and 6 of Annex B t o Par t 1.

d. Now r el at e t hese t e r ms t o t he f l ow di agr am at Annex A,t he ' Deduct i ve Reason i ng Pr ocess ' exp l a i ned bel ow and t hehi nt s f or appr ec i at i on wr i t i ng. Rel at e t hi s , i n t ur n , t ot he exampl e appr ec i a t i ons i n Par t s 2 and 3.e. St udy Par t 3.f . Read Par t 6.

The Deduct i ve Reasoni ng Pr ocess8. Leve l of Thi nki ng. The l evel ' of t he r easoni ng pr ocess se t s t hesc ene. A bat t al i on commander i n gi vi ng a t ask t o a company commanderwi l l have c ons i der ed t he pr obl e m t o pl a t o o n l evel t o ens ur e t hat t hecompany commander has t he necess ar y r esour ces. I n l i ke manner t hebr i gade^ commander consi der s down t o company l evel and t asks bat t a l i ons,and t he company commander consi der s sect i on l evel and t asks pl at oons.The f r ame work f or t hi s ' t wo down' l evel of cons i der a t i on i s set by t hecont ext of ' t wo up' bot h i n t er ms of own f or ces and enemy. Thus a


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bat t a l i on commander exam ni ng a de f ence pr obl em wi l l ana l yse h i s pr obl emt o p l a t oon l evel wh i l e a t t he same t i me be i ng m ndf ul of t he br i gade anddi v i s i ona l commander ' s a i m and appr oaches t o t he bat t a l i on and br i gadev i t a l gr ound. Whi l e cons i de r i ng t hat a bat t a l i on o r r egi ment of enemywi l l at t ac k hi s pos i t i on he wi l l c ons i der t h at r egi ment i n a di v i s i onals et t i ng bei ng m ndf ul of t he no r ma l a l l o ca t i on of di v i s i ona l r es our c est o t hat r egi ment .9. F ac t . A f ac t i s a t hi ng a s s umed as a ba s i s f or i nf er enc e. I ti s assumed, t he re f o re , t hat t he dat a gi ven i n t he t ext s , manual s andnar r a t i ves t o pr obl ems a re f ac t s upon wh i ch we may i nf e r i nf o r mat i on notgi v en.10. F ac t or s . A f ac t o r i s a us ef ul f ac t f r om whi c h deduc t i ons c anbe dr awn. Thi s means t hat a f act wh i ch per t a i ns to t he achi evement oft he ai m of a n appr ec i at i on i s a f ac t o r . t hus i n a s et of r ef er enc es , anar r at i ve and a map, we f i nd many f act s and we se l ect t he r e l evant onesand l i s t t hem under t he headi ng ' FACTORS' and sub- headi ngs ' Rel a t i veSt r engt hs ' , ' Gr ound' , ' Assessment of Tasks ' , ' Ti me and Space ' and ' EnemyCour ses ' and o t he rs that may seem r e l evant . The r e l a t i onsh i p be t weenAi m Fac t o r s , Own Cour ses and Out l i ne P l an i s shown i n t he f l ow di agr amat Annex A t o Par t 1. Not e t hat Own Cour ses and Out l i ne P l an ar e notf ac t or s .11. Deduc t i on. A deduc t i on i s i nf er enc e f r om gener a l t opar t i cu l ar . Thus gi ven t he f act or s t hat t her e ar e two LMGs and one RPGi dent i f i ed on Hi l l X caus i ng del ay to our advance , one can use t hegener a l i n f or mat i on i n MLW Thr ee 2 . 2 - The Musor i an Ar med For ces 1980unde r doc t r i ne , o rgani sa t i ons , and o rder of bat t l e , and a map to deducesuch t hi ngs as :

a. i t i s pos s i bl y a pl at oon pos i t i on;b. t her e i s a t hi r d s quad whi c h, by do c t r i ne, i n t hi s pha s eof wa r , woul d be l oc at ed i n t he v i c i ni t y of ar ea Y ;c. t her e ar e t wo mor e RPG 7s;d. t her e ar e pr obabl y some ot her heavi er weapons s uch as HMGsor AT3s ( t he gene ra l i dea and nar r a t i ve woul d gi ve c l uesh e r e ) ;e. t he p l at oon woul d be wi t h i n r ange of at l east t he RAG; andf . most i mpor t ant , what does a l l t hi s mean t o you? Thi sl eads t o such deduc t i ons as :

( 1) number of o bj e c t i v es ,( 2) s i z e of t ar get s and t her ef o r e s i z e of f i r e uni tr equi r ed,( 3) l i kel y enemy DF t asks wh i ch you need t hen t o avoi d ,


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( 4) t he r a t i o of f i r e uni t s t o o bj e ct i v es and ma no euv r ee l ement s and t her e f or e the r equ i r ement s f or t hedevel opment of adequat e combat power , and( 5) t he emphasi s t o be gi ven t o your own r esour ces s uch

as empl oyment of suppor t sect i on t o dest r oy a bunkeror use of a i r bur s t t o des t r oy enemy i n open pi t s .Not e t hat a deduct i on ' I must mai nt a i n moment um i s nonsense because i ti s a s t at e ment of pr i nc i pl e. I t i s f r o m t hi s pr i nc i pl e and i t sappl i cat i on to g i ven f act s t hat you deduce how you can achi eve moment umi n t he par t i c ul ar s c e nar i o. For ampl i f i c at i on of t he ' s o wha t ' pr oc es ss ee P ar t 6 Gl o s s ar y .

12. Quant i t y of Deduc t i o ns . Wha t i s nee ded f r o m de duc t i o ns i sus a bl e i nf o r ma t i o n. Thus at uni t l ev el y ou s eek i nf o r ma t i o n whi c hr el at es di r ec t l y t o ho w y ou depl oy pl a t o ons , di r ec t and i ndi r ec t f i r esuppor t , and any ot her asset s under your command t o ach i eve the a i mT hat i s t he r ea s on f or a ppl y i ng t he ' s o wh at ' pr o c es s ; ' s o wha t ' r e l a t e st o your l eve l o f r easoni ng and your a i m The deduc t i ons shoul d bes uf f i c i ent l y d ev el o ped s o t hat t hey c an be pi c k ed up i n l a t e r s e ct i o nsof t he apprec i a t i on ( t i me and space, assessment of t asks , cour ses open ) .For exampl e t he a i r s i t uat i on may l ead t o a gener a l deduct i on t hat somepr ec aut i on i s needed. Thi s i s of l i t t l e us e unl es s a dequa t e r e s our c esa r e i dent i f i ed ( eg l ev el of di ggi ng, ai r s ent r y per pl a t o o n o r c ompa nyarea e t c ) so that t hese can i n t ur n be l i s t ed under assessment of t asks .13. Summar y of Deduct i ons. Ther e ar e t wo ways of l ooki ng atsummar y of deduct i ons: ,

a . At t he end o f a l a rge unwi e l dl y subj ec t such as g round i ti s use f u l t o summar i ze t he ma i n po i nt s as t hey i n t e r -r e l at e. I t may al so be usef ul t o do t he same bet ween somemaj or headi ngs such as gr ound and enemy.b. A t abul a r l ayout of an ana l ys i s of appr oaches summar i zesi n no t e f or m al l t he deduc t i ons i n a ho s t o f per s pec t i v esand t hen gi ves t he ass ess ment of t he appr oach on t he same. pa ge.

Ei t her way i t i s a us e f ul t oo l t o c ondens e i nf o r ma t i o n i n t he c ont ex t oft he ai m and i t s l i m t a t i ons .

Re- Appr ec i a t i o n14. No t e t hat o n c o mpl et i o n of t he a ppr e c i a t i o n t he s i t ua t i o n c oul dc hange. I f y ou a r e i nv ol v ed i n a l ong t er m t as k ( e g def enc e o rdel i ber at e at t a c k) i t ma y be wo r t hwhi l e t o end t he a ppr e c i a t i o n wi t hei t her :

a. ' Re- appr e ci at e at ' ( t i me/ dat e) ; orb. ' Re- appr ec i a te when '


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Hi nt s f or Appr ec i at i on Wr i t i ng15. Wha t i s t o f ol l ow i s a n i dea of s el f or ga ni z a t i o n f or t he t as kof wr i t i ng a n a ppr e ci a t i o n. T hi s c an be i gno r e d, a do pt ed i n par t a nda da pt ed, or us e d i n i t s ent i r et y . T he po i nt i s t h at e a c h per s o n ha s hi sor her own approach to t he gat her i ng and use of oper at i onali nf or mat i on. Thi s i s of f er ed as a gui de t o t hos e who ar e s t i l lf or mul at i ng t hei r a ppr o ac h.16. I t i s suggest ed t hat you have a not e book and i nt o t h i s youwr i t e t he headi ngs of t he apprec i a t i on and out l i ne pl an on separa t epages . A l oos e l eaf f ol der i s us ef ul f or t hi s as i t a l l ows t he addi t i onof pa ges . As y ou pr o gr es s t hr o ugh y our r e adi ng, t he f i r s t c onc er n' i sder i vi ng t he ai m T hi s and i t s l i m t at i ons c an be ent er ed ( i n no t ef o r m) i nt o t he not e book as you r ead. L i m t at i ons can be pl aceds t r a i ght i nt o ' Assessment of Tasks and T i me and Space' as appl i cabl e t or em nd you t o cons i der t hem As you r ead on t hr ough t he pr obl em you mayf i nd t ha t you th i nk ' I must r emember t o cons i der t hi s when I get t o t hatpa r t of t he a ppr ec i a t i o n' ; no t e i t do wn unde r t he r e l ev ant he adi ngs t r a i ght away bef o re you f o rget . Thi s pr ocess cont i nues t hr oughpl anni ng and conduc t o f your r econna i ssance and du r i ng t he apprec i a t i oni t se l f . You may be f o rma l l y wr i t i ng up gr ound when a t hought occur s t oyou concer n i ng enemy cour ses; make a not e of i t s t r a i ght away.17. Dur i ng your r econnai ssance i t may be usef u l t o have an ana l ys i sof a ppr o ac h t a bl e i n y our n ot e bo ok ( s ee P ar t s 2 t o 5) and f i l l i t out a syou go.18. I n conj unc t i on wi t h your not ebook , a spar e t a l c on you rmapboar d can be ver y usef ul . On t hi s you mar k ( dur i ng your mapr ec onna i s s a nc e a nd c onf i r m o n y our gr o und r e c onna i s s a n c e) t he f o l l o wi ng( checki ng each aga i ns t t he mean i ng gi ven i n the Gl ossar y a t Par t 6) :

a. o bv i ous o bs t a cl es and c a nna l i z i ng e f f e c t s o f f er ed by t heground;b. k ey t er r a i n;c . vi t al gr ound;d. obj ec t i ves ( i f i t i s an at t ac k appr ec i at i on) ;e. FUP ;f . a ppr o ac hes ;g . ground cover i ng appr oaches; andh. al t er nat i ve appr oac hes t o obj ec t i v es i f appl i c abl e.

