A Fish Primer WMAN 445 Intro Fish Management August 31, 2006.
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Transcript of A Fish Primer WMAN 445 Intro Fish Management August 31, 2006.
A Fish PrimerA Fish Primer
WMAN 445WMAN 445Intro Fish ManagementIntro Fish Management
August 31, 2006August 31, 2006
Why Study Fish?Why Study Fish?
AcademicAcademic– Most diverse group of vertebratesMost diverse group of vertebrates– Most ancestral vertebrate groupMost ancestral vertebrate group
Understanding their evolutionary relationships Understanding their evolutionary relationships helps us understand the more derived groupshelps us understand the more derived groups
AppliedApplied– Commercial and Recreational FisheriesCommercial and Recreational Fisheries– Aquatic Health IndicatorsAquatic Health Indicators
Great Species DiversityGreat Species Diversity
25,000 species (28,500)25,000 species (28,500)
More than any other vertebrate groupMore than any other vertebrate group– 4,000 mammals4,000 mammals– 9,000 birds9,000 birds– 7,000 reptiles7,000 reptiles– 5-6,000 reptiles5-6,000 reptiles
Total of other vertebrates = 25-26,000Total of other vertebrates = 25-26,000
1 of every 2 vertebrates is a fish1 of every 2 vertebrates is a fish
Great Diversity in… Great Diversity in…
Size (blenny – whale shark)Size (blenny – whale shark)
Shape (sea horses, rays, eels)Shape (sea horses, rays, eels)
Habitats occupied (streams, ponds, rivers, Habitats occupied (streams, ponds, rivers, bays, ocean, reefs, caves, thermal springs)bays, ocean, reefs, caves, thermal springs)
Feeding habits (benthic, engulfers, Feeding habits (benthic, engulfers, shredders, cleaners, parasites, omnivores)shredders, cleaners, parasites, omnivores)
Reproduction (oviparity, viviparity, sex Reproduction (oviparity, viviparity, sex reversal, semelparity, sneakers, mimics)reversal, semelparity, sneakers, mimics)
World Distribution of FishesWorld Distribution of Fishes
Earth’s waterEarth’s water– 97% ocean97% ocean– 2.99% ice2.99% ice– 0.01% freshwater0.01% freshwater
Why are so many fish species found Why are so many fish species found in freshwater?in freshwater?– Isolation limits gene flow—speciation Isolation limits gene flow—speciation
events occurevents occur– Diversity of habitats and evolutionary Diversity of habitats and evolutionary
nichesniches
Fish DistributionFish Distribution– 41% freshwater41% freshwater– 58% marine58% marine– 1% diadramous / 1% diadramous /
euryhalineeuryhaline
N.A. Distribution of FishesN.A. Distribution of Fishes
About 950 speciesAbout 950 species
75% occur in the eastern U.S.75% occur in the eastern U.S.
Mississippi River drainage most Mississippi River drainage most diversediverse– Tennessee drainage most diverseTennessee drainage most diverse– Atlantic slope least diverseAtlantic slope least diverse– New / Kanawha River basin New / Kanawha River basin
“relatively diverse”“relatively diverse”
Fishes in PerilFishes in Peril
Fastest declining vertebrate groupFastest declining vertebrate group– DamsDams– PollutionPollution– Habitat AlterationHabitat Alteration– Introduced speciesIntroduced species– Over harvestOver harvest
Fishes in PerilFishes in Peril
What is a Fish?What is a Fish?AquaticAquaticPoikilothermPoikilothermGill BreathingGill BreathingSingle-Loop CirculationSingle-Loop CirculationVertebrate/CraniateVertebrate/CraniateFins (as opposed to Fins (as opposed to
pentadactyl limbs)pentadactyl limbs)
Fish ClassificationFish ClassificationBinomial NameBinomial Name– GenusGenus specific epithetspecific epithet name of describer & name of describer &
yearyear– E.g. E.g. Lepomis macrochirusLepomis macrochirus Rafinesque 1819 Rafinesque 1819– E.g. E.g. Lepomis megalotisLepomis megalotis (Rafinesque 1820) (Rafinesque 1820)
LepomisLepomis = scale shoulder = scale shoulder
megalotismegalotis = large ear = large ear