Whi l e do i ng t h i s r emember you ar e t h i nk i ng t wo down i n t he cont ext o ft he pr obl em I t may be usef u l i n def ence , f o r examp l e , t o dr aw i n t hemai n appr oach t o t he f or mat i on/ br i gade gr ound t o der i ve t he appr oachest o your v i t al gr ound.


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19. T he dr a wi ng ex er c i s e o n t he t a l c pr o vi de s a us e f ul ba s i s f orpr epar i ng o ver l a ys l at er . The pr i me pur po s e, ho wev er , i s t o a s s i s t i nt he ge ner a t i o n of d at a f or t he no t e bo ok and t h e a ppr e c i a t i o n i t s e l f .T hi s i s ac hi ev ed by ar r i v i ng at me as u r a b l e as p ec t s s uc h as :a. t he s i z e and l oc at i on of obj ec t i v es ;b . t he capac i t y of appr oaches ;c . t he a s s aul t di s t a nc es ; a ndd. t he r anges of k ey t er r a i n whi c h do m na t e l i k el y s i t i ng ofown t r oops ( eg a r i dge l i ne to t he f r ont may al l ow enemyt ank s t o neut r a l i s e o nes own def ens i v e po s i t i o ns i fl oc at ed wi t hi n 1 500 m i n di r e ct l i ne of s i ght ) .

20 . I t i s us e f ul t o pr epa r e t he pa ge s of y our a ppr e ci a t i o n be f o r ey ou s i t d own t o do i t . T hi s pr e ve nt s t he l o s s of a t r a i n of t ho ughtwhi l e you wr i t e ' EXERCI SE SECRET' and so f or t h on pages. P r epar e yourannexes and over l ays so those that need t o f ol d out next t o ce r t a i nt ex t s do s o. Thi s i s par t i c ul ar l y r el ev ant t o t he anal ys i s ofappr oaches and appr oach ove r l ay. The out l i ne p l an ove r l ay shoul d f ol do ut next t o t h e out l i ne pl an.21. Wor k out t he t i me and space f or your conduct o f r econnai ss anceand t he wr i t i ng of t he a ppr e c i a t i o n. Whe n do i ng t hi s f or t hea ppr ec i a t i o n, a m ni mum of 30 per c ent s houl d be al l o cat ed t o gr o und.Many spend much mor e t han t h i s whi ch i s qui t e wor kabl e g i ven t hat at hor ough gr ound ana l y s i s wi l l pr o duc e t he bul k of t he da t a r equi r e d.Make su r e , howeve r , t ha t you l eave su f f i c i ent t i me f o r bo t h compul sor yover l ays and a r evi ew of your wor k .22. When you have compl e ted your out l i ne p l an over l ay , check i ta ga i ns t t he r equi r ement l i s t ed i n t he pr o bl e m

Hi nt s f or St udent s on a TEWT23. Hi n t s f or s t udent s on a TEWTate g i ven at Annex C.

Se rv i ce Wr i t i ng Convent i ons24. T he J SC a ppr ec i a t i o n t r a i ns s t ude nt s f or s t a f f wo r k wh er eope ra t i ona l i nf o r mat i on i s col l e ct ed and t hen used t o p roduce sugges t edso l ut i ons to a commander . Se rv i ce wr i t i ng s t andar ds must t he re f o r e behi gh.25. T he det a i l s of s er v i c e wr i t i ng r equi r e me nt s wi t h s uppo r t i ngr ef er enc es a r e l i s t ed at A nne x B t o P ar t 1.


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6- 11

Conc l us i on26. The amount of s t udy r equi r ed t o t hi s po i nt may seem t o besomewhat excess i ve. The apprec i a t i on process i s , however , an essent i a lpar t of a s t a f f of f i c er ' s t ool k i t . The pr oc es s c an be us ed t o s ol vem l i t a r y adm ni s t r at i v e pr o bl ems and i n t he a s s es s me nt of a ho s t o fm l i t ar y and non m l i t ar y i s s ues . The vehi c l e us ed t o t eac h t he s ubj ec tat J SW i s t h e t ac t i c al not e f o r m appr e ci at i on and t hi s br i ngs wi t h i tt he advant ages of deve l opi ng an under s t andi ng of bot h t he t ac t i ca lpr i nc i pl es and t he pr a ct i c al i t i es of f i ght i ng on t he bat t l ef i el d. Thes ubj ec t i s t her ef or e ex t e ns i v e and i mpor t ant but t he a ppl i c at i o n of i ti s not di f f i c ul t . The di f f i c ul t p ar t i s under s t andi ng t he pr o c es s andi f you have f o l l owed t he i ns t r uc t i ons g i ven i n t hi s pa r t you shoul d nowbe we l l on t he pa t h of t hat unde r s t a ndi ng. The a pp l i c a t i o n of t hepr oc es s i s t i me c ons um ng and t he ma j o r d i f f i c ul t y l i es i n ma i nt a i ni ngc onc ent r at i on.27. Havi ng done t he s t udy , devel oped an under st andi ng, and wr i t t enappr ec i at i ons , you wi l l be i n a pos i t i on t o appl y m l i t ar y j udgementbased on a sound bal ance of ana l y t i ca l and concept ual t hought .

Annexes : A. At t ack Appr ec i a t i on F l ow Di agr amB. Ser vi c e Wr i t i ng Co nv ent i o ns i n t he App r e c i a t i o n, Out l i neP l an and Over l aysC. Hi nt s f or t he Del i v er y of Oper at i onal Br i ef s


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A T T A C K A P P R E C I A T I O N F L O W D I A G R A M


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J 19- 004ANNEX B TOPART 1 OF3. T. 1

SERVI CE WRI TI NG CONVENTI ONSI N THE APPRECI ATI ON OUTL I NE PLAN AND OVERLAYS

Re f e rences : A. J SP ( AS) 102 - Se rv i ce Wr i t i ng ( Second Edi t i on) , 1984B. MLW One 5. 1 - St af f Dut i es i n t he F i e l d , 1986

1.wr i t i ngbel ow.2 and 3

Common Convent i ons i n t he Appr eci at i on. The common ser vi cec onv ent i ons f or t he appr ec i at i on ( n ot out l i ne pl a n) ar e l i s t e dThey are di sp l ayed i n t he exampl e apprec i a t i on l ayout s i n Par t s

Ser i al Poi nt1 Layout and cont ent

2 ' For ' ' By' use names not appoi nt ment s3 Map r ef er ences4 Sec ur i t y c l as s i f i c at i on5 Page number i ng i ncl udi ng Annexesand Appendi ces6 Copy number i ng i ncl udi ng Annexesand Appendi ces7 Headi ng cont ent8 Par agr aph number i ng9 Sequence ( l ogi ca l devel opment )10 Uni t t i t l es11 Pl ace names13 Locat i on ( Not e: GR or GS not usedwi t h number s)14 Dat e/ t i me gr oups ( no need t o uset i me zone suf f i x because i t i sment i oned i n super sc r i pt )

L oc at i o n/ Re f er e nc eExampl es i nPar t s 2 and 3Exampl esA. par a 259A. par a 221 and 223A. par a 209

A. par a 211

A. par a 203A. par a 208Par t s 2 t o 5A. par as 244- 246A. par as 247- 248A. par as 247- 248

A. par as 236- 240

15 Di r ec t i ons A. par a 243


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1B- 2 ANNEX B

Ser i al Poi nt Re f er enc e16 Appr oaches are l et t er ed. B. par a 52517 Appr oach pr esent at i on B. par a 529

( The i l l us t r a t i on at Annex D t o Gl ossar y Par t 6Re f e rence A i s l i m t ed. Appr oachesare more usef ul l y dr awn t o scal et o r e f l ec t capac i t y. Thi s i sdi s cussed i n Par t 6 Gl ossar y .Ov er l ay s ar e di s cussed f ur t he ri n par agr aph 3 bel ow and i n Par t s2 and 3. )2. Out l i ne P l an. The out l i ne pl a n f ol l ows t he gener al s t r uc t u r eof an oper at i on or der and i s t he best way of convert i ng a chosen cour sei nt o a di r ec t i v e. Many s t udent s have di f f i c ul t y wi t h t hi s s ec t i on andt he r e f e rences ar e not c l ear . Thi s ar ea i s t her e f o re dea l t wi t h i n somedet a i l . The l evel , cont ent and l ay out conv ent i ons ar e l i s t ed be l ow:

a ' L evel The pur pose of an out l i ne pl an i s t o pr ovi des uf f i c i ent i nf or mat i on t o al l ow a t r ai ned st a f f of f i c er t odr a f t t he oper at i on or d er f r o m i t . See Ref er enc e B,par agr aph 542.b. Bas i s of t he Out l i ne P l an. The p l an i s based on t he bestc our s e . The det ai l i n t he pl an i s ex t r ac t ed f r o m t her el ev ant deduc t i ons par t i cul a r l y i n g round, t i me and spaceand asses sment of t asks.c . Cont ent . The cont ent of t he out l i ne p l an i s t o i nc l ude:

( 1) t he m s s i on s t at e d i n f ul l ;( 2) a gener al out l i ne - s t at ed i n at l eas t as much det ai las t he cour se adopt ed;( 3) gr oupi ng and t aski ng;( 4) es s ent i al c o- or di nat i on i ns t r uc t i ons ; and( 5) essent i a l adm ni s t r a t i ve suppor t and command andcont r ol mat t e r s .

d. Conv ent i on i n Layout . Many s t udent s have d i f f i cul t y wi t ht he l ay out of an out l i ne pl an. The r easons f or t h i s l i ei n t he f ac t t hat t hey are usua l l y r ushed at t he end of t heappr eci a t i on pr ocess and t her e i s no speci f i c exampl e i nRe f er ence B. I f s t udent s have der i v ed i n f o rmat i on i ns uf f i c i ent det a i l t hr oughout t he appr ec i at i on, t he out l i nepl an becomes a t r ansc r i pt i on exe rc i se . The f o l l owi ngpoi nt s shoul d be noted:


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I B- 3 ANNEX B

( 1 ) An Out l i ne P l an exampl e I s gi v en i n Par t 2.( 2) Maxi mum use of abbr evi a t i ons shoul d be used except i npar agr aph headi ngs.( 3) The headi ngs shoul d f o l l ow t he ' SMEAC' mnemoni c .( 4 ) The gr oupi ng and t ask i ng i s bes t done at bat t a l i onl evel and bel ow by:

( a ) phases i f gr oupi ng changes f or each phase , or( b) s t at i ng t he gr o upi ng f or al l phas es f i r s t i f i ti s to remai n const ant and l i s t t asks by phases .The method f or det a i l i ng gr oupi ng i s covered i n AnnexA t o Chapt e r 6 of Re f e rence B. At t ent i on i spar t i cu l a r l y dr awn t o Appendi x 1 t o Annex A f or t hewor di ng f or the var i ous st at us of command. Theconf i r mat o r y not es f or appr ec i a t i on exe rc i ses gi v e ausef ul bas i s f or g roupi ng and t ask i ng conv ent i ons .

3. Out l i ne P l an Over l ay. The out l i ne p l an may be wr i t t en on t hes i de of t he ov er l ay or i n t he body of t he t ex t . The l at t er cour se i smore appr opr i a t e at J SW because of t he vo l ume of i nf o rmat i on i nvo l v ed.The over l ay shoul d , however , f ol d out next t o t he out l i ne p l an. ( Theapproach over l ay shoul d f ol d out next t o t he ana l ys i s of approaches) .The f o l l owi ng poi nt s on out l i ne p l an over l ays shoul d be not ed:a. Pur pose and Va l ue . Essent i a l l y a pi c t ur e i s wo r t h a

t housand words and so l i es t he val ue of an over l ay. Thepur pose i s t o a l l ow t he reader t o qui ck l y and accur a t e l yunder s t and t he cont ent of t he out l i ne pl an. I n l i ne wi t ht hi s , over l ay t e c hni ques s houl d be s ubs t i t ut ed f or wr i t t e nt echni ques . For exampl e , phase l i nes shoul d bei l l us t r a ted r a ther t han s i mpl y code worded and i n t ur n t hec o- or di nat i on i ns t r uc t i ons s houl d r ef er t o t h e ov er l ay .b. Avoi danc e of Dupl i c at i on. I t i s f ai r l y poi nt l es s t o gi vet he same i n f ormat i on i n t he same f or m t wi ce , one i n t heout l i ne pl an and onc e i n t he ov er l ay . Dupl i c at i o n i sr el evant i f a l l uded t o i n t he t ext and i l l us t r at ed ( andr ef er r ed t o ) i n t he over l ay. The re i s not much wr i t t enabout over l ays . Some r e l evant hi nt s on wr i t t en andover l ay t ec hni que c a n be ex t r ac t ed f r o m Re f e r e nc e B,par agr aph 715.c. Cont ent . The over l ay i s t o i nc l ude:

( 1) an adequa t e headi ng ( j us t ' Out l i ne P l an' does no tf ul f i l t he r equi r e ment ) ;2 ) ' EXERCI SE SECRET' t op and bot t om


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2 A- 4 ANNEX A

( 3) map r ef er ences f or t he map upon whi ch the over l ay I sbased;( 4) c opy number ( r el at es t o t h e s ec ur i t y c l as s i f i c at i on) ;( 5 ) annex bl ock ;( 6) t hr e e gr i d i nt er s ec t i on poi nt s on t hr ee di f f er entset s of nor t hi ngs and eas t i ngs unl ess t he scal e oft he map pr ecl udes t hi s , a l so i nc l ude a no r t h po i nt ;( 7) or i ent at e t he ov er l ay so t hat t he en i s at t he t op oft he t r ac e r egar dl es s of nor t h di r e ct i on; and( 8) t he i nf or mat i on r equi r ed t o r ef l ec t t he out l i ne pl a n( i nc l udi ng al l t h e poi nt s r eques t ed i n t he pr obl emg i v en) and di sp l ayed:

( a ) i n c or r ec t c ol our s ( or l egend us ed) ;( b ) us i n j cor r ec t sy mbol s ( or l egend used) ;( c ) neat l y ; and( d) i n a manner a l l owi ng easy ad j us t ment .

The cov er age l i s t ed abov e gi v es su f f i c i ent bas i s f or ot her ove r l ays andt he re f o re t hey wi l l not be t r eat ed i n de t a i l her e . Remember , however ,t hat i f a number of over l ays ar e pr oduced on t he one scal e map, i tshoul d be poss i bl e t o l ay one on t op of t he other and mat chi nf or ma t i on. I t i s us ef ul t her ef or e i f gr i d i nt e r s e ct i ons ar e t h e s amef or ea ch ov er l ay . I f i nf or mat i on i s r epeat ed i n s ever al ov er l ay s i tmust be named t he same i n each. Thus App B i s al ways App B whi chev erover l ay i t appear s on ( as i s KT3 or Obj 4 and so on) . Avoi d us i ng toomany over l ays as t hi s can become awkwar d and conf usi ng. I n def ence youneed a ground over l ay on an enl ar gement , a der i vat i on of appr oachover l ay on t he nor mal scal e map, per haps a gr ound capaci t y and per haps asugges t ed p l a t oon l oca t i on ove r l ay. I n t he a t t ack y ou gener a l l y onl yneed an approach over l ay. I n al l apprec i a t i ons you need an out l i ne pl anover l ay.Conc l us i on4. When wr i t i ng an appr ec i at i on r emember t hat you arecommuni cat i ng t o t he reader not yours e l f ( even i f you have wr i t t en t oand by your s el f at t he begi nni ng) . I t i s es s e nt i al t her ef or e t hat y ouget y our meani ng acr oss succ i nc t l y and c l ear l y . P resent y ouri nf o rmat i on so t hat i t i s easy t o f ol l ow. Ensure t hat i f document s mus tbe read s i de by s i de t hat you present i t so that one page f o l ds out nextt o t he ot her , s o s avi ng t he r eader f r om t he f r us t r a t i o n of h av i ng t ounbi nd your wor k.


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2 A- 5 ANNEX A

5. Ha l l e Sel as s i e, upon t he i nv as i on of Et hi opi a by t he I t al i ansi n 1935, d i d hi s appr ec i a t i on and gav e t he f o l l owi ng c l ear conc i se pl an:' Ever yone wi l l now be mobi l i zedand al l boys o l d enough t o car r y a spear wi l l besent t o Addi s Ababa. Mar r i ed men wi l l t ake t he i rwi ves t o car r y f ood and cook. Those wi t hout wi veswi l l t ake any woman wi t hout a husband. Women wi t hsmal l babi es need not go. The bl i nd, t hose whocannot wal k or f or any r eason cannot carr y a spearar e exempt ed. Anyone f ound at home af t er r ecei ptof t hi s o r der wi l l be hanged. '

Hai l e Sel as s i eEmper or of E t h i opi a

Thi s i s a good exampl e of c l ear and conci se operat i ona l s t a f fwor k .


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J 23 - 009ANNEX C TOPART 1 OF3T1

HI NTS FOR THE DEL I VERY OFOPERATI ONAL BRI EFS' Above a l l , i ndi v i dual t r a i ni ng was t he t i me f o r TEWTs . A TEWTwa s a T ac t i c al E xe r c i s e W t ho ut T r o op s . I t c oul d b e hel d i n t he o pen,or on a sand or c l o t h model made up t o repr esent a su i t abl e pi ece o fground, o r even on a map. A seni or o f f i cer pr epar ed t he exer c i se andgave us al l p i eces o f paper t hat t o l d us what t r oops wer e supposed t o bet ak i ng par t 011 our s i de, what we wer e t r y i ng t o do, what we knew aboutt he enemy, what t he s i t uat i on was when t he exer c i se began, and whatper son we wer e supposed t o be r epr esent i ng. Then at t he appoi nt ed t i mewe gat her ed at a vi ewpoi nt o r r ound t he sand model , and t he d i r ec t orgave out Nar r a t i ve 1. I n Nar r a t i ve 1 our make- bel i eve commander usua l l yappear e d and bar k ed out a s er i es of o r d er s . P r o bl em 1 f ol l owedi mmedi a t e l y : "What i s y our pl an t o car r y out t hese o rder s? Tel l me

her e i n t hi r t y m nut es " .We l ooked at t he gr ound, and at our not ebooks, and back agai n,and s t r aggl ed of f i n s mal l s y ndi c at e s t o wo r k out a f e as i bl e s o l u t i o n.T i me was up. We ga t her ed aga i n . The d i r ec t o r sa i d , " Mas t e r s ,l et ' s have your s yndi c at e' s pl an" ." Wel l , s i r , we don' t know much about t he enemy her e, and er" Y es , y es , I don' t wa nt t he who l e app r e c i a t i o n - j us t y ourpl an" ."Wel l , s i r , t he guns ar e out o f r ange and wi l l have t o be moved. . . " I p l oughed m ser abl y on. No comment was made when I f i n i shed." Mur r ay, y our s " ." My i nt ent i on i s t o c apt ur e Bl ac k Ri dge - t her e - i n s uf f i c i entt i me t o enabl e co ns o l i dat i o n t o be c ompl et e d b ef o r e l as t l i ght .Cons ol i dat i on wi l l t ake t wo hour s . L as t l i ght i s at 1827 hour s , s o Imust c apt ure Bl ack Ri dge by 1627 hour s . Suppor t - 84 F i e l d Bat t er y f r ompos i t i ons behi nd Tun i Ha t t i 1765. Ba t t e ry t o be i n pos i t i on by 1500hour s f or r ang i ng . St ar t l i ne- copse 194033 - t r ack t o 193030 - house