Classification in GeneralClassification in General
KingdomKingdomPhylumPhylum
ClassClassOrderOrder
FamilyFamilyGenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
Higher taxonomic level the more inclusive Higher taxonomic level the more inclusive of groupsof groups– Reflects natural evolution of groupsReflects natural evolution of groups
Fish ClassificationFish Classification
Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: AgnathaSuperclass: Agnatha– Order: PetromyzontiformesOrder: Petromyzontiformes
Family: Petromyzontidae (Lampreys)Family: Petromyzontidae (Lampreys)– Most primitive, no jaws, parasitic, non-parasitic, eel-likeMost primitive, no jaws, parasitic, non-parasitic, eel-like
Superclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: Gnathostomata– Class: Chondrychthys (cartilaginous fishes)Class: Chondrychthys (cartilaginous fishes)– Class: Osteichthyes (bony fishes)Class: Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
24,000 living forms24,000 living formsLargest class of vertebratesLargest class of vertebrates
General Characteristics General Characteristics of Bony Fishesof Bony Fishes
LungsLungs– Fish evolved in tropic freshwater environmentsFish evolved in tropic freshwater environments– Modified into buoyancy organs (swim bladders)Modified into buoyancy organs (swim bladders)
BoneBone– Secondarily replaced by cartilage in paddlefish, Secondarily replaced by cartilage in paddlefish,
sturgeonsturgeon
Bony scalesBony scales– Lost in many species (sculpins)Lost in many species (sculpins)
LepidotrichiaLepidotrichia– Segmented structural supports for fins; soft fin raySegmented structural supports for fins; soft fin ray
Subclasses of OsteichthyesSubclasses of Osteichthyes
Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fishes)Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fishes)– Ancestor to tetrapodsAncestor to tetrapods
Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)– Infraclass Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)Infraclass Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes)
Order AcipenseriformesOrder Acipenseriformes– Acipenseridae: sturgeonsAcipenseridae: sturgeons
Caviar, cartilaginous, bottom feeder, long-lived, slow Caviar, cartilaginous, bottom feeder, long-lived, slow growthgrowth
– Polyodontidae: paddlefishesPolyodontidae: paddlefishesPlanktivores, carnivores, long sensory snout, little native Planktivores, carnivores, long sensory snout, little native habitathabitat
– Infraclass Neopterygii (modern ray finned fishes)Infraclass Neopterygii (modern ray finned fishes)4 diverse lineages4 diverse lineagesDivision Teleostei—main line of fish evolutionDivision Teleostei—main line of fish evolution
Order LepisosteiformesOrder Lepisosteiformes– Lepisosteidae: garsLepisosteidae: gars
Needle-like teethNeedle-like teethVoracious predatorsVoracious predators
– AmiiformesAmiiformes– Amiidae: bowfinsAmiidae: bowfins
Gulp air to fill air sac which is highly vascularizedGulp air to fill air sac which is highly vascularized
TeleostsTeleosts
Order: AnguilliformesOrder: Anguilliformes– Anguillidae: freshwater eelsAnguillidae: freshwater eels– Jawed fish, catadromous Jawed fish, catadromous
Order: ClupeiformesOrder: Clupeiformes– Clupeidae: herrings/shadClupeidae: herrings/shad– Threadfin and gizzard shad (Threadfin and gizzard shad (DorosomaDorosoma))– Alewife and American shad (Alewife and American shad (AlosaAlosa))– PlanktivorousPlanktivorous– Marine, anadromous, can live in freshwaterMarine, anadromous, can live in freshwater– Blocked by dams, introduced as preyBlocked by dams, introduced as prey
TeleostsTeleosts
Order Cypriniformes Order Cypriniformes – Cyprinidae: minnows and carpCyprinidae: minnows and carp
Most diverse family (>2,000 species; 286 in N. A.)Most diverse family (>2,000 species; 286 in N. A.)