193026. Zero hour 1530 hours . . . . "I hung my head i n shame. Her e was t he onl y sensi bl e pl an,c om ng out i n s h or t , dec i s i v e phr a s es , wi t h n o ur ns and er s , c ar r y i ngconv i c t i on, s i mpl e t o under s t and. Our syndi cat e had had t he same p l an,but no one l i s t eni ng t o me woul d have t hought I bel i eved i n i t my se l f ,so they cer t a i nl y woul d not have. I not ed down on t he t abl et s of mymemor y: make up your m nd, know what you ar e goi ng t o say, say i tbr i ef l y, t hen s t op. ' ( Ext r ac t f r o m : J ohn Mas t e r s , Bugl eand a T i ge r , T r answor l d , London , 1956)


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1C- 2 ANNEX C

Gener a l1. L i s t ed bel ow ar e some not es t o ass i s t s t udent s dur i ng t hec onduc t of ex er c i s e s wher e br i ef i ngs on t a ct i c al pl ans a r e r e qui r e d.T he s k i l l s p r e s ent ed her e a r e i mpor t ant f or al l o f f i c er dev el o pmentc our s es , f or o f f i c er t r ai ni ng i n uni t s and par t i c ul ar l y f or t hedevel opment of o r a l b r i e f i ng t echni ques . The not es f o l l ow t he sequenceof a T EWT f r om gr ound o r i ent a t i o n t o t he pr es ent at i o n of pl ans .Concept s of ope ra t i ons ar e i nc l uded because s t udent s ar e gi ven t hese i nexe rc i se pape rs and a r e r equi r ed t o pr esent concept s f or cont i ngencypl ans dur i ng i ndoor exe rc i ses such as t he CPX.

Gr ound Br i e f i ngs2. I t i s sugges t ed t ha t s t udent s use t he f o l l owi ng sequence whenr equi r ed t o gi ve a gr ound or i ent a t i on br i ef i ng:

a . P r e s ent L oc a t i o n. Gi v e t he gr i d r ef er enc e.b. Gr i d Nor t h o r Sout h. I ndi c a t e by poi nt i ng.c . Ar ea of gener a l i nt er es t . Us i ng t he no r t h or s o ut h poi nta s c ent r e of a r c , i dent i f y l ef t a nd r i ght a r c s anddesc r i be t he gr ound t he re i n i n gene ra l t er ms .d. Gr ound Essent i a l t o an Unde rs t and i ng o f t he P r obl em Uset he ver t i ca l c l ock or angu l a r measu rement f r om a r e f e r ence

poi nt met hod t o i ndi ca te :( 1) key t er r ai n;( 2) obs t ac l es ;( 3) k i l l i ng gr o unds ;( 4) c ov er .

Met hod of I ndi cat i on and Measur ement3. T he Ver t i c al Cl o ck Me t h od.

a . I magi ne t hat a c l oc k f ac e i s s us pended v er t i c a l l y , wi t hi t s cent r e on a s t at ed r e f e rence obj ect and wi t h 12o' c l oc k ver t i c al l y abov e t hat obj ec t .


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2 A- 3 ANNEX A

b. Ref er enc e t o a not her o bj ec t or t a r g et i s gi v en i n t er ms oft he cl ock, hour o n whi c h i t l i bs , and by t he a ngl e i n m l sf r om t he cent r e of t he c l ock measu red al ong t he r adi us oft he c i r c l e eg woul d be ' Ref er enc e bo t t o m r i ght c or ner ofho us e. Ri ght , 4 o' c l oc k , 40 m l s , l ef t hand pat c h of t wopa t c hes of s c r ub' .

4 . Det erm ni ng Angul ar Measur ement .a. Measur ement by t he Hand Span Met hod. A per son' s handext ended at ar m s l ength can be used t o measur e ang l es .I ndi c at e t h e di s t anc e t o t h e obj ec t i v e as k nuc k l es , f i s to r hand span f r om a known re f e rence poi nt .b. Measu r i ng by Bi nocul a r s . St andard se rv i ce bi nocul a r s havei ns cr i bed gr at i c ul es . Det ai l s of t he gr at i c ul e pat t er nar e :

( 1) hor i z ont al i nt er val bet ween eac h gr at i c ul e . . . 10m l s ;( 2) ver t i c al gr a t i c ul e l engt h ( hei ght ) :

( a) l ar ge ( c ent r e ) gr at i c ul e L. . . . 20 m l s ;( b ) m ddl e s i z e gr a t i c ul e 10 m l s ;( c ) s mal l s i z e gr a t i c ul e 5 m l s .

( 3) I ndi c at e t he obj ec t i ve i n uni t s f r om a k nownr ef er enc e poi nt .Obse rve rs must i ndi cat e r ecogni t i on by s t a t i ng ' seen' o r1agai n' .

No t e s f or t he P r e pa r a t i o n of a Pr es e nt a t i o n5 . When pr epar i ng a pr esent a t i on f o l l ow t he check l i s t be l ow:

a . Be P repared. Al l ow t i me a t t he end of your cons i de ra t i onf o r :( 1) pr epar a t i o n of y our o ve r l a y, and( 2) r ehear s al of your p r e s ent at i o n i nc l udi ng a c hec k l i s tof t he sequence of pr esent a t i on.

b. Ov er l ay . Ens ur e t hat y our o ve r l a y:( 1) i s heat ,( 2) us es c or r ec t m l i t ar y s ymbol s ,


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2 A- 4 ANNEX A

( 3) shows your p l an and gr oup i ngs,( 4 ) avo i ds unnecessar y de t a i l , ve t o FUPEarl i est H HrLatest H Hr (i f appl i cabl e)LD to obj ( s)Fi ght t hroughTi me VG t akenReor gTi me ai mcompl eteLi mtat i on t o Ai m

EN COURSESFul l y descri bedLi kel i hoodEf f ect on each appMost Probabl eRef l ects doctr i neOWN COURSESFbl l y descr i bedTi me ai mcompl eteAdvantageDi sadvant ageCount er s ef f ect s?Ai machi evedAchi evabl eOUTLI NE PLANM ssi onGen Out l i neGpTasksCoor d I nst rFol l ows f r omCour sesOVERLAYEx SecretHeadi ngMap RefCopy NoAnnex Bl ockThr ee Gr i d i nt er secti on pt sCorr ect col our sCorr ect symbol sNeatAssy areaFUP A DRout e t o Assy Ar ea FUPObjAxi s/ AxesBdryLi mt expl oi tat i onReor g l ocOt her req f r omgr een

TACTI CSConcent rati onPenet rat i onFi r epowerFi r mBasesSecure LDSecur e Fl anksMai nt of M nent umRetent i onI ni t i at i veRapi d Reor gEn ResSurpri se


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. 123-017

PART 4THE ADVANCE APPRECI ATI ON

Notes on t he f actors t o be consi dered f or an advance appr eci at i on are l i st ed bel ow.

1.AI M

Sel ecti on of Ai m

J AN 87

a. What i s my fundamental t ask? eg Adv? Secure? I nsert Bl ocks?b. What l i mt at i ons ar e there? eg Secure? At k?c. What are t he i mpl i cat i ons of t hi s on my consi derati ons? St at e as deducti ons.

Factors Deduct i ons Typi cal Quest i ons( a ) (b ) ( c )2. Prel i mnary Ti me and Space Kate of adv requi r ed. Maj or t i me l i mt ati ons?Any gi ven ti me rest r i cti ons. Mobi l i t y requi rement s. Mai nt of momentum?Possi bl e i nf l uence en gp.Earl i est/ l atest Start Ti me.3. Rel ati ve Str .

a. En.( 1) Gen si t .( 2) Li kel y i ntenti ons.( 3) Spt ar ms: Ar md, Ar t yEngr .

( 4) Ai r .(5) Adm n s i t .( 6) I nsurgent threat .

Possi bl e en del ay posn.Li kel y en gp.Gen order of march.Eg need f or f i r epower f wd.Degree of accept abl e r i sk.Degr ee of search and r ate of adv.

Wher e i s he?What i s ti e?What i s he l i kel y t o do?I s t here any t hreat f rcmi nsur gent s?


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Factors Deducti ons Typi cal Quest i ons(a ) ( b ) ( c )b. Own Tp

( 1) Present Gp. Gen gp f or advgd, f l k gd and or derof march. Are changes needed i n my gp?

( 2) Ar md, Ar t y, Engr Accept abl e ri skCapaci t y t o: What i s t he i deal composi t i on oft he component s of my f orce.( 3) Ai r si t . a. Recon What have I got on my f l anks?( 4) Admn s i t . c. I nterdi ct Ar t y gp?( 5) Fl anki ng f orces.

( 6) Speci al equi pOt heregCi vi l i ans, r ef ugees

4. Gnd.a. Gen. Maj or di aract eri sti csi ncl obsn, cover, potenti alobst acl es, dom nant f eat uresetc .b. Fi nal Obj (s)

c. Use more t han one r out e -(f orces and f i re spt aval ) .

Need f or f l ank, securi ty.

Empl oyment TC r esources.Need t o ensur e cl earance of r out e(s )

Ef f ect on conduct of t ask: mobi l i t y,r at e of adv r estr i cti ons on mov et c.

Can I advance on a w de f ront ?

Can I out - manoeuvre t he en?

How can I r educe t he probl em?Methods of cont rol ?

How can I best use t he ground ava

Number of possi bl e r out es t oobj s) Hew many r out es are aval ?

AssessmentConsi derati onSP. LDD stance/ Ti meGoi ng- TrackedWhI nfObsCr i t i cal PtsObj s on Rout eBoundsSecur i t yGun Ar eas etc

Rout es ( Approaches) . To ai d consi derat i on use a t race shew ng proposed r out es and ot her det ai l asrequi red. I t i s suggested t hat a t abl e as f ol l ows be used i n conj uncti on w t h the t race:Ar e rout es sui t abl e?What i s t he di st ance t o be covered?What natur al obs ar e t here any wher e?Where are t he natural def f eatures?Ar e t here cri ti cal poi nt s that ef f ect mymove?Wher e i s t he en on r out e?

Rout e 1 Rout e 2 Rout e 3 Etc

etc etc etcNote: Make assessment s i n note f ormVi abl e r out es i n t i me f rame.Securi t y r eq.Gp req of part i cul ar r out es,Eg br i dgi ng r eq, wh or t rackedet c. Con req:Comms


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4- 3

Factors Deduct i ons Typi cal Quest i ons( a ) (b ) ( c )d. Summary of Routes.

(I f Requi red)5. Ti me and Space

a. I t i s suggested t hat a tabl e as f ol l ows be used:

FactorEarl i est H hr Rout e 1 Rout e 2 Rout e 3 etc0600 hrsi me NowTi me f or mount i ng- Depl oyment- Bat t l e Procedure- ftov t o Assy Ar ea/ FUP 4 hr s- Ti me i n Assy Ar ea/ EUP- Mov t i me t o SP/ LDAny other pr e H hrf actor 1000 hr sTheref or e Ear l i est H hr 1000 hrsLat est H hrTi me by whi ch obj m stbe securel i me t o secureMov ti me f or ( rate) . .Al l owance f or acti onen rout e:Coy atkPl atketcA iy other post H hrf actor

1700 hrs30 1630 hrs4 hr 1230 hrs

Theref or e Lat est H hr 1230 hr s

Vi abl e rout esFl exi bi l i ty H hr ( f romearl i est/ l atest H hr)Req f or ni mov.

Any changes f r omPrel i mnary Ti me andSpace?Hew much t i me mst I al l ow at obj i fI must secur e i t ?How much t i me shoul d I al l ow f orpossi bl e en act i on en r out e?Mounti ng t i mes?Ar e t here any ot her t i meconsi derat i ons?eg prepar at i on of eqpt , movrest r i cti ons due t o ref ugee? Mov ofguns or pi quet s?

Can I achi eve ny ai m i n t he ti mef rame?Ar e al l routes vi abl e?M st I mov by day and ni ?Can I adj ust my t i mng on any r out e?


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6- 11

Fact ors Deduct i ons Typi cal Quest i ons~ (a) (b) (c )6. Assessment of Tasks.

a. Note. Assessment of t asks i s NOT an at t empt t o neat l y bal ance the f or ces aval t o you bet ween rout es. I ti s a st at ement of t he resources that you vroul d l i ke to empl oy on each r out e - i t woul d be normal t o f i ndt hat t o use al l r out es aval you woul d need nuch mor e t han your t ot al f orce.b. Fromyour assessment you shoul d be presented w t h the basi s f or your l ater consi derat i on of Cour ses Open,eg How many rout es are vi abl e.c. I t i s suggested that a t abl e as f ol l ows be used:

Task as ~eq) Rout e 1 Rout e 2 Rout e 3 etcCoveri ng TpsAdv Gd- Van Gd- Mai n Gd

Fl ank GdRear GdMai n BodySpeci al Tasks

COURSES OPENOwn Courses.a. Cour se 1. To

( 1) Advant ages.( 2) D sadvant ages.

b. Cour se 2. To et cEn Cour ses.a. Course A. To

( 1) Li kel i hood.( 2) Ef f ect ( on me)

b. Cour se B. To et c

Can I obt ai n benef i t by combi ni ng anyof t hese cour ses. Thus maki ng af ur t her course? eg day or ni ? Footor mount ed? etc.

What ef f ect does thi s cour se have onme? I s i t r eal l y l i kel y that hewoul d do thi s? What most I do t ocount er t hi s course of acti on?


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J 23- 018 J AN 87PART 5

THE APPRECI ATI ON GUI DEFOR THE WTHDRAWAL1. Sel ecti on of Ai m

a. What i s ny f undament al t ask?b. Wi at l i mt ati ons ar e there? eg Deni al Ti me?c. What are t he i mpl i cat i ons of t hi s on ny consi derat i ons? St at e as deducti ons.

Factors Deduct i ons Typi cal Quest i ons(a ) ( b ) ( c )2. l Yel i mnar y Ti me and Space.

a. Star t t i me and compl et i on. Wt hdrawal w l l / w l l not be under En r ate of adv unopposed?pressure. En EEA ny l oc?b. Earl i est ETA en. Fri endl y f orce req t o achi eve cl ean Deni al Ti ne?br eak (i f under pr essure). What do I need t o achi eve a cl eanbreak?

3. Rel at i ve St rengt hs.a. En. Di r ecti on of en t hreat and type, of Wher e i s he?atk.( 1) Gen si t (f ront and En capabi l i t y w t hi n ti me f rame. What i s he?f l anks) . Pr obabl e degree of en pressur e atdeni al t i me. What i s hi s ai m?( 2) Li kel y i ntenti ons. Forces r eq.Need f or one or mor e stabi l i si ng What i s hi s l i kel y reacti on?( 3) Spt Ar ms; Ar md/ art y and/ or i nt med posn.engr . Degree of accept abl e r i sk. What i s hi s abi l i ty t o penetr ate,Gen secur i t y req behi nd ny posn: envel op, i nf i l tr ate and f ol l ow up?( 4) Ai r . RV' s, mount i ng areas et c. Hew does t hi s ef f ect ny secur i t y

req?What i s hi s ai r capabi l i ty?( 6) I nsurgent threat .


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Factors Fac t or s Deducti ons Typi cal Quest i ons( a ) (b) ( c )b. Own Tp.

( 1) Condi t i on and. present St r requi red i n present posn andgpof uni t s. i ntmed posn.Accept abl e r i sk.( 2) Ar md.

( 3) Ar ty .

( 4) Engr.

( 5) Ai r .

(6) Tpt .

Abi l i t y t o meet en threat( s).Protect i on of r out es RV and ' sof t'areas eg gun ar ea.Spt requi red.Mov/Depl oyment of guns.Pr ot ecti on of gun ar eas.

Requi rement t o meet en threat .Pr i of tasks.Prel i mnary and/ or r es dm r equi r ed.

Degr ee of spt ( CAI RS and t pt ) .Fl ank survl .Gp t o uni t s/ sub- uni t s.

What have I got?How can I make t he best use of myresources?Do I have superi or mobi l i t y comparedt o t he en?What armd shoul d be w t hdr awn earl y?How can I best use ny armd?What suppor t i s requi red at:( 1) mai n posn, and( 2) i nt med posn( s) .Fr omwher e can t hese l oc be spt ?When shoul d guns redepl oy?What i s t he requi rement f or r out edeni al ?What pr ep i s requi rd f or dm ?I s a dm gd req?What pr ep i s nee i n new posn( s) ?How can I best use t he ai r aval tome?Any l i mt at i ons on use of tpt?How can I best use t he resour cesal l ot t ed t o me?

( 7) Admn si t .

( 8) Fl anki ng f orces.( 9) Speci al equi p.

Mov of ech and HQ.

Need f or f l ank securi t y.

What r equi r ement s ar e t here f orsecuri t y?


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6- 11

Factors Deduct i ons Typi cal Quest i ons( a ) (b ) ( c )4. Ot her

egCi vi l i ans, refugees Empl oyment TC resources. How can I r educe t he probl em?Need to ensure cl earance of r out e. Met hod of cont rol ?Ef f ect cxi securi t y?5. Gnd.

a. Gen, (i f r equi r ed) Ef f ect on conduct of t ask, mobi l i t y, How can I best use t he ground aval ?r at es of mov, rest r i cti ons on tnovMaj or characteri sti cs i ncl et c.obsn, cover, pot ent i alobst acl es, domnantf eat ures et c.b. Locat i on of New Posn f or Rout esMai nBody. RV/ mounti ng areas and requi rement sf or securi ty.Number of possi bl e rout es.

How many rout es are aval ?

Rout es. To ai d consi derat i on use a tr ace show ng proposed rout es and ot her det ai l as requi red. I t i ssuggested t hat a t abl e as f ol l ows be used i n conj uncti on w t h t he t race:

Consi derat i on AssessmentRout e 1 Rout e 2 Rout e 3 EtcCheck Pt

KVSt abi l i si ng PosnI ntmed Posn etc etc etc

Mount i ng Ar easCr i t i cal ptD stance/ Ti meGoi ng - TrackedWhI nfDay/ NiObsBoundsRepor t Li nesGun Areasetc

Note: Make assessment s i n note f ormSecuri ty req. Loc of securi t yf orces.Gp r eq f or r out es eg br i dgei ng, whor t racked et c.Prel i mnary depl oyment of secur i t yf orces i ncl coveri ng f orce.Stabi l i z i ngposn s) l oc. .Preparat i on/ protect i on of i nt medposn.Req t o hol d cri t i cal pt .Prot ecti on and/ or prepar at i on f ordm of obs and cri t i cal pt.Day and/ or ni mov.Crossi ng of obs/cri t i cal pt.

Li kel y en app?Possi bl e i nt med/ st aW l zi ng posn( s)?Possi bl e en out f l anki ng rout es?Rout es, check pt , RVs, mount i ngareas?Ar e t here any cri t i cal poi nts?Goi ng, obst acl es?Ef f ect of en art y and ai r threat?What cover i s t here?Have I been gi ven i nt med and/ orst abi l i zi ng posn? Do I need t hem?Where?