57 species in WV57 species in WV
Many are smallMany are small
Breeding coloration, tubercles, nest buildingBreeding coloration, tubercles, nest building
– Catostomidae: suckersCatostomidae: suckersBottom feeders, fleshy lipsBottom feeders, fleshy lips
Diverse in large riversDiverse in large rivers
TeleostsTeleostsOrder SiluriformesOrder Siluriformes– Ictaluridae: N.A. catfishes, bullheads, Ictaluridae: N.A. catfishes, bullheads,
madtomsmadtomsBarblesBarbles
Largest freshwater fish family entirely indigenous Largest freshwater fish family entirely indigenous to N. Americato N. America
Economically important: fishing and farmingEconomically important: fishing and farming
Pylodictis olivaris
TeleostsTeleosts
Order EsociformesOrder Esociformes– Esocidae: Pikes (Esocidae: Pikes (EsoxEsox))
Lie-in-wait predatorLie-in-wait predator
4 species, games fishes4 species, games fishes
Chain Pickerel, Esox niger
TeleostsTeleosts
Order SalmoniformesOrder Salmoniformes– Salmonidae: salmon, trout, char, whitefishSalmonidae: salmon, trout, char, whitefish
3 species in 3 genera3 species in 3 generaOncorhynchus: Pacific salmon and western troutOncorhynchus: Pacific salmon and western troutO. mykiss: rainbow trout (steel head)O. mykiss: rainbow trout (steel head)Salmo trutta: brown troutSalmo trutta: brown troutSalvelinus fontinalis: brook charSalvelinus fontinalis: brook charStrong “homing” tendenciesStrong “homing” tendenciesIntroduced widelyIntroduced widelyCold water stenothermsCold water stenotherms
TeleostsTeleosts
Order CyprinodontiformesOrder Cyprinodontiformes– Fundulidae: killifishesFundulidae: killifishes– Poeciliidae: livebearers, topminnowsPoeciliidae: livebearers, topminnows
Internal fertilization (gonopodium), live birthInternal fertilization (gonopodium), live birthGuppies, Gila topminnow and mosquito fishGuppies, Gila topminnow and mosquito fish
– Cyprinodontidae: pupfishesCyprinodontidae: pupfishesMost are endangeredMost are endangeredEstuarine in originEstuarine in originDesert pupfish: endemic to desert spring Desert pupfish: endemic to desert spring environments as water dried up over geologic timeenvironments as water dried up over geologic time
TeleostsTeleosts
Order GasterosteiformesOrder Gasterosteiformes– Gasterosteidae: sticklebacks Gasterosteidae: sticklebacks
Territorial nest builders, elaborate courtshipTerritorial nest builders, elaborate courtship
– Cottidae: sculpinsCottidae: sculpinsLarge pectoral finsLarge pectoral fins
No swim bladderNo swim bladder
Cottus: freshwater sculpins Cottus: freshwater sculpins – cool-cold water streamscool-cold water streams– Bottom dwelling invertivoreBottom dwelling invertivore
Cottus bairdi
TeleostsTeleosts
Order PerciformesOrder Perciformes– Moronidae : temperate bassesMoronidae : temperate basses
Morone saxatilis: striped bass: anadromousMorone saxatilis: striped bass: anadromous
Economically ImportantEconomically Important
TeleostsTeleosts
Order PerciformesOrder Perciformes– Centrarchidae: sunfishes, black bassesCentrarchidae: sunfishes, black basses
Second largest fish family indigenous to N.A.Second largest fish family indigenous to N.A.
Sexually dichromaticSexually dichromatic
HybridizeHybridize
Economically importantEconomically important
Lepomis: sunfishLepomis: sunfish
Pomoxis: crappiePomoxis: crappie
Micropterus: black bassMicropterus: black bass
Lepomis cyanellus Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Micropterus salmoides
TeleostsTeleosts
Order PerciformesOrder Perciformes– Percidae: perches, walleye, darters, Percidae: perches, walleye, darters,
saugerssaugersBrilliant colors in dartersBrilliant colors in dartersDarters are benthic invertivoresDarters are benthic invertivoresEconomic importance of walleye, perchEconomic importance of walleye, perch
– Channidae: snakeheadsChannidae: snakeheadsVoracious predators, “swim” over landVoracious predators, “swim” over landNorthern Snakehead (Northern Snakehead (Channa argusChanna argus))http://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/fishingrepohttp://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/fishingreport/snakehead.htmlrt/snakehead.html
Etheostoma blennioides
Sander vitreus