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5- 4

Factors Deduct i ons Typi cal Questi onsa) ( b ) c)

Order of mov f r omposn.Protect i onmor , guns.Vi abl e r out es i n ti me f r ame:Con req:PhasesMov HQMov echComms

What are ny secur i t y r eq?Wher e ar e dm req?

When shoul d depl oyment of secur i t yf orces t ake pl ace?

6. Summary of Rout es.( i f requi red)7. Ti me and Space. Ti m ngs f or :

a. Ti me now a. Moves of sevur i t y f or ces. Ti me t o hol d i n present posn?b. Ear l i est ETTA en b. Moves of r econ part i es and How soon can rear r econ part i es andrear par t i es. unessent i al s l eave?c. Posn deni ed unt i l c. Thi nni ng out .

d. No wdr bef ore ( excl d. Ti me t o abandon ( i f not How l ong do I have i n whi ch t oreconpart i es) f act) . pr epare obs dm et c?e. Thi nni ng out begi ns e. Ti mngs f or pt l acti vi t y. How many obs, dm can I prepare?Whi ch ar e most i mport ant ?f . Posn abandoned by Fi re pl an. I F, ai r et c.g. Al l tp cl ear Pr i or i ty of work,of l i ne Eqpt deni al r eq.byh. Ot hers as r eq eg ti me f ormov t oRV, embussi ng ar eas,new mai n posn, prepare obsetc .

Can I wdr al l my eqpt ?When can I dest r oy eqpt and stores?


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5- 5

Factors Deduct i ons Typi cal Quest i ons( a ) (b ) ( c )8. Assessment of Tasks. What woul d 1 l i ke t o do t o deny t hi s

posn t o t he en?a. Note. Assessment of t asks i s NOT an at t empt t o neatl y bal ancethe f orces aval t o you. I t i s a ar rangement of t he resour ces What i tust I do t o mai nt ai n myt hat yoi u woul d l i ke t o empl oy cmeach t ask. secur i t y?b. Fromt hi s assessment you shoul d be present ed w t h t he basi s f or What pr i or i t y do I pl ace on t heseyour l at er consi derat i on of Cour ses Open. t asks i n rel at i on t o each ot her ?c. I t i s suggested t hat a t abl e as f ol l ows coul d be used: Can any of t hese t asks be carr i ed out. concur rent l y or t y t he same sub uni t .

Task Resources Req Pr i Remar ksCoveri ng ForcePatr ol s

Coy, Tp Tk2P1

Fl ank Guards,Rear Gi et cI nt med PosnSt abi l i zi ng Posnetc

COURSES OPEN9. En courses.

a. Cour se A. To( 1) Li kel i hood.( 2) Ef f ect (on ne)

b. Cour se B. To et c10. En Most Probabl e Course. I consi der that t he en i s l i kel y t o f ol l owhi s Cour se because

What ef f ect does t hi s cour se have onme?I s i t real l y l i kel y t hat he woul d dothi s?What m st I do t o count er t hi s courseof acti on?


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11. Own Courses.a. Cour se 1. To

( 1) Advant ages.( 2) Di sadvant ages.

b. Cour se 2. To et c12. Sel ecti on of Own Best Cour se. I w l l adopt my Cour seas

PLAN13. M ssi on.14. Execut i on.

a. Gen Out l i ne et c15. Admni str ati on and l ogi sti cs )) when requi red16. Conn and and Si gnal )

Can I obt ai n benef i t by combi ni ng anyof t hese courses? Thus maki ng af ut her course?Day or ni ?Foot or mounted?etc?


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J 19- 009 J AN 87

PART 6GLOSSARY OF TACTI CAL TERMS

1. Thi s gl ossar y has been compi l ed t o hel p t he J SC st udent t o bemor e pr ec i se i n hi s use of t act i cal t er ms i n appr ec i a t i ons , TEWTs ands y ndi c at e di s c us s i ons .2. Wha t i s t o f ol l ow i s no t des i gned t o r e pl a ce ex i s t i ng s o ur c esof def i ni t i ons but r at her ex pand upo n t hem or s t at e t hem i n t er msr el ev ant t o t he uni t a nd s ub- uni t a ppr ec i a t i on. I t i s us e f ul t o c ompa r et he def i ni t i o ns g i v en wi t h t h os e i n t he gl os s a r y i n J SP ( AS) 101, t heMLW ser i es and t hose i n t he Conc i se Ox f o rd Di c t i onar y . The r eader i swar ned t hat s omet i mes t he choi ce of wor ds and, i n p l aces, whol edef i ni t i ons , have no of f i c i al aut hor i t y .

Advance3. The advance i s an o f f ens i ve ope ra t i on des i gned t o c l ose wi t h anenemy f orce and engage h i m i n dec i s i ve combat under cond i t i ons t hatf avour t he advanc i ng f o rce .

a . Advance t o Cont act . Cont act has been l ost or not yetmade. The emphasi s wi l l be on wi de r econnai ss ance wi t ht he ma i n f o rce uncomm t t ed but r eady f o r ac t i on.b. Advance i n Cont act . Cont act has been made wi t h enemycover i ng t r oops , but t he advance cont i nues . At t hi s s t ageadvance and at t ack may be i nt er woven as t he moment um i sma i nt a i ned.c . The Pur su i t . The advance cont i nues i n cont act aga i ns t anenemy who has l os t t he i ni t i a t i ve and i s wi t hdr awi ng of fbal ance . Cont act must be mai nta i ned and r i sks wi l l bet ak en t o hur r y r el ent l es s l y and t ur n t he pur s ui t i nt o ar o u t .

Ai m4. The ai m i s der i ved f r o m t he t as k gi v en by hi gher a ut hor i t y . I ti s a pos i t i v e and vi gor ous s t at ement of t he gi v en t as k . I t i dent i f i esexac t l y what has to be br ought about . I t i s usua l l y f o l l owed byl i m t at i ons . Ther e c an onl y be one ai m f or any t as k . T hi s as pec t i sf ur t her t r e at ed i n Par t s 2 t o 5.


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6 - 2

Ai l - Round Def ence5. Al t ho ugh def ended l oc al i t i es ma y be s i t ed pr i mar i l y a ga i ns ta t t a ck f r om a pa r t i c ul a r d i r ec t i o n t he def ender mus t be c apa bl e ofr epel l i ng at t ac k f r o m any di r ec t i on. Gi v en t he o ppo r t uni t y , t he enemywi l l c hoo s e t o a t t a ck a po s i t i o n f r om wha t he cons i der s t o be t heweakest s i de . Commander s must be f ul l y pr epar ed t her e f or e to f i ght whenout f l ank ed or at t ac ked f r om any di r ec t i on. Dur i ng c hem c al o per a t i o nst her e must be cont i nuous awareness of t he danger f r om t he upwi nddi r e ct i on.

Al t er nat e Pos i t i on6. See ' pos i t i ons ' .Appr oaches7. An appr oach t o t he v i t a l g r ound, be i t occupi ed or def ended byt he enemy or our se l ves, begi ns at t he assembl y ar ea and ends on t hev i t a l gr ound. Thus i n t he ana l ys i s of an appr oach one exam nes :

a . t he assembl y ar ea,b. t he r out e t o t he FUP ,c. t he FUP and LD, andd. t he gr ound used i n of t he assaul t .

8. The se l ect i on of assembl y ar eas and r out es t o t he FUP, FUP andLD shoul d be based on t he consi der at i ons shown i n t h i s g l ossar y and MLWThr ee 2. 2 - Musor i an Ar med For ces , 1980. Hav i ng est abl i shed an LDexam ne t he gr ound bet ween i t and t he v i t a l g round. The f r ont ageav ai l abl e t o t he as s aul t f or c e wi l l be det er m ned:a. by t he obs t ac l es i dent i f i ed; orb. i f t her e ar e no c ons t r i c t i ng o bs t a cl es , t he wi dt h of t hedef ended pos i t i on; o rc . t h e wi dt h of t he L D i t s el f .

9. Havi ng worked out t he f r ont age , dr aw t wo par a l l e l l i nes f r omt he LD t o a po i nt shor t of t he v i t a l gr ound and t hen br i ng t hem t o apoi nt on t he v i t al gr ound. Thi s i s a n ar t i f i c i al ex er c i s e des i gned t oa l l o w s c i ent i f i c meas ur ement of an a s s aul t r o ut e whi c h al l t oo of t endoes not bend to sci ence. The measur ement s ar e d i sc ussed i n Par t s 2 and3 under t he anal ys i s o f approaches and ar e des i gned t o a l l ow you t odet er m ne how you can maxi m se your combat power on t hat axi s.


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Arc of PI r e10. An a rc of f i r e i s desc r i bed by t he boundar i e s of an a rea aweapon i s r equi r ed t o f i r e i nt o. I t i s r ar el y t he ma xi mum r ange of t heweapon as t hi s i s nor mal l y r educed by t he shape of t he gr ound andobs t ac l es .

The ar ea i ns i de t he ar c of f i r e ont o whi c h bo t h di r e ct and i ndi r ec t f i r ecan be br ought t o bear s cal l ed t he F i e l d of F i r e .

Ass embl y Ar ea11. T he As s embl y Ar ea i s wher e f i nal a dm ni s t r a t i v e pr epa r a t i o ns orr egr oupi ng t akes pl ace be f o re an a t t ack. I t shoul d be :

a . F r ee f r om enemy gr ound obse r vat i on.b. Concea l ed f r om enemy v i sual a i r r econna i ssance.c. Eas i l y ac ces s i bl e.

\d. I f po s s i bl e, out of r a nge of e nemy mo r t a r s .

Not e: When exam ni ng enemy ass embl y ar eas c heck MLW Thr ee 2. 2 -Musor i an Ar med For ces , 1980, par agr aph 979, 981 b( l ) , F i gur e 9 -12 and 9- 13.


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At t ack12. There are t wo t ypes of at t ack:

a. The Qui ck At t ack. Thi s i s a r api dl y mount ed assaul t t ot ake advant age of an unpr epar ed, and weak, enemy posi t i on.b. The Del i ber a t e At t a ck . Thi s i s a n a t t a ck a ga i ns t wel lpr epared and o rgani zed de f ences . I t i nvol ves ca re f ul anddet ai l ed pl anni ng, and t he f ul l c o- or di nat i on of al lav ai l abl e r e s our c es .

The t er m i nf i l t r at i on r e f e r s t o a penet r at i on ac t i on whi c hi nse r t s f o rces ei t her deep i nt o enemy r ear a rea to t hr eat encommuni cat i ons and at t ack dept h pos i t i ons , or wi t h t he mor el i m t ed obj ec t i v e of di s r upt i ng hi s f or war d def enc es .

Ax i s13. An ax i s i s a gener a l l i ne a s t r i de whi c h a f o r ma t i o n, uni t ors ub- uni t mo ves . The l eadi ng f o r ma t i o n, u ni t o r s ub- uni t i s notr es pons i bl e f o r c l ear i ng t he ax i s unl es s or der ed t o do s o. T he pl ur a lof axi s i s axes .

Bat t l e Gr oup14. A bat t l e gr oup i s a t act i ca l gr oup i ng of combat arms e l ement sbased on t he HQ of an ar mour ed r egi ment or a mechani zed i nf ant r ybat t a l i on.

Bound ( Advance)15. A bound i s a f eat ur e of t ac t i c al s i gni f i c anc e on or as t r i de t heaxi s wh i ch coul d be hel d de f ens i vel y i f t he nei ed ar ose . At f or mat i onl evel a bound may be gi ven a n i ckname and used as a cont r ol f eat ur e. I nt hi s case movement f r om bound t o bound wi l l onl y be wi t h t he per m ss i onof t h e c ont r ol l i ng HQ. ( See ' r e por t l i ne and t ac t i c al bo und' ) .

Capt ur e16. See ' t a s k v er bs ' .

Count er - a t t ack17. A c ount er - at t ac k i s an a ct i o n aga i ns t an a t t a ck i ng f or c e t or ega i n l os t gr ound or t o des t r oy an enemy. Count e r - a t t acks wi l l e i t he rbe l ocal or del i ber a te . Local count er - a t t acks must be l aunched wi t hi n abat t a l i on' s own r esour ces t o cat ch the enemy of f bal ance be f or e he hashad t i me to consol i dat e a ga i n. A handf u l of det er m ned men can of t en


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r e s t or e t he s i t uat i on wi t h l i t t l e l os s . A del i ber at e count er - at t ac kwi l l be mount ed by a f o rmat i on r eser v e t o r ega i n gr ound agai ns t l i m t edobj e ct i v es . Si nc e i t i s l i k el y t o pr ov e t i me - c ons u m ng and e xp ens i v e i nt er ms o f men and mat e r i e l , a de l i ber a t e count e r - a t t ack shoul d onl y bemounted when t he gr ound t o be r ecover ed i s v i t a l t o t he def ens i vepos i t i on. Al l avai l abl e f i r e s uppor t and c l os e ai r s uppor t wi l l beal l oc at ed t o t hi s a t t a ck , whi c h c annot b e l aunc hed at wi l l . I t i s al ar ge usua l l y p re - pl anned concent r a t i on of f o r ce and t he dec i s i on t oexecut e must be t aken ear l y enough f o r l as t m nut e pl ann i ng anddepl oyment t o t ake pl ace . See a l so v i t a l g round .

Count e r - pe net r at i on18. Count e r - pene t r a t i on i s a move t o bl ock i ncu r s i on i nt o ade f ended a rea . Count e r - penet r a t i on t asks wi l l be pl anned bef o re t hebat t l e i s j oi ned and pos i t i ons wi l l be r ec onnoi t r ed and, i f pos s i bl e,p repa red. Ar med hel i copt e r s may be mos t sui t abl e f o r t h i s t a sk . T i m ngi s c r i t i c al . The c ount er - penet r at i on f or c e mus t b e s t e ady i n pos i t i onbe f o re t he a r r i v al of t he enemy . F i r e suppo r t shoul d a l so be p re -p l anned .

Cover i ng For ce19. The t er m c ov er i ng f or c e i s us ed t o de s c r i be a f o r c e o pe r a t i ngf or war d of t he ma i n f or ce f or t he purpose of i n t e r cept i ng, engag i ng,del ay i ng, d i sor gan i z i ng and dece i v i ng t he enemy f orce bef or e he cana t t ack t he f or ce cove red .20. A cov er i ng f o r ce bat t l e i s essent i a l l y a bat t l e of movement andt her e wi l l s el dom be t i me or t he need t o pr e pa r e el a bo r a t e d ef e ns i v epos i t i ons . The commander i s not ex pect ed t o ho l d g round a t al l cos t s ,but t o gi v e way bef o re a super i o r enemy ; i n o rder t o de l ay h i m aga i nf r o m anot her pos i t i on. I n or d er t o ac hi eve t hi s , del ayi ng pos i t i onsmus t be se l ect ed wh i ch o f f e r good f i e l ds of v i ew and f r om wh i ch f i r e canbe br ought t o bear on t he enemy at l ong r anges. Enemy r econnai ss anceand pr obi ng a t t acks must be hel d of f and t i me- wast i ng pr epar at i on f o r ade l i be r a t e at t ac k f or c ed upon hi m21. A cov er i ng f o r ce mus t avo i d becom ng i nv ol v ed i n c l o se- qua r t e rf i ght i ng. Thi s c al l s f or a t i mel y dec i s i on t o br eak c ont ac t . Shoul dt he f or ce become c l osel y i nvol ved, t he commander must dec i de whet her t hewhol e del ayi ng pos i t i on shoul d be abandoned , or whet her onl y ce r t a i ns ec t or s s houl d be r e l i nqui s hed.


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Chec kpoi nt ( I n W t hdr a wa l )22 . A checkpo i nt i s a pl ace norma l l y e s t abl i shed at an eas i l yr ecogni zabl e l ocat i on on t he r out e back, t hr ough wh i ch t r oops move ont hei r way back t o t hei r RV. Tr oops shoul d not hal t but t he commandershoul d adv i se when hi s t r oops ar e t hr ough. Checkpo i nt s wi l l be requi r edat bat t al i on gr oup and company l evel and may be r equi r ed at p l at oonl evel . Checkpoi nt s must have r adi o, and above pl at oon l evel be mannedby a n o f f i c er or wa r r a nt of f i c er . See a l s o ' Rendez v ous ' .

Capt ur e23. See ' t as k v er bs ' .

Cl ear24. See ' t as k v er bs ' .

Cl ear ed Rout e25. A c l ear ed r out e i s a r out e t hat must be c l ear ed of enemy by af or mat i on or uni t . I t mus t be k ept c l ear unt i l r es pons i bi l i t y f or i t i shanded over t o another f o rmat i on, ba t t l e gr oup or ba t t a l i on.

Combat Team26. A c ombat t eam i s a s ub- uni t of a ba t t l e gr o up, us ual l yconsi st i ng of ar mour and i nf ant r y c ommanded by a squadr on or companycommander .

Command27. Command i s t he t he l awf ul aut hor i t y exer ci sed by NCO andof f i c er s over s ubor di nat es . On oper at i ons i t i nv ol v es pl a nni ng,dec i s i o n- t ak i ng, i s s ui ng or der s a nd s uper v i s i ng t he i mpl eme nt a t i o n ofor der s . See al s o ' c ont r o l ' . Adm ni s t r at i o n i s a f unc t i o n of c ommand.

Concent r at i on Ar ea28. I n t he concent r a t i on a rea , t r oops a re br ought t oge t he r ,br i ef ed, r ehear s ed, a dm ni s t er ed and pr epar ed f or ba t t l e . T he a r e ashoul d i dea l l y be f r ee f r om enemy i nt e r f er ence , be conceal ed, and haver oo m t o per m t manoeuv r e by t h e f or c es us i ng i t .


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Cont a i n29. To st op, hol d or sur r ound t he f or ces of t he enemy or t o causet he enemy t o cent r e hi s act i v i t y oh a g i ven Er ont pr event i ng hi swi t hdr awi ng any par t of hi s f or ces f or use el sewhere .

Cont r o l30. Cont r ol i s t he mechani cs of command. I t i s t hose measur esempl oyed by t he commander and hi s st af f t o ensur e t he most ef f ect i vei mpl ement a t i on of h i s or der s . Thus t he a l l ocat i on of an aut hor i t y maybe made t o a commander whi ch i s l ess t han command but al l ows o pt i mal useof t he r esour ce wi t hout t he bur den of command. See al so ' command' andMLW One 6. 1 - St af f Dut i es i n t he Fi e l d, 1979, Chapt e r 4, Annex K.

Co- or di nat i on Poi nt31 . Des i gnated poi nt at whi ch, i n a l l t ypes of combat , adj acentuni t s / f or mat i ons must make cont act f or pur poses of cont r o l and co-or di nat i on. The t er ms j unc t i on poi nt , l i m t i ng poi nt and i nt er l oc ki ngpo i nt s a re somet i mes wr ongl y used i n a s i m l a r cont ex t . J unc t i on poi nti s a Br i t i s h t er m and i t s meani ng i s s i m l ar t o c o- or di nat i ng poi nt .L i m t i ng poi nt i s ment i oned i n J SP ( AS) 1 02 but i s no t d ef i ned i n t hegl os s ar y . I nt er l oc ki ng poi nt i s not def i ned but i s us ed c ol l oqui al l y t odes c r i be t h e poi nt at whi c h t he i ns i de l i nes of t wo ar c s of f i r e ofmut ual l y support i ng weapons cr oss .

Dec i s i vel y Comm t t ed32. Dec i s i vel y comm t t ed i s def i ned as : ' A uni t wh i ch has comm t t edi t s f i r e and manoeuvr e r esour ces t o t he degr ee wher e i t has l ost f r eedomof ac t i on' .

Dead^ Gr ound33. An area wh i ch because of t he shape of t he gr ound, i t i s notpos s i bl e t o s ee i nt o or t o br i ng ac c ur at e di r ec t f i r e t o bear .

Deduct i on34. A deduc t i on i s i nf er enc e f r om gener al t o par t i c ul ar . Thusgi ven t he f act ors t hat t here ar e two LMGs and one RPG i dent i f i ed on Hi l lX caus i ng del ay t o our advance one can use the gener a l i n f or mat i on i nMLW Thr ee 2. 2 - The Musor i an Ar med For ces , 1980 under doct r i neorgani sa t i ons and o rder of ba t t l e t o deduce such t hi ngs as :

fa. i t i s pos s i bl y a pl at oon pos i t i on;


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b. t her e i s a t hi r d squad whi c h, by do c t r i ne, i n t hi s pha s eof war , woul d be l ocat ed i n t he v i c i ni t y of a rea Y ;e. t her e ar e t wo mor e RFG 7;d. t her e ar e pr obabl y some ot her heavi er weapons s uch as HMGsor AT3s ( t he genera l i dea and nar r at i ve woul d g i ve c l uesher e) ;e . t he pl at oon woul d be wi t hi n range of at l east t he RAG; andf . most i mpor t ant , what does a l l t hi s mean t o you? Thi sl eads t o such deduct i ons as :

( 1) number of o bj ec t i v es ,( 2) s i z e of t ar get s and t h er ef or e s i z e of f i r e uni tr equi r ed,( 3) l i kel y enemy DF t asks wh i ch you need t hen t o avoi d ,

( 4) t he r at i o of f i r e uni t s t o o bj ec t i v es and ma no euv r ee l ement s and t here f ore t he r equ i r ement s f or t hedevel opment of adequat e combat power .( 5) t he emphasi s t o be gi ven t o your own r esour ces s uchas empl oyment of suppor t sect i on to dest r oy a bunkeror use of a i r bur s t t o des t r oy enemy i n open pi t s .

Not e t hat a deduct i on ' I must mai nt ai n moment um i s nonsensebec aus e i t i s a st at ement : of pr i nc i pl e. I t i s f r o m t h i spr i nc i pl e and i t s appl i c at i o n t o gi v en f ac t s t hat y ou deduc ehow you can achi eve moment um i n t he par t i cu l ar scenar i o . Seeal s o t he ex pl a na t i o n of ' s o wha t ' .

Def ence' The obj ect i ve of t he de f ence wi l l be t o dest r oy t he enemy andnot mere l y t o s t op h i m : F i el d Mar shal Mont gomer y

35. Ther e ar e t wo t ypes of def ence:a . De l i ber at e Def ence . Thi s i s def ence prepar ed when out o fcont ac t wi t h t he enemy. The re wi l l be t i me f o r det a i l edr econnai ss ance and t he ar r angement of t he def ence onf avour abl e gr ound.b. Has ty Def ence. Thi s i s de f ence bui l t up unde r t he t hr eato f , o r I n t he f ac e o f , a n e ne my . Ther e wi l l beI nsuf f i c i ent t i me t o pr epare a de l i be ra t e de f ence and thegr ound wi l l have to be taken as i t i s and pr epared as f a ras t i me and t he enemy wi l l a l l ow.


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36. The mai n t ypes of def ens i ve operat i ons ar e Ar ea and Mobi l e .a . Ar ea Def ence . I n t hi s t he commander wi l l r el y on t he use

of pr epar ed posi t I ons on c ommandi ng gr ound, mut ual l ysuppor t i ng f i r epower and obst acl es t o pr event t he enemypenetr at i ng t he f r amework of t he def ence and dest r oy i nghi m when he at t empt s do so. The commander woul dnormal l y r et a i n a mobi l e re se rve , s t r ong i n a r mour , t odef eat enemy t hat success f ul l y pene t r a tes t he pos i t i on.I n a rea de f ence the a t t acke r i s des t r oyed, as he s t r uggl es t o br eak i nt ot he de f ended a rea of gr ound, by concent r a ted di r ec t ( and i ndi r ec t ) f i r ef r o m mut ual l y s uppor t i ng pos i t i ons .

b. Mobi l e Def ence . The commander wi l l a i m t o deFn- i i . t heenemy wi t h i n an ar ea of consi der abl e dept h by a cont i nuouspr ocess of checks and count er at t acks r ather t handef eat i ng hi m on a s pec i f i c al l y def i ned pos i t i on. Thecommander may c' i oosh f: ho i 1 st l y ^ nemyf or c es f o l l owi ng on. Thus f r o m a def i l ade pos i t i on enf i l ade f i r e i spr oduc ed. See al s o ' enf i l ade f i r e' .

Del ay41. See ' t as k v er bs ' .


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Demol i t i on42. Demol i t. i ons r


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46. Addi t i ona l dept h f or t he mai n def ens i ve zone can be pr ovi ded bydepl oyi ng a c over i ng f or c e i n f r ont of i t .47. Po s i t i o ns i n dept h wi l l al s o s ur pr i s e and unba l a nc e t heat t ac ker t hus pr ov i di ng condi t i ons f or c ount er - at t ac k .48. As many l ong r ange weapons as ar e avai l abl e shoul d be sodepl oyed t hat t hey can engage t he enemy as f ar out as poss i b l e . Thedevel opment and use of obst acl es must be co- or di nat ed wi t h t heempl oyment of l ong r ange weapons. Local r eser ves shoul d be mai nt ai nedt o pr event i nf i l t r at i on bet ween pos i t i ons .49. The t er m ' dept h uni t s ' r ef er s t o t hos e uni t s s i t ed i n dept h i ns pec i f i c ar ea s , whi c h ar e es s e nt i al t o t he i nt egr i t y of t he def enc el ayout . See a l so ' reserve* .

Dest r oy50. See ' t as k v er bs ' .

Di r e ct F i r e51. Di r ect F i r e i s pr oduced by weapons wher e t he per son a i m ng t heweapon must be abl e t o see the t ar get o r , i f f i r i ng a t ni ght o r i n poorv i s i bi l i t y , mus t hav e been abl e t o s ee hi s t ar get be f o r e i n or der t or ec or d hi s f a l l of s hot eg GP MG on f i xed l i nes .

Di r ec t Suppor t - See ' s uppor t ' .

E f f e c t52. Ef f ec t i s a t er m used t o desc r i be t he i mpor t of an enemy cour seor act i on on own f or ces . ' Thi s cours e den i es me t he max spt f r om BCoy. To make up f or t h i s I must ' The count er - measur es ar e abas i s f or devel opi ng t he po l i sh and de ta i l needed i n t he s t ep f r om' Assessment of Tasks ' t o ' Own Cour ses ' .

El ec t r oni c Si l enc e53. The del i ber at e pr ohi bi t i on of el ec t r oni c r a di at i ons , nor mal l yappl i ed f or a s t a ted pe r i od, t o spec i f i c equi pment s o r f r equency bands .

El ec t r o ni c Wa r f a r e54. That di vi s i on of t he m l i t ar y us e of el ec t r oni c s i nvol vi ngac t i ons t aken t o pr event o r r educe an enemy ' s e f f ec t i ve use of r adi a tede l ect r omagnet i c energy and act i ons t aken t o ensur e our own e f f ect i ve useof e l ec t r omagne t i c ene rgy .


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Enf i l ade Fi r e55. F i r e whi ch s t r i kes t he s i de of t he e ne my . A pr i nc i pl e f or t hes i t i ng of ant i - t ank weapons ; but GPMGs shoul d a l so be s i t ed i f poss i bl et o f i r e al ong a l i ne of adv anc i ng t r oops f r om one end.

Exchange Poi nt ( XP)56. A po i nt l ocat ed near t he r ear of a d i v i s i ona l bounda ry wher eempt y se cond l i ne vehi c l es meet f ul l ' t hi r d l i ne v ehi c l e s , whi ch hav edr i ven up wi t h combat suppl i es f r om a Repl eni shment Pa r k . Cr oss i ngl oadi ng may t ake pl ace, or more usual l y dr i ver s exchange vehi c l es .

Expl oi t57. To expl oi t i s t o t ake advant age of a success f ul a t t ack byf ol l owi ng- up and ha r a ss i ng a di s l ocat ed enemy wi t h t h e a i m of f ur t herdi sor gani z i ng hi m i n dept h. Thi s may pr ov i de t he oppo r t uni t y t o capt ur egr ound whi ch was not par t o f t he obj ec t i v e of t he or i gi na l a t t a ck . I ti s normal l y necessar y f o r a commander t o l ay down a l i m t ofexpl oi t at i on.

F ac t or58. A f ac t or i s a f ac t cont r i but i ng t o a r e sul t . Thi s me ans t hat af ac t whi ch per t ai ns t o t h e achi ev ement of t he ai m of a n a ppr ec i a t i o n i sa f act or . Thus i n a set o f r e f e rences , a na r r a t i ve and a map, we f i ndmany f act s and we se l ect t he r e l evant ones and l i s t t hem under t heheadi ng ' FACTORS' and sub- headi ngs ' Rel at i ve St r engt hs ' , ' Gr ound' ,' Assess ment of Tasks ' , ' T i me and Space' and ' Enemy Cour ses' and ot hert han may seem r e l evant . The r e l a t i onsh i p bet ween Ai m, Fac t o r s , OwnCour ses and Out l i ne P l an i s shown i n the f l ow d i agr am at Annex A t oPar t 1. Not e t hat Own Cour ses and Out l i ne P l an a re no t f ac t o r s .

Fi el d of Fi r e59. The ar ea whi ch a weapon or gr oup of Weapons may coveref f ec t i vel y wi t h f i r e f r om a gi ven pos i t i on.

Fi r e and Movement60. When t r oops i n cont act of advanci ng t o cont act move t hey mustr et ai n t ac t

A Guide to Tactical Appreciation 1987 (1)

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